Transnational migration

Illegal migration is one form of people migration in the twenty-first century.
The number of illegal workers is continually upsurging in developed countries, mostly in Western countries. In Asia, South Korea is one of the well-known countries for rapid economic growth which gravitated the influx workers towards South Korea including a significant number of illegal workers. People from less developed periphery countries have migrated to South Korea to pursue a high-income that they can not achieve in their home countries. Illegal workers have also been seen as problematic on the stage of politics and academics. Illegal workers and illegal migration have influenced many social problems such as human rights problems whereby workers could not gain access to justice under a law which has effected them due to a lack of social protection. Many illegal workers are exploited by employers, some of them have continually worked until death without any rights or access to proper medical care. Thailand is the one essential sending country of illegal workers to South Korea. “Pee Noi” is a label given to ‘illegal workers’ by Thai society.
Thai societal controversy discusses Thai illegal workers creating many social problems, impacting on the relationship between Thailand and South Korea, most claim that illegal workers are created by ‘individual decision’. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the rationality of the existence of Thai illegal workers in South Korea. To understand ‘why’ and ‘how’ Thai people become ‘illegal workers’. Moreover, to analyse why the form of their specific migration is transformed into a ‘perpetuation of migration’ and collecting the worker's experiences signifying the necessity of becoming ‘Pee Noi’ or illegal workers. This study reveals that Thai illegal workers are created by complex social structures in Thailand and South Korea where the root problem of migration originated due to unequal development and specific complex forms of domestic problems between Thailand and South Korea that migrants have learned about through a bilateral international relationship. The low income and insecure living conditions in rural areas in Thailand caused by political instability have linked with a shortage of labour, especially in 3-D jobs, in South Korea have connected the Thai migrant networks. Thai migrant networks could be further sustained by the significant number of migrants that have made the network stronger. The essential roles of the Thai migrant network are creating the possibility to migrate and find jobs with illegal employment in South Korea. All of these three factors are the main factors that constituted the form of the ‘system of illegal migration’.

Uno de los fenómenos que más repercusión ha tenido en el devenir musical de los distintos países que hoy conforman las Américas ha sido el intenso movimiento migratorio que se inició hace siglos y se mantiene en la actualidad. Los continuos flujos migratorios en, desde y hacia el continente americano no han sido homogéneos en el tiempo ni en el espacio y han estado provocados por factores diversos: desarrollos tecnológicos, motivaciones económicas y sociopolíticas, circunstancias personales o intereses artísticos, entre otros. El II Congreso Internacional MUSAM aspira a promover nuevas perspectivas sobre el estudio del fenómeno migratorio en música hacia, desde y en las Américas, contemplando la continua circulación no solo de personas, textos y objetos materiales, sino también de prácticas, ideas, símbolos y discursos, con todo lo que ello implica en términos de imposición,  apropiación y/o negociación cultural. En el estudio de estos fenómenos se incidirá en aspectos a los que se ha prestado poca atención desde la perspectiva musicológica, tales como la creación de comunidades transnacionales por medio de la música (en las sociedades de origen y destino), la utilización de fuentes orales (u otras a caballo entre escritura y oralidad como la correspondencia privada) y los procesos de construcción de la memoria individual y colectiva, que afectan de manera directa al modo en que la música americana y su historia son escritas, transmitidas y recordadas.

The objective of this work is to analyze how are processed the uses and consumption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by LGBTQI+ immigrants and refugees residing in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), as well as their impacts on the (in)visibility dynamics of their mobility experiences. The qualitative methodology includes semi-structured interviews with six immigrants and LGBTQI+ refugees residing in the city of São Paulo, the observation of spaces for the interaction of LGBTQI+ immigrants and refugees in the city of São Paulo and the collection in digital media of materials produced and / or directed to LGBTQI+ migrant subjects. The results show that ICTs are used in the construction of migratory projects, in the choice of Brazil and Sao Paulo as destinations that would be marked by (in)visibility dynamics on LGBTQI+ subjects and as mediators in spaces organization for individual interaction and collective mobilization of LGBTQI+ immigrants and refugees in the city of São Paulo

