Translation & Interpreting Studies (TIS)

Cette étude a pour objectif principal de souligner les défis liés à l'interprétation dans l’environnement militaire et sécuritaire des pays francophones de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. En particulier, nous nous concentrons sur la communication lors des activités organisées par les forces armées américaines qui impliquent les forces armées ou les forces de sécurité des pays africains francophones et des forces armées des pays européens et américains ainsi que les diplomates, les fonctionnaires et d’autres civils travaillant dans le domaine. Dans une optique d’améliorer les capacités des interprètes opérant dans ce milieu et, par conséquent, la qualité globale de la communication entre susmentionnés intervenants, nous étudions d’abord des théories et des définitions de base de l’interprétation. Ensuite, nous examinons les particularités de la situation de communication en question afin de sensibiliser les parties prenantes aux enjeux de l’interprétation lors des activités militaires et sécuritaires impliquant l’Afrique francophone. Notre attention porte en particulier sur l’intégration entre la théorie et la pratique, en mettant l'accent sur la Théorie Interprétative de la Traduction (TIT) et la Théorie du Skopos et leur implication dans notre métier comme interprète militaire. Ensuite, nous contemplons la situation de communication en question ainsi que les aspects socio-culturels des forces armées impliquées dans susmentionnées activités. Le projet se déroule avec des analyses sur les défis qui se posent dans le milieu et les capacités des interprètes travaillant actuellement dans l’environnement. Cette partie de l’étude se base sur notre expérience sur le terrain et sur des interviews d’interprètes et des interlocuteurs participant aux activités en question, voire les consommateurs de l’interprétation. Les observations faites sur l’ensemble de nos expériences et celles des répondants nous ont permis de recueillir des données favorables à la formulation d’une hypothèse de départ pour le renforcement des capacités des interprètes impliqués dans ces actes de communication. Pour ce faire, nous proposons la création d’un nouvel cadre d’interprètes militaires au sein du Département de la Défense (DoD) des États-Unis. Ces interprètes suivraient un programme de formation rigoureuse qui met l’accent sur les qualifications clés de l’interprète de conférence ainsi que sur les connaissances culturelles approfondies de l’environnement militaire et sécuritaire de l’Afrique francophone. En effet, nous partons du principe que notre intérêt premier est d’offrir une possible solution pour que la qualité d’interprétation soit à la hauteur des enjeux importants qui se posent dans ce milieu.
Mots clés : Traductologie, Interprétation, Interprétation de conférences, Théorie du Sens, Skopostheorie

The primary goal of this study is to highlight the particular challenges associated with interpretation in the military and security sectors of Francophone West Africa. In particular, we focus on communication during activities organized by the Unites States Armed Forces, events that involve participation by military and security personnel from Francophone countries in West Africa, military personnel from Europe and the Americas and also diplomats, civil servants and other personnel working in the sectors in question. With a perspective to improve the capabilities of interpreters operating in this domain, thus enhancing the overall quality of communication between the aforementioned interlocutors, we begin our study by examining basic definitions and two specific translation theories as they apply to interpretation: the Interpretive Theory of Translation and the Skopos Theory. We then contemplate the particular situation of communication in order to sensitize stakeholders to the challenges and potential problems encountered by interpreters during military and security events occurring in Francophone West Africa. Particular attention is paid to the integration of current theory and practice, specifically whether or not the baseline tenets of the Interpretive Theory of Translation (TIT) or the Theory of Sense are being currently applied by interpreters supporting American military events. Our analysis of current interpreter capabilities and challenges is based on our experience on the ground and also on the feedback provided by various interpreters and also by participants involved with the activities in question, in other words the “end users” or consumers of the interpretation. Observations based on our experiences and those of the interview respondents enabled us to collect data that supports the formulation of a baseline hypothesis for the improvement of interpreter capability in this unique environment. In essence, we propose the establishment of a new cadre of military interpreters under the authority of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). These interpreters would undergo a rigorous training program that emphasizes the development of essential conference interpreter skills and in-depth cultural knowledge of the military and security environment of Francophone Africa. Our primary objective is to offer a possible solution that would ultimately ensure a level of quality interpretation that is commensurate with the stakes involved in achieving the objectives of the various elements present in the environment in question.

