Social Economy

Este libro explora los modos en los que un municipio de la provincia de Buenos Aires, una ONG y un movimiento social organizaron la implementación de dos programas de economía social: Argentina Trabaja y Banco Popular de la Buena Fe. Con este estudio de caso múltiple, basado en un trabajo de campo prolongado, el autor se propone caracterizar las redes políticas que inciden en las distintas modalidades de ejecución de este tipo de programas, centrados en la promoción de los valores solidarios. Aunque retoma elementos de estudios clásicos que ponen el acento en el funcionamiento de la burocracia estatal, esta investigación no se orienta a explicar el fracaso de las políticas sino a comprender cómo ciertos programas que desarrolla el Estado nacional se insertan en tramas sociopolíticas preexistentes e inciden en la producción de nuevos vínculos entre agentes estatales de distinto nivel, organizaciones sociales y destinatarios de los programas.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5kBtMmh0_I

Le tourisme est un des enjeux de l’économie mondiale. L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) estimait en 2017 que le tourisme était l’un des secteurs économiques qui connaissait la croissance la plus rapide au monde. Il est souvent le point de référence des rapports des institutions internationales en termes de génération de prospérités économiques, de contributions aux économies locales et d’outil efficace pour la protection de l’environnement (ONU, 2017).  On le retrouve, entre autres, dans le Programme 2013, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement Durable (ODD), la Conférence Rio+20 (ONU, 2017). Ainsi, le tourisme est de plus en plus considéré comme moteur de développement durable (UNWTO, 2015). Il a été mentionné dans la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies (AGNU) comme secteur capable de contribuer significativement aux trois dimensions du développement durable.

Le tourisme alternatif a beaucoup été étudié dans les îles et les régions balnéaires, les montagnes, les forêts et les parcs. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à cette activité dans les zones désertiques. Ainsi, cette thèse doctorale a pour ambition de déterminer dans quelle mesure les activités liées au tourisme alternatif dans les régions désertiques de Djanet et de Taghit permettent de traiter des enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux. Aussi, à travers une analyse documentaire et empirique, il sera question de déterminer si les caractéristiques spécifiques à Djanet et à Taghit permettent de comprendre les pratiques du tourisme alternatif.

This bachelor’s thesis analyses the status-quo of the economy of former socialist European countries. It gives an explanation as to why there are structural differences in the corporate culture and the competitiveness of former eastern and western European countries. At the end, the role and the effect of the influx of large multinational enterprises, largely coming from the West, is analysed.
After the events of World War II, Europe found itself divided between the democratic and capitalist West and the authoritarian and socialist East. The continent remained divided all until the events of the late 1980s when the fall of the Berlin Wall marked a revolutionary turning point in politics and subsequently, the economy, of the former socialist countries. In 1989, former Eastern Bloc countries started opening their economy to the free market; Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. It was two years later, when the Soviet Union finally dissolved when Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Russia also started introducing free-market economies. The less fortunate and violent breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s led to a number of new countries on the Balkans also keen on transforming their economies according to the standards of the free-market economy.
However, due to around fifty years of developing into different directions, differences are still present, as will be visible from this thesis. One issue that all transforming economies had to face was privatisation, and the unfortunate side-effects of asset stripping and its consequences. Asset stripping in Serbia is being taken as a representative example for former socialist countries. Another common issue that former socialist countries are facing, is the overwhelming dependency on foreign direct investment, capital and skills from more developed economies. The automotive industry in Slovakia is taken as an example for this phenomenon since it demonstrates most of the relevant points.

Observation

The centralized economic system shows us as a dangerous method to drive the global economy. Evidence can be observed in economic indicators around the world. The current economic system, in the centralized method, kills many people in seconds in the world.
The current economic system has put all the money in the world into the hands of a few people. About 5% of people are the richest in the world and about 95% of people do not have a decent life based on their survival. When we look at the current economic system, do we see a good thing? The system that makes about 95% of people miserable cannot be fair.
But what is fair when we talk about rights, duties and the economic system? We consider human rights fair. If the centralized system responsible for the centralized economy is contrary to human rights, it is unfair and needs to be corrected.
The natural tendency with technological support is the decentralized path of the three pillars of democracy. Technologies for resolving conflicts in the system of democracy. The financial system is a conflict with human rights that needs evolution.
The centralized system shows us many financial and economic crises and, in the relationship between cause and effect, affects all peoples, no matter the place. Everything will feel the impact of the crisis. So, we know part of the problem about centralized system and financial system. This is enough to look at the other methods of resolving conflicts over the current world financial system and human rights.
In this essay, we look at the decentralized system and its application to the current world financial system, with the aim of resolving conflicts between the centralized economic system and the rights and duties set forth in the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights.

Argument

Classic system

What is centralized method for producing Economy?
What method do we have to produce Economy?
What method do we have to distribute Economy?