ABSTRACT
Mexican women in both the United States and Mexico face uneven landscapes of benefits and discourses as they negotiate family members’ health. Building on two decades of ethnographic research, I explore how Mexican mothers navigate social and medical services, food provision, food preparation and health, and describe some of the ways that governments in each country abdicate responsibility for shaping structural constraints on citizens’ health.
Transnational “mother blame” is a pattern that builds on tropes about the
simultaneous responsibility and incapacity of women to ensure their  family’s health, while offering new articulations of responsibility in neoliberal, globalized, transnational contexts in which flexible care arrangements are both necessary and denigrated.
SPANISH ABSTRACT
Lasmujeres mexicanas en México tanto como en los Estados Unidos enfrentan una compleja gama de riesgos, beneficios y discursos al navegar la salud de sus familias. En base de dos décadas de investigación etnográfica, exploro las maneras en que las madres mexicanas navegan servicios sociales y médicos, provisión y preparación de alimentos, y la salud, y las maneras en que los
estados de cada país niegan su responsabilidad al influir en los factores
estructurales que afectan la salud de sus ciudadanos. “La culpa de la madre” es un patrón transnacional que descansa en ideas antiguas sobre la simultánea responsabilidad e incapacidad de las mujeres por asegurar la salud de sus familias, mientras se articulan nuevas formas de responsabilizar y promover el auto-cuidado en contextos transnacionales, globalizados, en los cuales los arreglos flexibles para cuidar a los miembros de las familias se ven a la vez necesarios y denigrados.

In this essay, I take up contemporary U.S.-Canada border crossings in both directions to highlight how the confessions of asylum seekers cement a dynamic of saviorhood as fundamental to the ideal of the free migrant subject. Moreover, I contrast the unauthorized passages of two different groups of migrants – Asian migrants crossing from Canada into the U.S., and Black migrants crossing from the U.S. into Canada – in order to draw out the distinct ways in which contemporary immigration regimes collude with the afterlives of empire, genocide, and slavery. Ultimately, the precarious and arbitrary nature of freedom on either side of the border highlights the “loss-loss” dynamic that these border crossers negotiate, and suggests that in two countries so alike in their histories of colonial violence, it comes as no surprise that refuge is nowhere to be found.

The scientific network “Entangled Histories of Art and Migration: Forms, Visibilities, Agents” is funded by the German Research Society (2018 - 2021). It sets out to conduct research on the interrelationship of migration and globalization as an important phenomenon of social transformation in the 20th and 21st centuries and in its role for art historical research and artistic production.

In the upcoming 3 years, it will enhance the research on migration with art-historical perspectives and methodologies in a field that has been primarily focusing on social- and political scientific as well as anthropological studies.

The network connects therefore with recent international art historical migration research and outlines three central and overlapping fields of research that interweave histories of art and migration: 1. Forms and aesthetics of migration; 2. Actors in the field of migration; 3. Visibility: image politics and visualization strategies in the context of migration

In literature, the
contribution of migrants to local development processes remains underresearched
and empirical studies in support of the Migration and Development
theory are scant.
Instead, it would be useful to understand how and under what conditions
migrants can activate positive development processes in their
origin countries. In fact, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of
migrants’ activism for development would inform policy makers on
how to encourage and support the Migration and Development paradigm.
For instance, how do migrants’ development projects work? In
what do they differ from development projects promoted by traditional
aid actors? Is there a specific modality of aid that migrants adopt to generate
development? This paper discusses migrants’ own modalities to
promote development through a case-study in Somaliland and advocates
for more empirical research on migrants’ projects in their origin countries
with the view to provide evidence for policy formulation in the migration
and development sector.

Projekt „Migranci z Polski w Niemczech” został zrealizowany w Ośrodku Badań nad Migracjami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego we współpracy z Deutsches Polen-Institut w Darmstadt ze środków Polsko-Niemieckiej Fundacji na rzecz Nauki. Przedsięwzięcie zostało zaplanowane na okres od września 2016 r. do kwietnia 2019 r., a w 2016 roku było prowadzone przez Instytut Zachodni w Poznaniu. Projekt miał na celu wypełnienie jednej z luk w wiedzy na temat migrantów z Polski w Niemczech oraz dynamiki i skutków polskich migracji do Niemiec. Projekt dzięki zastosowaniu interdyscyplinarnych metod badawczych umożliwił sformułowanie wielopoziomowej diagnozy odnoszącej się do różnych aspektów problemu: uczestnictwa w kulturze migrantów z Polski w Niemczech i obecności kultury polskiej w niemieckiej sferze publicznej.