No Brasil, a violência doméstica tem atingido números alarmantes nos dados estatísticos. Ainda que esforços tenham sido empreendidos do ponto de vista legislativo e das entidades representativas das vítimas de violência doméstica, as demandas são diversas, aumentando ainda mais as vulnerabilidades. Nem todas as mulheres pertencentes a diferentes comunidades, têm acesso aos direitos e às demais informações em sua língua, o que agrava o risco da violência em relação a esses grupos. Os estudos de Borja-Albi e Del Pozo-Triviño (2018), Del Pozo-Triviño (2017), Del Pozo-Triviño e Toledano-Buendía (2016) comprovam tais vulnerabilidades. A tradução de textos jurídicos e/ou instrucionais desempenha um papel fundamental nessas situações, carecendo a atenção de pesquisadores em Estudos da Tradução, bem como tradutores e/ou intérpretes especializados. Assim sendo, este texto descreve a construção de um projeto de tradução do português para a Libras, assim como relata e discute experiências e desafios no processo tradutório de uma cartilha sobre violência doméstica produzida pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina.

Chinese and English are the world's largest languages, and the number of interpreter-mediated interactions involving Chinese and English speakers has increased exponentially over the last 30 years. This book presents and describes examples of Chinese-English interpreting across a large number of settings: conference interpreting; diplomatic interpreting; media interpreting; business interpreting; police, legal and court interpreting; and healthcare interpreting. Interpreters working in these fields face not only the challenge of providing optimal inter-lingual transfer, but also need to fully understand the discourse-pragmatic conventions of both Chinese and English speakers. This innovative book provides an overview of established and contemporary frameworks of intercultural communication and applies these to a large sample of Chinese-English interpreted interactions. The authors introduce the Inter-Culturality Framework as a descriptive tool to identify and describe the strategies and footings that interpreters adopt. This book contains findings from detailed data with Chinese-English interpreters as experts not only in inter-lingual exchange, but cross-linguistic and intercultural communication. As such, it is a detailed and authoritative guide for trainees as well as practising Chinese-English interpreters. Jim Hlavac is a senior lecturer in Translation and Interpreting Studies, Monash University, and a certified and practising interpreter and translator. He has authored or edited four books and has published widely in the fields of translation and interpreting studies, multilingualism, contact linguistics, intercultural communication, pragmatics and language maintenance/shift. Zhichang Xu is a senior lecturer in the Linguistics and English Language programme of the School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University and an associate editor for English Today. His research areas include world Englishes, applied linguistics, cultural linguistics, intercultural communication, language education, and self-translation studies.

ABSTRACT: The present study aims at measuring the level of correspondence between the problems related to increased cognitive effort reported by simultaneous interpreting trainees in their retrospective verbal protocols and problems indicators identified in the target texts. The study triangulates process analysis (retrospective protocols) with product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts). The corpus of the study consists of about 75 hours of recordings of 240 interpreting outputs and the recordings of 5,005 retrospective comments. The results imply that that increased cognitive load involved in simultaneous interpreting and the resulting cognitive effort experienced by trainee interpreters is not always manifested in the product.

KEY WORDS: retrospective protocols, process research, simultaneous interpreting, Gile’s Effort Models, cognitive effort, cognitive load

ABSTRAKT: Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie zależności pomiędzy wysiłkiem kognitywnym zwerbalizowanym przez tłumaczy symultanicznych w protokołach retrospektywnych a oznakami wysiłku kognitywnego widocznymi w tekście docelowym. Badanie przeprowadzono za pomocą metody retrospekcji oraz analizy produktu przekładu. Korpus badawczy stanowi 240 tłumaczeń oraz 5005 komentarzy retrospektywnych. Wyniki pokazują, że zwiększone obciążenie kognitywne charakterystyczne dla przekładu symultanicznego i będący tego efektem wysiłek kognitywny, którego doświadczają tłumacze, nie zawsze uwidacznia się w tekście przekładu.

SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: protokoły retrospektywne, badania and procesem przekładu, tłumaczenie symultaniczne, Modele Wysiłkowe Gile’a, wysiłek kognitywny, obciążenie kognitywne

This paper explores the presence and the role of power and fidelity, or faithfulness, in interpretation. Different types of fidelity may be established according to the influences of the context in which interpreters carry out their task, always informed by values and concepts they bring to the scene. Issues of ethics and control of discourse by interpreters are also investigated, through case studies, challenging the limits of the interpreters' activity and fostering critical thinking on the profession and the research about it. Resumo: Este artigo argumenta que, no âmbito de uma discussão multidisciplinar sobre poder e ideologia na prática da interpretação, diferentes tipos de fidelidade são construídos de acordo com influências do meio em que atuam os intérpretes, em interação com os valores que os informam no exercício de seu ofício. Neste trabalho, são abordadas questões de ética e de controle do discurso por parte do intérprete, com base em estudos de caso, colocando em perspectiva os limites de sua atividade e favorecendo o pensamento crítico sobre a profissão e os estudos acadêmicos que a têm como objeto.

Students with a background in Translation & Interpreting Studies, Cognitive Science, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Linguistics, and/or Natural Language Processing, and with an excellent commands in English and one more language are encouraged to apply for a 3-year PhD fellowship at the Laboratory for Multilectal mediated Communication & Cognition (MC2 Lab)

Call for applications is out now! See link below

Simultaneous interpreting is a cognitively demanding task, based on performing several activities concurrently (Gile 1995; Seeber 2011). While multitasking itself is challenging, there are numerous tasks which make interpreting even more difficult, such as rendering of numbers and proper names, or dealing with a speaker’s strong accent (Gile 2009). Among these, number interpreting is cognitively taxing since numerical data cannot be derived from the context and it needs to be rendered in a word-to-word manner (Mazza 2001). In our study, we aimed to examine cognitive load involved in number interpreting and to verify whether access to visual materials in the form of slides increases number interpreting accuracy in simultaneous interpreting performed by professional interpreters (N = 26) and interpreting trainees (N = 22). We used a remote EyeLink 1000+ eye-tracker to measure fixation count, mean fixation duration, and gaze time. The participants interpreted two short speeches from English into Polish, both containing 10 numerals. Slides were provided for one of the presentations. Our results show that novices are characterised by longer fixations and they provide a less accurate interpretation than professional interpreters. In addition, access to slides increases number interpreting accuracy. The results obtained might be a valuable contribution to studies on visual processing in simultaneous interpreting, number interpreting as a competence, as well as interpreter training.

Quality in simultaneous interpreting depends on a variety of factors that can be related to the interpreter, speaker, audience, interpreting environment and so on. Awareness of cognitive processes of simultaneous interpreting, training on certain strategies to be applied, practice and experience on simultaneous interpreting can help overcome adverse effects of interpreterrelated factors on the interpreting quality. One of the interpreter-related factors is the lack of knowledge, which can be categorized as linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge in the broadest sense, required to comprehend and render the message. Verbal discourse is based on these two main types of knowledge that are the prerequisites of simultaneous interpreting. Although there is a categorization of two different knowledge types, linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge are inter-dependable factors and the lack of one type can be compensated by the other. This natural complementarity can help interpreters overcome their lack of word knowledge and/or subject knowledge during simultaneous interpreting. 
This study aims to investigate the complementarity between linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge in simultaneous interpreting. To this end, a single group pretest/posttest research design was employed with a sample of conference interpreting students at Hacettepe University in order to investigate to what extent the complementarity can be achieved in political, technical and medical text samples. The obtained data were scored considering the quality assessment criteria set to evaluate interpreting performance. In addition, comments of the participants were also taken into consideration during the evaluation of their self-consciousness and attitudes towards their own performances during simultaneous interpreting. In addition, a post-test was administered to investigate the effect of the training offered to the participants regarding the complementarity. 
The results of the study indicate that the participants successfully complemented their lack of linguistic knowledge through their extralinguistic knowledge, yet not vice versa. At the end of the training, the performances of the participants showed that they could equally complement their lack of knowledge. In addition, the difference between pre-test and post-test performances of the participants was found statistically significant in all text groups and subject areas.