Modern system

What is Economy P2P?
What is decentralized method for producing Economy P2P?
What is decentralized method for distribute Economy P2P?
What is decentralized method for buy and sell Economy P2P?
How to use Blockchain for Economy P2P;
How to use IoT for Economy P2P;
How to use Artificial Intelligence for Economy P2P;
How to use Crypto-assets for Economy P2P;
How to use Smart contracts for Economy P2P;

L'economia sociale è in costante crescita, rappresentando sempre più una leva fondamentale di sviluppo socioeconomico. Al suo interno, un ruolo emergente è rivestito dalle imprese sociali che, grazie alla loro capacità di coniugare equità ed efficienza, sono in grado di promuovere non soltanto una crescita economica più equa e sostenibile, ma anche una maggiore coesione sociale soprattutto in quei paesi-come Italia e Spagna-dove elevati tassi di disoccupazione generano nuove forme di insicurezza tra le persone che conducono a una frammentazione delle comunità. Partendo da tali premesse, con il presente lavoro abbiamo illustrato le traiettorie di sviluppo intraprese dalle imprese sociali in due importanti paesi mediterranei come Italia e Spagna, evidenziando in particolare la loro capacità di far fronte a quei bisogni sociali emergenti non soddisfatti da un welfare state tradizionale che si caratterizza per una limitata offerta di servizi sociali territoriali. Successivamente si è operata una breve analisi comparativa tra i modelli sviluppatisi nei due paesi, facendo emergere elementi di convergenza e divergenza utili a porre in rilievo come essi possano apprendere l'un dall'altro per rafforzare i rispettivi processi di sviluppo e rafforzamento delle imprese sociali e far emergere best practice utili all'affermazione di un modello mediterraneo.

Humans are the unique species in the terrestrial biosphere which depends on the predation of its own "demographic excedents", teaches Mario Crocco. This predation isn't carried out nowadays by way of anthropofagy, but of financial means. Debt is therefore one of the great subjects of our day, and understanding the way that it not only fuels economic growth, but can also be used as a means of generating profit and exerting control, is central to grasping the way in which our society really works.

David Graeber's contribution to this debate is to apply his anthropologists' training to the understanding of a phenomenon often considered purely from an economic point of view. In this respect, the book can be considered a fine example of the critical thinking skill of problem-solving. Graeber's main aim is to undermine the dominant narrative, which sees debt as the natural - and broadly healthy - outcome of the development of a modern economic system. He marshals evidence that supports alternative possibilities, and suggests that the phenomenon of debt emerged not as a result of the introduction of money, but at precisely the same time.

This in turn allows Graeber to argue against the prevailing notion that economy and state are fundamentally separate entities. Rather, he says, "the two were born together and have always been intertwined" - with debt being a means of enforcing elite and state power. For Graeber, this evaluation of the evidence points to a strong potential solution: there should be more readiness to write off debt, and more public involvement in the debate over debt and its moral implications.

Contents

WAYS IN TO THE TEXT
Who Is David Graeber?
What Does Debt: The First 5,000 Years Say?
Why Does Debt: The First 5,000 Years Matter?

SECTION 1: INFLUENCES
Module 1: The Author and the Historical Context
Module 2: Academic Context
Module 3: The Problem
Module 4: The Author’s Contribution

SECTION 2: IDEAS
Module 5: Main Ideas
Module 6: Secondary Ideas
Module 7: Achievement
Module 8: Place in the Author’s Work
SECTION 3: IMPACT
Module 9: The First Responses
Module 10: The Evolving Debate
Module 11: Impact and Influence Today
Module 12: Where Next?

Glossary of Terms
People Mentioned in the Text
Works Cited

This paper presents a case study of a Philippine fair trade organisation, referred to as SAFRUDI, and seven of its community-based partner producers, also called CBE partners. It presents their experiences in terms of the main dimensions of the EMES SE framework combining fair trade principles as indicators. The paper addresses three issues: firstly, the extent to which the case may be considered a social enterprise; secondly, the extent to which the case study may be considered a fair trade organisation; and thirdly, the economic, social and governance issues and challenges and how these are addressed. The case study aimed to find out the scope of operations of SAFRUDI, its main source of income, its key stakeholders, the key partnerships that strengthened its activities, the number of people or community-based enterprises that benefited from its activities and the benefits they enjoyed, what CBEs attached to SAFRUDI identified as social enterprises engaged in fair trade and what it meant to them, how SAFRUDI's understanding of being a fair trade social enterprise translated into its VMG, and the contributions of SAFRUDI in deepening economic democracy and promoting sustainable social development.