Ze względu na fakt, iż tematyka migracji z Polski do Niemiec budzi zainteresowanie zarówno polskiej, jak i niemieckiej administracji publicznej opracowana została ekspertyza podsumowująca wyniki badań i zawierająca zalecenia dotyczące możliwości wpierania uczestnictwa kulturalnego migrantów z Polski w Niemczech zarówno z perspektywy państwa wysyłającego, jak i przyjmującego.
Projekt stawiał sobie za cel uzyskanie szerokiego, wieloaspektowego obrazu uczestnictwa w kulturze osób polskiego pochodzenia oraz osób identyfikujących się z polską kulturą mieszkających w Niemczech. Problematyka badawcza projektu może zostać opisana w dwóch podstawowych obszarach: diagnoza uczestnictwa w kulturze migrantów z Polski mieszkających w Niemczech oraz diagnoza obecności kultury polskiej w niemieckiej sferze publicznej. Zastosowane podejście badawcze opiera się na wykorzystaniu zarówno metod analizy danych zastanych, jak i badań terenowych. Uwzględnienie technik z obszaru metod jakościowych i ilościowych badań społecznych pozwoliło na uzyskanie wieloaspektowego obrazu badanych zjawisk kulturowych.
W ramach proponowanego projektu przeprowadzone zostały badania następującymi metodami i technikami badawczymi:

Analiza danych zastanych oraz literatury przedmiotu – kwerendy w  bibliotekach i instytucjach zajmujących się problematyką migracji.
Sondaż internetowy – ilościowe badanie uczestnictwa kulturalnego migrantów z Polski w Niemczech w celu dokonania diagnozy ich uczestnictwa kulturalnego. Wielkość próby: N=1500. Kwotowy dobór próby opracowany w oparciu o kryterium miejsca zamieszkania respondenta (kraj związkowy) i długość czasu pobytu.
Studia przypadków gospodarstw domowych migrantów z Polski w Niemczech w zakresie użytkowania mediów i uczestnictwa w kulturze oraz recepcji działalności instytucji polskiej kultury i ich przekazów. W ramach strategii studium przypadku zastosowane zostały indywidualne wywiady pogłębione i dzienniki budżetu czasu. Wielkość próby N=21 gospodarstw domowych. Dobór celowy w oparciu o kryterium maksymalnego zróżnicowania wg kraju związkowego i długości pobytu członków gospodarstwa domowego w Niemczech.
Wywiady pogłębione z lokalnymi działaczami (przedstawicielami niemieckich i polskich instytucji kulturalnych oraz odpowiedzialnych za wspieranie działalności kulturalnej w wybranych lokalizacjach), na temat oceny uwarunkowań prowadzenia działalności kulturalnej – w tym skierowanej do migrantów z Polski w Niemczech, oceny działalności polskich instytucji kultury w Niemczech ich oferty oraz czynników na nie wpływających. Liczba wywiadów: N=28. Dobór celowy (wywiady w wybranych lokalizacjach w różnych krajach związkowych, analogicznych do lokalizacji gospodarstw domowych objętych studiami przypadku).
Kwerenda, stworzenie korpusu materiałów i analiza treści zgromadzonych materiałów pochodzących z niemieckiej prasy ogólnokrajowej i lokalnej, pod kątem obecności doniesień o wydarzeniach kulturalnych promujących polską kulturę (polskich twórców, polskich wykonawców) w Niemczech. Dobór celowy czasopism (łącznie 5 tytułów, w tym 2 tytuły ogólnokrajowe oraz po 1 tytule lokalnym z wybranych krajów związkowych) i okresów analizy (łącznie 4 roczniki).