Key Words: complementarity, linguistic knowledge, extralinguistic knowledge, cognitive load, conference interpreting, simultaneous interpreting, effort model.

This paper investigates the extent to which translator training influences the perceptions of translation and shapes the role of the translator. The study explores the cohorts' perceptions of translation and of the role of the translator drawing from Tymoczko's call (2014) to look beyond Western conceptualisations of translation. A view that long benefited from the view of translation as an act of transfer or carrying across. Recent research suggested viewing translation as an act of re-contextualisation (House, 2018) or an act of re-narration (Baker, 2014). The study uses think-aloud protocols (TAPs) to monitor and understand the process of translation. Two groups of participants were selected for this research. One group comprises of ten trainee translators, who are MA Translation Studies students, and the second comprises of ten natural translators, who are bilinguals with no prior training in Translation. The natural participants perceived translation as a process of transfer in which the translator plays an active role. Trainee translators viewed translation as a communicative process, and the translator is at the heart of this process, creating links between cultures and increasing intercultural knowledge.

Clemente Cerdeira: intérprete, diplomático y espía al servicio de la Segunda República, nos brinda una magnífica oportunidad para conocer y valorar en su adecuada magnitud los datos y las sugestiones –la inspiración- que puede aportar el análisis de la trayectoria personal y profesional de un intérprete y traductor concreto que, en el caso de Cerdeira, fue casi todo lo que puede ser, o se puede esperar de, un traductor e intérprete; lo que proporciona una imagen bien perfilada de este oficio, tanto antes como ahora.
Como eje del libro, tal como indica su mismo título, se yergue la figura de Clemente Cerdeira y Fernández. De ahí emanan, en espiral continua, todos los elementos que dan forma a la investigación: la biografía personal de Cerdeira, el protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956), la Segunda República española (1931-1939), la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), el movimiento independentista marroquí, la escena internacional de la primera mitad del siglo XX en Europa y el Mediterráneo,..; y como hilo conductor, la tarea de intérprete y traductor de Cerdeira, desde su formación en las escuelas coránicas de Tánger hasta sus esfuerzos diplomáticos y tácticos en favor de la Segunda República.

This chapter has as its starting point a linguistic group-speakers of a transposed, immigrant language in Australia-defined here as a speech community. This is a term widely used in sociolinguistics, but despite the social turn that occurred over 20 years ago, it is seldom used in Translation and Interpreting Studies. This chapter draws on a number of data samples from the Macedonian-Australian speech community in Melbourne to elicit the incidence of translation and interpreting in this speech community and to gain descriptions from protagonists of linguistic mediation. The data samples include: a survey completed by 60 first-generation and 38 second-generation speakers; interviews with a user, broker, dual-role mediator, bilingual employee and professional interpreter; a survey completed by 10 professional interpreters. Based on both quantitative data and an ethnographic approach, this chapter contextualises a speech community within Translation and Interpreting Studies, and proposes an expanded definition of the term to include translation and interpreting practices.

