Sociology of Children and Childhood

Child labor left a significant mark on Russia’s industrialization during the late nineteenth century. Children comprised about 15 percent of the industrial labor force, ranging from 0 to 40 percent in individual mills and factories. Most working children came from rural families, while a few were lower-class urban dwellers or inmates of orphanages and foundling homes. Industries employed children for various unskilled auxiliary tasks, and sometimes for tasks normally done by adults. In textile production, they carried bobbins and spindles, cleaned equipment and floors, and on occasion worked as spinners, weavers, or dyers. In mining, they fueled lamps and carried equipment inside the mines. Children received wages at one-third of the lowest adult wage rate. The workday of many children lasted for twelve or more hours. Writings of late-nineteenth-century Russian authors captured the grim realities of child factory labor.

El artículo se propone destacar las contribuciones y los puntos de conexión más relevantes de un importante cuerpo de investigación sobre la infancia jornalera migrante producido en México a lo largo de las últimas décadas, y los estudios sociales
sobre infancia, consolidados a principios de la década de los años 80 en Europa y Estados Unidos. Se propone que las investigaciones sobre infancia jornalera contribuyan a dar lugar y a desarrollar los estudios sociales sobre la infancia en México, así como ofrecer nuevas perspectivas para entender el funcionamiento del mercado agrícola global, la migración interna y la producción de la fuerza de trabajo jornalera. Además de retomar algunas de las contribuciones principales de estas investigaciones, también se señalan las líneas de análisis que todavía hace falta fortalecer y algunas temáticas centrales que no han sido todavía desarrolladas.

T his article aims to highlight the most relevant contributions and the most relevant connection points of an important body of research on migrant child labor produced in Mexico over the last decades, and the social studies on children, consolidated at the beginning of the 1980s in Europe and the United States. It is proposed that research on child labor contribute to the development of social studies on childhood in Mexico, as well as offering new perspectives to understand the functioning of the global agricultural market, internal migration and the production of day labor force. In addition to taking up some of the main contributions of this research, it also points out the lines of analysis that still need to be strengthened and some central themes that have not been developed yet. KEYWORDS: Child labor in agriculture, anthropology of childhood, child labor, social research on children.

Resumo Infâncias queer, desidentificadas dos padrões de gênero e sexualidade instituídos, estão presen-tes no currículo escolar, aquecem nossas pesquisas e docências, incendeiam nossas certezas e enchem o território curricular de chispas incandescentes e incontroláveis. Este artigo, instalando-se nos estudos do campo curricular de perspectiva pós-crítica, tem como objetivo discutir o mapa do fazer cartográfico, desenhado para a realização de uma pesquisa de mestrado, que investigou as resistências e os modos de vida forjados pelas crianças queer e suas infâncias-que chama-mos de "fogueirinhas"-no currículo dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, de uma escola pública de Belo Horizonte. Para cartografar infâncias queer, faz-se necessário entrar em um jogo de experimentação de posturas brincantes e inventivas, em um devir-criança, que nos possibilite desmantelar a lógica adulto-centrada e criar procedimentos de pesquisa mais sensíveis aos movi-mentos minoritários dessas infâncias. Palavras-chave: Currículo. Infâncias queer. Cartografia. Percursos metodológicos. For a queer childhood cartography in the school curriculum Abstract Queer childhood, unidentified from established gender and sexuality standards, are present in the school curriculum, warm our research and teaching, ignite our certainties and fill the curriculum territory with incandescent and uncontrollable sparks. This article, based on post-critical perspective curricular field studies, aims to show the map of cartographic designed to conduct a master's research that investigated the resistances and lifestyles forged by queer children and their childhood, which we call "litte bonfires" in the curriculum of the early years of elementary school, at a public school in Belo Horizonte. To map queer childhood it is necessary to enter into a game of experimentation of playful and inventive postures, in a becoming-child attitude, that enables us to dismantle adult-centered logic and create research procedures more sensitive to the minority movements of these childhood.