The ‘long’ eighteenth-century British Navy is the subject of a vast and growing secondary literature. Almost all of it, however, has an exclusively national focus. This would not be problematic, given the Navy’s character as a national institution, were it not for the fact that many seamen serving in it – likely at least 14% of crews in foreign stations – were not British or Irish. This article suggests that integrating them into the study of the Navy can significantly affect several ongoing historiographical debates, for example on the modalities of naval recruitment, or on the quality of life in the service, as well as, more predictably, discussions of seamen’s patriotism. The aim is to propose the Navy as an example of how a transnational perspective can be enlightening even in the most unlikely historical context.

International migration continues to set the world agenda in terms of both its causes and the outcomes of its sociological and political aspects. Economic differences between regions, poverty, civil wars, political transformations, deterioration of ecological balance and many other factors caused migration of many people in the 21st century and it seems that this phenomenon will remain dynamic in the future. On the other hand, international immigration deeply affects both immigrant sending and immigrant-receiving countries. In addition, migration has many effects on economy, politics, social and cultural areas. Moreover, the most affected ones are displaced persons during the forced migration process. In this context, international migration comes to the forefront as a basic fact that needs to be researched in different disciplines. In particular, the reasons for the mass migrations from Syria to other countries as a result of the internal conflicts in recent years, encourage comprehensive investigation
of the migration process and the sociological consequences. In this study, the aim is to analyze Syrian migration process in terms of the migration theories. It is generally possible to deal with the issue of international migration in terms of liberalism, realism, nominalist, Marxist approach, determinist, capital raising approach, humanist approach and micro, meso, macro evaluations. When the issue is viewed from the aspect of liberalism, it is seen that liberalism has not directly developed an approach for international migration, refugees, displaced persons or stateless persons. But there are mechanisms that it has developed throughout he course of events (Çelebi, 2011). Nominalist approach, on the other hand, makes an analysis of asylum seekers and other immigrants, based on factors such as restrictive migration policies of states, domestic market and racism (Çelebi, 2011; Black, 1991). Marxist view emphasizes that the migration phenomenon is a structural consequence of the capitalist system (Çam, 2014, p.20-1; Bal et al., 2012, p.194). According to this view, international migration analysis can only be possible by explaining the relationship between labor and capital with the reconstruction of capitalism on a global scale (Erbaş, 2002).
International migration can be analysed on micro, meso and macro scales. According to the the micro analysis, people migrate to places where their relatives live or places that are familiar to them. Meso analysis claims that immigrants compare the conditions of the country in which they live in and of the country to which they will migrate and decide accordingly. Macro analysis, on the other hand, asserts that migration occurs in cases where population is high and employment is low. While determinist approaches focus on the qualities of immigrants, capital raising approach makes an analysis focusing on wages. Humanist approach analyses the decision an individual makes on expatriating (Parnwell, 2006; Faist, 2000). Two phases might be emphasised while analysing Syria migration in terms of migration theories. One of the phases is reasons and actors of the Syrian migration and the other one is migration process and the analysis of the sociological consequences of the migration. In this context, the realist approach, which focuses on the determinant conditions in cases where immigrants become refugees, offers an important perspective for the Syrian migration. This pragmatic view that prioritizes interests and power preference of states causes the migration to continue and become an area of exploitation by providing a basis for conflicts in Syria to become chronic (Babahanoğlu and Bilici, 2018). According to Ravenstein (1885, 1889), one of the basic principles of migration is that it occurs within short range. As in many forced migration cases, majority of Syrian immigrants migrated to neighboring countries. Physical distance, poverty of immigrants, the possessed cultural capital and the migration policies of target countries have been effective in this process. According to the theory of push and pull factors (Lee, 1966), when Syrian migration is considered, there are many push factors, and there are many pull factors regarding the target country. The primary push factors are safety and public life destroyed by safety concerns (unemployment, poverty etc.). The primary pull factors regarding Turkey are safety, physical proximity, migration policy, business opportunity and cultural resemblance. As factors such as conflict, poverty, unemployment support each other, economy theories(macro and micro theories of neoclassic economy, new economy theories, segmented labor market, world-systems theory) have a potential to explain the Syrian migration as well. Historical and cultural unity and resemblances between Turkey and Syria are among the factors that have caused Syrians to mostly migrate to Turkey (Çağlayan, 2015). In this context, migration systems theory also explains the Syrian migration to some extent. The network theory also contributes to the explanation of country and city preferences of Syrians who migrate to another country. In conclusion, different forms that international migration takes in time, causes theories explaining the migration phenomenon to change. In this context, when the reasons, process and consequences of Syrian migration are considered in terms of migration theories, it is obvious that each form of explanation falls short of explaining the Syrian migration in its entirety. That the Syrian migration is multidimensional, that there are people migrating on economic grounds along with forced immigrants, that different migrations at different times have different traits and that immigrants differ from each other in many respects make it difficult for the theories to explain this migration phenomenon. Due to increases in migration types, their complicated structures and uniqueness of each migration phenomenon at the present time, it is not possible to analyse population
movements with only one theory and there are also common traits between population movements. These common traits show that international political economics such as "imperialism", "operation of capitalism" and "exploitation" are determinant regarding migration phases and directions according to Erbaş (2018).