This study examines future teachers' theoretical reflections on Critical Incidents and how these link to Costa Rica's English teaching system. Participants included 30 senior college students from an English teaching program. Using narrative research techniques, the authors have concluded that: (1) spaces for reflection must be created in EFL so that students' voices are heard; (2) both instruction and assessment need to be tackled not from the native speaker angle but from the learner language perspective; and (3) because mistakes are both inherent to foreign language learning and an indicator of language development, more tolerance to learner errors needs to be exercised. The study proves relevant for language pedagogy and Applied Linguistics (AL) since it paves the way for further research, opens room for reflection and dialogue, and enhances our understanding of the issue at stake from a future-teacher standpoint. Resumen: Se evalúan las reflexiones teóricas de futuros profesores sobre incidentes críticos y su relación con la actualidad del sistema educativo costarricense. Los participantes fueron 30 estudiantes avanzados de una carrera en la enseñanza del inglés en Costa Rica. Con base en técnicas de investigación narrativa, se desvelan tres hallazgos principales: (1) es necesario crear espacios de reflexión en el aula de inglés como lengua extranjera a fin de considerar las voces de los estudiantes; (2) más allá de la perspectiva nativo-hablante, es preciso abordar la docencia y la evaluación desde la perspectiva del estudiante y (3) 1

Öz Bu makale, ortak dil kavramının günümüzdeki dönüşümünü genel hatlarıyla tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dünyamız git gide küçülüyor. İnsanlarımız arasındaki hayatı yaşama biçimlerindeki farklar da git gide azalıyor. Dünya Edebiyatı bizi bir çatı altında birleştiriyor: geçmişten bugüne dünyanın insanı olmak. Semaya baktığımızda hepimiz aynı mavi rengi görüyoruz. Hayallerimiz ve umutlarımız benzer. Ancak dillerimiz farklı. Farklı diller yine de duygularımızı aktarabilmek için bir engel değil. Artık gelişen teknoloji sayesinde medya ve internet dili ortak bir dil haline dönüştü. İşini iyi yapan bir tercüman ister sözlü ister yazılı olsun sözlerin görsel sanata aktarıldığı bu çağdaş dönemde artık ortak hislerin sözcüsü olmaktadır. Edebi adaptasyonlar 20. ve 21. yüzyılın ana akımını oluşturarak dijital medya aracılığıyla milyonlarca izleyiciye ulaşıp istediği mesajları iletebilmektedir. Bu adaptasyonlar yeni bir ortak dil oluşturarak izleyicilerin yine paydaş duygu ve düşüncelerine tercüman olmakta ve benzer izdüşümleri yansıtmaktadır. Dolayısıyla yazılı metinler yerlerini görselliğe bırakırken edebiyatın beyaz perdedeki mecrası daha da genişleyerek yeni nesille yolculuğuna dijitalleşme yoluyla devam etmektedir. Böylelikle internetle birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni diller ortak bir konsolidasyon sağlarken özünde hala edebi olarak yazılı metnin gücünü görselle birleştirerek artık bu yeni mecrada kendine yeni yollar açmakta ve Dünya Edebiyatını yeni bir boyuta taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak ilerleyen tekniklerle birlikte değişen medya da değişime kendini adapte etmiş ve edebiyat ile arasındaki sınırları kaldırarak artık dijital edebiyatın yeni bir şekli karşımıza çıkmıştır. Abstract This article purports to discuss the transformation of the concept of common language in contemporary times through general terms. Our world is getting smaller. The differences between our people in the way they live their lives are also decreasing. World Literature unites us under one roof: to be a person of the world from past to present. When we look at the sky, we all see the same blue color. Our dreams and hopes are similar. But our languages are different. Different languages, however, are not an obstacle to conveying our feelings. With the ever-evolving technology, media and internet language have become a common language. Any interpreter doing his/her job well now becomes the spokesman of the common sensations in this contemporary period when words, whether verbal or written, are transferred to visual art. Literary adaptations create the main stream of the 20 th 1 Bu kelime Goethe'nin 'Dünya Edebiyatı' kavramı (Weltliteratur) temel alınarak tarafımdan türetilmiştir. Goethe'nin bu kavramında nasıl ki doğu-batı ayrımı yapmadan uluslararası eserlerin bir sirkülasyonundan bahsediyorsak, 'Tercümedya' da Arapça kökenli 'tercüme' kelimesi ile Latince kökenli 'medya' kelimesinin birleşiminden oluşturularak doğu-batı sentezine atıfta bulunmak için türetilmiştir. 2