Sustainable Energy

Introdução á quase cinco séculos Copérnico revolucionou a ciência, ao lançar a teoria de que não era a Terra, mas sim o Sol, o centro do universo. Quase um século depois, Galileu, com seu telescópio, consolidou a tese heliocêntrica (do grego, Helios = Sol) e foi condenado pelo tribunal do Santo Ofício, que refutava qualquer novidade que negasse os dogmas da Igreja católi-ca, que estava apegada à visão geocêntrica de Ptolomeu. O legado de Galileu é conhecido e, não por acaso, ele é considerado o pai da ciência moderna. Muito além do olhar científico, o Sol sempre despertou um instinto de contemplação e mesmo devoção. O antigo Egito cultuava Ra, o deus-sol. Povos ameríndios pré-colombianos tinham no Sol um elemento essencial de sua cos-movisão; e possuíam notável conhecimento de sua relevância no ordenamento da vida. Na mitologia tupi, o Sol (Guaraci ou Coaraci) tem papel de destaque, como criador da vida. A revolução heliocêntrica deflagrou uma nova era de avanços no conhe-cimento e abriu também as portas para notáveis avanços nas técnicas. Logo a Revolução Industrial despontou, valendo-se da notável apropriação de fontes energéticas da natureza como forma de substituir o trabalho humano e a força animal na produção de manufaturas e, mais adiante, também na agricultura. De lá para cá, aprendemos a explorar jazidas de carvão, de petróleo e de gás natural. Seguimos usando a lenha, mas aprimoramos substancialmente o aproveitamento da energia hidráulica, construindo gigantescas usinas hidrelétricas. Usinas ter-monucleares permitem a geração de energia, valendo-se de um complexo refino de material natural (o uranio enriquecido). E, diante de desafios de escassez de fontes não renováveis, disseminamos práticas de produção e consumo de bio-combustíveis. Ironicamente, a era da ciência heliocêntrica evoluiu principalmente tendo como base a energia de tipo geocêntrica, ou que utilizam recursos da Terra (hí-dricos, fósseis, minerais ou vegetais). 2 Fontes renováveis, como o movimento Energia solar e desenvolvimento sustentável no Semiárido: o desafio da integração de políticas públicas 1 MARCEL BURSZTYN I H

Mesto ako globálny fenomén je produkt jednej univerzálnej idey. Koncentrácia ľudských aktivít sledovala zvýšenie ich efektivity, či už išlo o obchod, výrobu, bezpečnosť, vzdelávanie... Ako jednotiaci princíp (využijúc Mumfordov termín „urban implosion“ z jeho knižky The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects) sa mesto prirodzene kultúrne diverzifikovalo, jeho efektívnosť prekračovala vlastné hranice a opakovane hľadala nové východiská. Globálna vlastnosť mesta je koncentrovaná produkcia a súčasne spotreba. Čoraz zložitejšia logistika produktov a zdrojov vedie k stavu, že súčasné mesto naráža na bariéru vlastnej udržateľnosti. Za prežitie vlastného produktu – mesta je človek čoraz viac zodpovedný.

Súčasná polemika má dve zrejmé platformy. Diskutujeme udržateľnosť mesta z hľadiska jeho materiálneho fungovania a udržateľnosť mesta z hľadiska dichotómie kultúrna identita – globálne generikum. Tieto dve platformy je potrebné zjednocovať, alebo minimálne skúmať rad vertikálnych rezov. Polemika nemôže stáť na nevyhnutnosti voľby energetická + ekonomická ALEBO kultúrna udržateľnosť, pretože pri víťazstve ktoréhokoľvek hľadiska bude mesto atrofovať. Východisko je princíp win-win.

Na jednej strane máme literárne vyjadrenia, pre niekoho melodramatické, na druhej strane seriózny vedecký výskum. Kde leží pravda, ktorú chápeme?, alebo cítime? Aby sme si neskôr nemuseli povzdychnúť spolu s Kurtom Vonnegutom v jeho knižke A Man without a Country: „Dobrotivá Zem – mohli sme si ju zachrániť, ale boli sme príliš nečinní a leniví.“

Autori publikácie vychádzajú z premisy samozrejmosti zachovania kultúrnej identity, skúmajú možnosti udržania fundamentálnych funkcií urbánnych fragmentov, mestských štvrtí, prípadne mesta ako celku. Udržateľnosť je hľadaná v znižovaní ich energetickej spotreby, v rovine stavebných objektov ako hlavných prispievateľov emisií do ovzdušia. Výroba a distribúcia obnoviteľnej energie je skúmaná ako samostatná vrstva a ako proces kultivovania kultúrno-sociálneho súvrstvia mesta. Skúmajú v prvom rade alternatívy, ktoré sú relevantné pre architektúru mesta, pre vznik prípadnej novej estetickej paradigmy architektúry mesta. Skryté technológie nechávajú v druhom pláne. Za premisu považujú pôsobenie slnečnej energie na povrch mesta.