Kidznotes is a non-profit organization that provides free after-school music education for underserved populations in urban North Carolina. Kidznotes bases its organizational model on El Sistema; a state-funded music education program started in Venezuela by economist and educator José Abreu in 1975. Kidznotes provides free instruction, a daily snack, instruments, and transportation, all funded by corporate sponsors, concerts performed by Kidznotes’ students, and Kidznotes fundraising events put on by corporate sponsors. As a former employee of the program, and through the fieldwork I conducted at Kidznotes’ Raleigh and Durham summer camps, I gained an immersion and acute awareness to the content and structure of Kidznotes’ soundscapes. The students of Kidznotes are predominately elementary-age, come from low income neighborhoods in Raleigh and Durham, and attend either Title I or non-profit charter schools in the area. They come to Kidznotes three days during the school week for two hours after a 7-hour school day, and for two hours in the morning on Saturdays. The short time spent in the Kidznotes environment was just a glimpse of what their students experience daily with those that are intended to help them.
I theorize that the distinctive aural space of Kidznotes allows for compartmentalization in the minds of underprivileged children, separating their everyday lives from their lives at Kidznotes so that they are given the mental space and sonic authority to assert themselves into the soundscape. This assertion, I propose, is a metaphorical way of challenging the convoluted soundscapes of the outside world, filled with overlapping and contradictory messages children hear that shape their self-perception. This study will then illuminate the ways in which intimacy and music-making as they present themselves within the sonic space of underprivileged youth, make programs like Kidznotes in the North Carolinian context potentially useful for helping minority and low-income children form a healthier sense of self.

'historiographie des établissements pénitentiaires, et notamment des maisons pour enfants, aux XIX e-XX e siècles, l'étude de cas occupe un statut particulier depuis les premiers travaux des années 1970. Souvent, elle sert moins à l'expérimentation pour multiplier les hypothèses et les analyses qu'à appliquer et prouver une lecture théorique. Venu à cette histoire par hasard 1 , parallèlement à des travaux d'histoire religieuse et d'histoire de l'animal, j'ai été étonné par la prégnance, jusqu'à nos jours, d'une grille de lecture issue des travaux pionniers d'Erwin Goffman et de Michel Foucault 2 , appliquée aux prisons, aux colonies pénitentiaires mais aussi à toutes les institutions fermées (refuges, orphelinats, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'analyse du projet de rééducation entre les murs, sur son immuabilité, sur sa volonté de contrôle totalitaire de l'espace, du temps, des corps, des esprits. D'où l'intérêt presque exclusif pour l'organisation horaire, le réglage et la répétitivité des gestes dans un strict ordonnancement, pour la structuration de l'espace qui permettrait de contrôler le quotidien et les relations, pour l'architecture qui livrerait ce projet ainsi minutieusement programmé : celui d'une prise en main et d'une restructuration totales des enfants par le temps, la discipline, les mots et les gestes répétés afin de pénétrer les corps, les têtes, et 1 Le désir des soeurs de Saint-Joseph, dont la maison-mère est à Fontaines-sur-Saône près de Lyon, d'une histoire de la fondation de leur congrégation par le père Joseph Rey. 2 Erwin GOFFMAN, Asylums : essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates, New York, Anchor Books, 1961, traduction française, Paris, Minuit, 1990 ; Michel FOUCAULT, Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison, Paris, Gallimard, 1975. P fabriquer des individus nouveaux 3. Outre que c'est souvent confondre projet et réalité, contenant et contenu, décor, discours et vécu, cette lecture procure une sensation de

In this article, we explore why the bad boy is a popular archetype in advertising, erotica, fashion, journalism, movies, songs, television serials, and other forms of commercial culture. First, we interpret the bad boy as a combination of juvenile masculinities (aggression, rebellion, hypersexuality), appealing qualities (charisma, ruggedness, sensitivity), and moral ambiguities (via confusion, contradiction, and cumulation), which keep audiences engaged. Second, we trace the evolution of these meanings in over a century of American popular culture. Third, we reveal the many commercial faces of the bad boy in the contemporary marketplace, including as an archetypal brand positioning strategy, a transformative protagonist in erotic fiction, an unapologetic voice for macho fantasies, a beguiling object of irrational love, a journalistic frame for polarizing masculinities, and an inexhaustible source of dramatic tension. In the final analysis, the bad boy archetype is a contemporary marketplace icon because it has historically been good at channeling all kinds of bad.