Ahıska Türkleri, Kafkasya coğrafyasından zorunlu göçe maruz kalmış Müslüman ve Türk soylu etnik bir gruptur. 1944 yılında önce Orta Asya içlerine sürülen Ahıska Türkleri, Rusya’dan ABD’ye, Ukrayna’dan Türkiye’ye dili ve dini farklı olan birçok ülkede göçün izini sürmüşlerdir. Türkiye, çeşitli bölgelerinde Ahıska Türkü nüfusu barındıran bir ülkedir. Ahıska Türkleri, sahip olunan ortak kültürel ve tarihi değerlerin katkısıyla adeta Türk toplumu içerisinde görünmez olmuş, bu anlamda diğer etnik unsurlardan farklı olarak kolaylıkla topluma uyum sağlamayı başarabilmişlerdir.
Çalışmada Ahıska Türklerinin Türkiye’ye entegrasyon süreci, ortak değerler çerçevesinde ‘dil’ ve ‘din’ olgusu üzerinden ele alınacak; söz konusu iki olgunun Ahıska Türklerinin kendi arasında ve toplumla etkileşimindeki rolü vurgulanmaya çalışılacaktır. Dil ve din beraberliğinin entegrasyon sürecindeki katkısı, çeşitli göç yolları üzerinden Türkiye’ye gelen/gelmekte olan Ahıska Türkleri örneği üzerinden yapılacak kapsamlı bir literatür taraması sonucunda ortaya konacaktır.

Theories on return migration have predominantly focused on the process of return motivations and their adaptation to contexts of origin. Often research focuses on the financial and knowledge transfers realized by returnees. In this view they are pictured as development boosters for their countries of origin as well as a gain for the country of arrival. The paper diverges from a generalizable view and takes into consideration an actor-based approach while analyzing how returnees experience return and the challenges concerning a personal social change. It shows that return migration is shaped by transnational knowledge and practices and presents the concept of transREmigration, which not only offers a transnational, but also a subjective view on return migration by following the remigrants' individual behaviors, self-contentment and agency.

MIGRATION covers many types of migrants including explorers, slaves, pilgrims, mineworkers, labourers, exiles, refugees, sex workers, students, tourists, retirees and expatriates. The text is supplemented by a series of vivid maps, evocative photographs and powerful graphics. Robin Cohen explores a long span of time and many regions and themes in migration.

The study of the Italian communities abroad has seen unprecedented developments in the recent years following the establishment of a large number of study centers, associations, museums and university departments dedicated to the study and preservation of the Italian migration heritage.
While it is common to hear about Little Italy, Petite Italie and Barrio Italiano, unfortunately, the Italian migration heritage still remains unknow in the Eastern Mediterranean regions. Yet, in this very same geographical area, resides one of the most ancient Italian communities abroad: the Italian-Levantines. This paper aims at analyzing the most recent studies on the Italian heritage in Turkey and the ongoing projects which are addressed to create an Italian-Levantine memory.

Chapitre 8 Les organisations franco-mauriciennes à Durban, support de la recommunautarisation. Thèse pour le Doctorat en Science Politique, présentée par Catherine Boudet le 03 décembre 2004, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Bordeaux, Atelier National de Reproduction des Thèses, 642 pages.