Vynálezy a inovácie nám dnes umožňujú návrat k čistej, bezpečnej energii, ktorá môže čiastočne konkurovať aj jadrovej energetike – jeden z možných scenárov je „solárna revolúcia“. Ovplyvní výraz budúceho mesta podobne ako to urobili priemyselné revolúcie?

Monografia nastoľuje dve primárne situácie – posúdenie potenciálu existujúcej objektovej štruktúry a generovanie optimalizovaných systémov architektúry mesta v prehľadnom veľkostnom systéme. Druhá stratégia je výskum kooperatívneho potenciálu prebytkových a deficitných objektov a ich zoskupení. Teória smartgridov má už solídnu výskumnú základňu, autori sa ňou zaoberajú práve v kontexte našej kultúrnej identity.

Vzťažný systém na posúdenie energetickej efektívnosti prestáva byť jednotlivý objekt, stáva sa ním urbánny fragment v rozmere smart gridu, pri budúcej optimalizácii mesto. Pri argumentačnej fixácii komplexnej udržateľnosti ide o mieru kultúrnej identity objektu, mestského fragmentu, mesta. Pokiaľ sa neudrží energetický, všeobecne logistický systém mesta, bude ohrozená jeho kultúrna identita, pokiaľ nedokážeme udržať jeho kultúrny a sociálny status, pomôže nám akokoľvek dobre alternatívne fungujúca infraštruktúra?

Samostatný problém predstavuje otázka, či prvoplánová aplikácia univerzálnych, povedzme solárnych PV technológií nevedie k riziku generického výrazu mesta naprieč kultúrami. Autori hľadajú účinnú argumentáciu, že kultúrna substancia mesta má odolať budúcim technologickým nánosom. Pri dôslednom postupe tu máme možno nový princíp komplexnej regulácie. Budeme ho kodifikovať alebo používať ako opatrný modifikátor?

The widespread availability of wind turbine operation data has considerably boosted the research and the applications for wind turbine monitoring. It is well established that a systematic misalignment of the wind turbine nacelle with respect to the wind direction has a remarkable impact in terms of down-performance, because the extracted power is in first approximation proportional to the cosine cube of the yaw angle. Nevertheless, due to the fact that in the wind farm practice the wind field facing the rotor is estimated through anemometers placed behind the rotor, it is challenging to robustly detect systematic yaw errors without the use of additional upwind sensory systems. Nevertheless, this objective is valuable because it involves the use of data that are available to wind farm practitioners at zero cost. On these grounds, the present work is a two-steps test case discussion. At first, a new method for systematic yaw error detection through operation data analysis is presented and is applied for individuating a misaligned multi-MW wind turbine. After the yaw error correction on the test case wind turbine, operation data of the whole wind farm are employed for an innovative assessment method of the performance improvement at the target wind turbine. The other wind turbines in the farm are employed as references and their operation data are used as input for a multivariate Kernel regression whose target is the power of the wind turbine of interest. Training the model with pre-correction data and validating on post-correction data, it is estimated that a systematic yaw error of 4 • affects the performance up to the order of the 1.5% of the Annual Energy Production.

Sustainable architecture could reduce adverse effects of construction in the environment through designing tools, construction methods and establishing an appropriate relation between the environment and building. Building material serve as a significant role in consuming the resources, energy and the environmental impacts during the life cycle. Therefore, using sustainable materials could have major role in realizing sustainable goals, specifically in environmental dimension. This study has been conducted in order to analyze the amount of awareness and sensibility in architecture students regarding the importance of sustainable materials and the necessity of acquainting the architecture students through effective methods. This cross-sectional study focuses on some senior undergraduate and freshman postgraduate students in the field of architecture in University of Mazandaran. The results indicate that in spite of some shortcomings, the attitudes of the students are oriented and ample motivation for changing the function is generated and teaching precepts require a harmony in managerial structure. All of these endeavors could be applied within the framework sustainable evaluation standards in research education and construction arena.