Oyun  , insan yaşamının ilksel çağı olan çocukluk dönemi ile baş gösterir. Ancak çocukluk kavramı oyun kadar eski değildir. Tarihte çocukluk kavramının gelişi-mine bakılacak olursa birkaç asır geriye gitmek yeterli olacaktır; çünkü aile başta olmak üzere toplumun yapısını değiştiren tarihi dönemeç Sanayi Devrimi'dir. Bu devrim ile birlikte toplum yapısında, rol belirleyici önemli değişimler yaşanmıştır. Geleneksel toplum * Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, Türk Halkbilimi Anabilim Dalı Araştırma Görevlisi. ** Oyun, her dilde birçok sözcük ile karşılanırken; oyun kelimesi de birçok kavramı içinde barındırmaktadır. Türkçe söz dağarcığında ise oyun kelimesini tam anlamıyla karşılayacak başka bir kavram henüz bulunamamışken; oyun sözcüğü birçok kavramı karşılar haldedir. Yetenek ve zekâ geliştirici, belli kuralları olan, iyi vakit geçirmeye yarayan eğlencenin adı oyundur. Oyun aynı zamanda tiyatro veya sinemada sanatçının rolünü yorumlama biçimidir. Müzik eşliğinde yapılan hareketlerin bütünü oyun olarak adlandırılırken; seslendirilmek veya sahnede oynanmak için hazırlanmış eser, temsil, piyes de oyun kavramı ile karşılanır. Bedensel ve zihinsel yetenekleri geliştirmek amacıyla yapılan, çevikliğe dayanan her türlü yarışma bir oyundur ve aynı zamanda şaşkınlık uyandırıcı hüner de oyun olarak isimlendirilir. Güreşte rakibini yenmek için yapılan türlü biçimlerde şaşırtıcı hareket bir oyun iken; teniste, tavlada taraflardan birinin belirli sayı kazanmasıyla elde edilen sonuç da bir oyundur. Kumar, hatta hile, entrika da oyun kavramı ile karşılanabilir (BTS, "Oyun").

Sources des illustrations sur les jeux et jouets de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine :
Recherches archéologiques publiées dans Ludique ! Jouer dans l’Antiquité (2019) Les Dossiers d’Archéologie (1992, 168) Archéothéma, Histoire et archéologie (2013,31) Archéologia, (2017, 553;2018, 571) … Jeux et jouets nord-africains et sahariens Recherches sur le terrain dans le Sahara tunisien (1975-1977) et au Maroc (1992-) Analyse d’une importante collection de jouets d’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara au Musée de l’Homme à Paris (transférée au Musée du Quai Branly) La bibliographie se référant aux régions concernées.

Sources des illustrations sur les jeux et jouets nord-africains et sahariens :
Les publications de Jean-Pierre Rossie disponibles sur Academia.edu

Populations de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine
• Monde grec antique du Ve au IIIe siècle avant J.-C. (Attique, Eubée, Sicile, Italie du sud…)
• Empire romain du IIIe au IVe siècle après J.-C. (Aventicum, Lugdunum, Rome, Tarragone…)

Populations sahariennes :
• Populations de la région du fleuve Niger, Mali, entre 100 avant J.-C. et 1980
• Les Maures de la ville de Oualata, Mauritanie, des années 1930
• Les Ghrib du Sahara tunisien, une petite population semi-nomade dans les années 1970

Populations marocaines :
• Population amazighe (berbère) du Rif, début des années 1900
• Populations amazighes de l’Anti-Atlas, du Haut Atlas et du Moyen Atlas, 1992-2019
• Population sédentaire du Sahara marocain, début des années 2000
• Populations des villes Essaouira, Kénitra, Marrakech, 1992-2008

Est-il possible et utile de comparer les cultures ludiques tangibles et intangibles de l’antiquité
gréco-romaine et du monde rural nord-africain et saharien et de trouver une similitude entre
les activités ludiques de ces deux mondes séparés par tant de siècles et différenciés par des
milieux naturels et humains, des croyances, des coutumes et des organisations sociales
spécifiques ? En élaborant ce document de travail je suis parti de l’hypothèse que cela
pourrait être possible et suite à l’analyse des différences et similarités des jeux et jouets et de
leur contexte matériel et socio-culturel j’ai remarqué assez bien d’affinités prouvées aussi
bien par des descriptions que par des images (voir le PowerPoint joint à cette analyse).
Peut-on parfois parler d’une continuité ? Je pense que cela pourrait être possible car
historiquement il y a eu dans l’antiquité des contacts entre la civilisation gréco-romaine et la
civilisation amazighe (berbère), puis entre le monde musulman et le monde chrétien aussi
bien en Afrique du Nord, en Orient que dans la Péninsule Ibérique. Cependant, il me semble
que prouver pareille continuité ou influence directe n’est guère possible et ne pourrai pas
dépasser le niveau d’hypothèse car les preuves semblent manquer.
Dans la première partie je propose quelques différences entre les jeux et jouets de l’Antiquité
gréco-romaine et les jeux et jouets des enfants du monde rural nord-africain et saharien. Dans
la deuxième partie sont analysées les similarités. La conclusion essaye de souligner les
résultats de ce premier essai de comparaison.