Abstract

Hitherto imbalance still exists in Nigeria’s electricity supply and demand which attracts interventions both at government and corporate levels. These efforts are in form of renewable energy solutions mostly photovoltaic applications. This paper reviews the nature of photovoltaic modules; health, safety and environmental (HSE) issues in large-scale photovoltaic applications in developing countries, Nigeria in particular. Base on the findings, the paper suggests review of national policy on energy to consider the HSE implications of solar technologies during installation and operation, as well as coordinated research and development (R&D) on photovoltaic modules to make them compact, reduce HSE risks to a barest minimum for large-scale applications in Nigeria.         
Keywords: Electricity, Photovoltaic, renewable, energy and Nigeria

Inspired by the energy harvesting eel, a flexible flag behind a D-shape cylinder in a uniform viscous flow was simulated by using the immersed boundary method (IBM) along with low-speed wind tunnel experimentation. The flag in the wake of the cylinder was strongly influenced by the vortices shed from the upstream cylinder under the vortex-vortex and vortex-body interactions. Geometric and flow parameters were optimized for the flexible flag subjected to passive flapping. The influence of length and bending coefficient of the flexible flag, the diameters (D) of the cylinder and the streamwise spacing between the cylinder and the flag, on the energy generation was examined. Constructive and destructive vortex interaction modes, unidirectional and bidirectional bending and the different flapping frequency were found which explained the variations in the energy of the downstream flag. Voltage output and flapping behavior of the flag were also observed experimentally to find a more direct relationship between the bending of the flag and its power generation.

This book investigates energy access through the lens of everyday energy practices in the Gambian community of Kartong.

Reframing Energy Access: Insights from The Gambia explores past, current and potential future modes of energy production and consumption to examine concepts such as energy leapfrogging and energy sufficiency. It argues that developments must be rooted in situated understanding of energy consumption to ensure sustainable and equitable access to modern energy services. Schiffer provides a uniquely long-term and holistic perspective into changing energy practices on the ground and the economic, political, environmental, technical and cultural factors that shape it.

Translating insights of energy in The Gambian context into broader themes and recommendations, this book will be of great interest to policy makers, researchers and practitioners who work in the fields of energy access, energy policy, renewable energy transitions, as well as African and sustainable development in general.

The development of urban and rural landscapes has entered a pioneering era with novel combinations of energy production and consumption and related changes in the urban and rural fabric including associated socioeconomic issues. Accompanying this change is a realization that newly developing energy initiatives are more viable for development and upscaling and are less vulnerable to failure and resistance from society if they are well integrated into their local and regional contexts. However, institutional questions remain regarding the required mechanisms and levels of integration, while simultaneously sustainable energy planning requires that the stakeholders with diverse and conflicting objectives come to some degree of consensus. Inspired by these findings, a methodological approach for holistic energy planning on a regional/local level was developed within the framework of the INTENSSS-PA project that is funded by HORIZON 2020. The approach provides a holistic energy plan, which goes beyond a blueprint for allocating renewable technologies and is based on the involvement of the wider community. Hence, this approach includes aspects such as the development of spatial concepts, new co-creating strategies, business cases, societal alliances and institutional changes and formats. To implement this approach, the Living Lab (LL) concept is applied. The case of Karditsa, in Greece, will be presented as evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed planning approach.

Anticipating an abundance of crude palm oil (CPO) production, efforts are needed to process CPO into downstream products. Processing CPO into downstream products provides high added value. CPO-based food products Cooking oil and margarine, while non-food products one of which is food grade grease as an environmentally friendly lubricant, can be approved and safely compiled with food ingredients. Manufacturers of Laboratory Grade Food Grade Lubricants Manufacturers and Manufacturers of Food Grade Greases with Food Grade Grease Manufacturers with Optimal Length of Time for Food Grade Grease Manufacturers, according to appropriate quality standards: oil content (%), corrosion resistance (ASTM modification D 4048), dropping point test (ASTM D 2265, 1984), lubricant texture (ASTM D 217), and pH (Sudarmadji et al., 1996), can be used to meet the needs of industries that require vegetable oil-based solvents and safe for food products. The results show a good tool, but still needs to be refined, specifically for designs that regulate temperature / heat in the device Required to improve heat regulation and regulation, while in the process of making the best product can be described describing the calculation of thickening chemicals / thickening agents (LiOH) 1 % with heating temperatures between 250-300oC, for 2-3 hours, according to the best needs to produce good quality food grade grease quality corrosion resistance value 12.0, melting point / dropping point 1300C, lubricant texture value 1, pH value 9.45 , and the reduction value is 90.03%.
Keywords: Food, Quality, Fat, Crude Oil, Palm Oil.

Energy and fuel crisis was become since 1970s, in 1980s in 1980s began to think about the possibility
of depletion of fuel reserves of non-renewable resources and seek alternative fuel sources One way to reduce oil
consumption and use the land is the utilization of palm oil processing wastes into biocharcoal briquettes, where
the constituent ingredients derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches and oil palm shell. The purpose of this
research was to obtain the optimum basic formulation to getting quality biocharcoal briquette having quality
standards including: moisture content, ash content, levels of substance evaporates, bonded carbon content,
density, firmness press, and the calorific fuel value. The research method that used was experiment Completely
Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with Two factors : (1) oil palm shell compositions with oil palm empty fruit
bunches 4 levels ; 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, and (2) concentration of starch adhesives are used ; 0 %, 2 %, 4 %
and 6 %. The data was analyzed with variance analysis (ANOVA) and to determine the different treatments, was
used the regression analysis and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. The results showed that
the addition of ratio concentration starch adhesive composition of oil palm shell and oil palm empty fruit
bunches is respectively,on the moisture content, ash content, levels of substance evaporates, bonded carbon
content, density, firmness press and calorific valuefuel biocharcoal briquette. Treatment of 2% starch with 1:20
oil palm empty fruit bunches with oil palm shell and provide products was showed the best: oil palm empty fruit
bunches biocharcoal briquette with moisture content(6.97%), ash content (19.54%), vaporized substance (28.67
%), bound of carbon content (51.78%), density (1.14 g/cm3 persistence press(14.45 kg/m2), and fuel calorific
(5069 cal/g).

In the era of information explosion, cloud technology is the backbone of data storage. The role of a continuous and reliable cloud system is crucial in managing the widespread emergence of "big data". Electronic data devices are generating data at an unprecedented rate that needs to be stored and managed. Data Centers (DCs) provide a place that is primarily designed for data storage and processing purposes. The progressive demand for cloud storage requires larger and more efficient data centers. The constant growth in the number of data centers created subsequent environmental impacts including carbon emissions, resource depletion, and energy and material wastes. Assessing data centers sustainability is now provided by a few third-party verification systems including the US Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The USGBC LEED as the most prominent green building assessment system in the US, added a category for data centers in the current version LEED version 4 (LEED v4). A comprehensive review of the LEED v4 scoring criteria reveals that it fails to properly address and assess the unique attributes of data centers. LEED focuses on improving sustainability measures mainly in "Energy and Atmosphere" but pays less attention to other categories. A major flaw in LEED v4 approach to data centers is that LEED assesses similar scoring criteria to data centers as other building types. This study concludes with discussing the potential areas of improvement in LEED v4 for assessing sustainability measures in data centers.

The data presented in this article was used to assess and compare the most important methods used to estimate the efficiency during the operation of induction motors at different loads and power supply conditions. The experiment was developed in a test bench including a three-phase induction motor of 1.1 kW (De Lorenzo DL 1021). In addition, an adjustable voltage source, a variable-frequency drive, a resistor, and a magnetic powder brake control unit to regulate the load were used during the experiments. A power quality and energy analyzer (Fluke 435 series 6) was used to measure the electric variables during the experiments. Moreover, for the mechanical measures, the sensors of the brake control unit (De Lorenzo DL 1054TT) and a magnetic powder brake (De Lorenzo DL 1019P) were used. In total, 11 load factors were measured at different operation conditions, including balanced sinusoidal voltage, balanced harmonic voltage, unbalanced sinusoidal voltage and unbalanced harmonic voltage. A total of 10 measures were taken for each load factor at each operation condition. The data presented in this paper can be useful in the development and evaluation of new efficiency estimation methods for induction motors, considering different operation conditions and load factors. Moreover, it can serve to assess the impact of the energy quality on the efficiency of induction motors. The data is related to the manuscript “Assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering real-time monitoring”

This report analyzes overheating issues within residential buildings and offer improved strategies to tackle them. Studies are bench marked against the CIBSE TM52 standards and utilizes DesignBuilder with EnergyPlus as the main software for simulation and analysis.

This is submitted as an assignment for coursework in Building Simulation and Design in Context.

White Paper B discusses: (a) the importance of evidence-based practice; (b) rapid systematic review protocol and; (c) the results of the rapid systematic review. This examines the Australia Capital Territory's (A.C.T.) Sustainable Energy Policy.