In this article we argue that what is missing in children’s rights studies is not so much the presence of theories, but rather reflections and discussions about the normative relevance, analytical qualities and explanatory powers of the mobilized theories. We consider theorizations in children’s rights, first, on the normative level, where there is a need to continue reflecting about the moral and legal rights children have and/or should have, and about how these rights can be further exercised, or need to be balanced against one another. Next, we look at the analytical merits of the concept intersectionality to simultaneously consider differences and similarities between children’s rights and other categories of fundamental rights, as well as to reflect on the very categories that are employed. We then discuss empirical implications of globalization processes, that have significantly impacted on how children’s rights are taking shape in the world, and how interconnections between local and global spheres shape imaginations, discourses, normative frameworks, policies and programmes in the field of children’s rights.

Resumo Infâncias queer, desidentificadas dos padrões de gênero e sexualidade instituídos, estão presen-tes no currículo escolar, aquecem nossas pesquisas e docências, incendeiam nossas certezas e enchem o território curricular de chispas incandescentes e incontroláveis. Este artigo, instalando-se nos estudos do campo curricular de perspectiva pós-crítica, tem como objetivo discutir o mapa do fazer cartográfico, desenhado para a realização de uma pesquisa de mestrado, que investigou as resistências e os modos de vida forjados pelas crianças queer e suas infâncias-que chama-mos de "fogueirinhas"-no currículo dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, de uma escola pública de Belo Horizonte. Para cartografar infâncias queer, faz-se necessário entrar em um jogo de experimentação de posturas brincantes e inventivas, em um devir-criança, que nos possibilite desmantelar a lógica adulto-centrada e criar procedimentos de pesquisa mais sensíveis aos movi-mentos minoritários dessas infâncias. Palavras-chave: Currículo. Infâncias queer. Cartografia. Percursos metodológicos. For a queer childhood cartography in the school curriculum Abstract Queer childhood, unidentified from established gender and sexuality standards, are present in the school curriculum, warm our research and teaching, ignite our certainties and fill the curriculum territory with incandescent and uncontrollable sparks. This article, based on post-critical perspective curricular field studies, aims to show the map of cartographic designed to conduct a master's research that investigated the resistances and lifestyles forged by queer children and their childhood, which we call "litte bonfires" in the curriculum of the early years of elementary school, at a public school in Belo Horizonte. To map queer childhood it is necessary to enter into a game of experimentation of playful and inventive postures, in a becoming-child attitude, that enables us to dismantle adult-centered logic and create research procedures more sensitive to the minority movements of these childhood.

This paper questions the agency of children with learning disorders, living in France. Con-ducted by qualitative methodology with children, parents and professionals, the research opens up the debate on how adults speak for the children and create diagnosis and care trajectories for them. It also questions the silences of the children, the ways they interpret and make sense of their world (Corsaro, 2018). Finally, we look into how children are able of acting by fol-lowing Hirschman’s (1970) three options: exit, voice and loyalty. As in the sociology of mi-norities, analysing the agency of children comes down to highlighting not only the processes and systems to which they are subjected, but also the diversion tactics, secondary adjustments, avoidance strategies and resistance techniques that enable them to take hold of issues of their everyday life.

This article seeks to describe how the change of the spaces reserved for children in the residential architecture has generated a new object of study that has been named as bedroom culture. If the empirical object is new in the childhood studies field, the theoretical issues are frequently the deployment of diverse aspects of the material culture. Therefore, this paper has elected three main issues: the concept of material culture of childhood, the use of the notion of space in academic research, and, finally, the relationship between subjects (children in this case) and objects. Resumo: O artigo busca descrever como a mudança dos espaços reservados às crianças na arquitetura residencial suscitou um novo objeto de estudo que vem sendo denominado de "cultura do quarto". Se o objeto empírico é novo nos estudos da infância, as questões teóricas frequentemente são desdobramentos de diversas vertentes da cultura material. Assim, o artigo elegeu três problemáticas centrais: o conceito de cultura material da infância, o uso da noção de espaço nas pesquisas acadêmicas e, por fim, a relação entre sujeitos (no caso, crianças) e objetos.

In recent years, the history of childhood has received new historiographical
interest while at the same time historians have extended its thematical scope, geographical foci and methodological variety. This review article surveys recent developments in the field and discusses the ambivalences that characterized childhood in the 20th and 21th centuries. It argues that the history of childhood should not be understood as a separate historiographical sub-discipline. Rather it offers a specific
historiographical perspective on broader historical problems and debates. In linking the private with the public, the best works further our understanding of the contradictions of modern history.

These are notes from a recent consultation at Christian Conference of Asia, Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. On October 13-16, 2019.
We had lectures from ECPAT, Unicef, WCC.
Our prayer is that all member churches of CCA act to adopt policies against child abuse and exploitation.