The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of the TS, attempting to clarify the evolving factors that have shaped what is known as SE and, more specifically, the TS. In so doing, this dissertation examines existing scholarship on SE and the TS by a historiographical approach.
Additionally, this dissertation sets out to clarify the connection between the TS and the overall economy as it has been shaped in the latest years. For this, Non-profit organisations will be examined as a representative part of the TS and as an important element of today’s overall economy.
For the primary purpose of this dissertation basic overview of the conditions and practices have been provided in which TS has been evolved. The findings imply that any future common legislation
and framework of the TS must take in consideration the locality and small communities leaving spaces of freedom for the expansion of the TS. And for the second part although our results cannot be regarded as significant, mainly because of the scarcity of valuable data, we still can provide a view for the relationships between the TS as an important part of today’s economy and Economic growth, Human Development and Equality in EU19.

Accompanying the related exhibition, Leiden circa 1630: Rembrandt Emerges  illuminates the early career of Rembrandt and his peers. Essays explore the artists in broader contexts, including Leiden’s historical and cultural profile, process and novelty in printmaking, the city’s art market and the history of collecting paintings by the master in Canada. The four essays, accompanied by entries on the works featured in the exhibition, offer profound insight into the motivations, aspirations and achievements of an extraordinary group of artists.

Le développement de la coopération en Ukraine est adossé à l'idée nationale, d'où l'essor remarquable du mouvement dès la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle et jusqu'à l'instauration du régime communiste. Le mouvement coopératif, comme le montre cet article, représentait une menace pour le pouvoir communiste, qui n'eut alors de cesse de le détruire, recréant en parallèle de pseudo-coopératives, à l'image des kolkhozes, dépouillées des véritables principes coopératifs. La période de la "perestroïka" ne fit par la suite que jeter un nouveau discrédit sur l'idée coopérative. C'est dans ce contexte que l'Ukraine, état indépendant depuis 1991, tente de restaurer les conditions d'un développement coopératif. A l'aube de l'an 2000, qu'en est-il de la situation dans les différents secteurs ? http://www.recma.org/article/le-mouvement-cooperatif-en-ukraine-histoire-et-renaissance

The integral ecology of Pope Francis is a foundational paradigm for a
new model of development based on sustainability and human promotion. The economic crisis has offered the opportunity for an extensive critical discussion of the relevant scholar model, above all of a “globalization of differences” and of speculative finance. Starting from this fruitful and broad debate, the present contribution proposes an original interpretation of the “model of Francis” in the light of two categories: the Care and the Custody. They become the coordinates, not only to rethink some innovative theories and practices such as CSR or the “Stewardship model”, but above all to promote further analytical perspectives for a “transformation” of the economy. The theoretical reflection is also enriched by two case studies: the first relating to the case of “assets confiscated from the mafias” and the second to the Sicilian networks of Solidarity Economics.

This presentation describes the activity of Spanish women artists, based on the results of the research carried out by the author at a national level with data provided by more than 1,100 artists, first in-depth analysis on the sector of visual artists in Spain, about their professional activity, economic and work circumstances, relationship with the art market, and its historical evolution during the last decades. For the first time in a study of this relevance, the authors have segmented the group of women artists, 52% of the total, analyzing their circumstances and comparing them with data provided by men and with global results, and contextualizing it within the current economic circumstances. Thus, together with general aspects of female creation in Spain and its relationship with the market, we provide unwritten data on the precariousness and inequality in which Spanish women artists live and work.

1. Introdução Ao longo das últimas três décadas, muitos autores vêm se debruçando sobre o estudo do que se apresenta como um movimento de predominância do capital fi-nanceiro em face dos setores produtivos do capital. Apesar do termo "financeiriza-ção" ser o mais utilizado ao se tratar de tal fenômeno, para fins deste artigo será utilizado o termo "capitalismo sob dominância financeira"-guardando certa ana-logia ao termo utilizado por Guttman (2008). A partir deste e de outros marcos teóricos que serão brevemente explicitados e introduzidos na próxima sessão, pre-tende-se problematizar o processo atual de aprofundamento da articulação entre a propriedade privada e o capitalismo sob dominância financeira no Brasil, especial-mente sob o aspecto do aprofundamento da funcionalização da propriedade para a produção de capital fictício com base na terra urbana, por meio da securitização de títulos com origem na propriedade fundiária urbana. Para isso, será necessário, em uma primeira parte, compreender a relação entre propriedade privada e produção de capital fictício com base na terra urbana, a partir de uma breve incursão sobre o momento atual do capitalismo, a importância crescente das cidades no cenário econômico nacional e internacional e, como consequência, a importância adquirida pela terra urbana não apenas enquanto valor de uso para mais da metade da população mundial que nela vive hoje (ORGANIZA-ÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS, 2014), mas também como mercadoria e ativo financeiro.

The Economy has always been considered an essential pillar of development. This is why, when the European Union appeared, the idea of a community based on economic relations with the purpose of empowering the common economy seemed to be an attractive idea to the outside states of the European Economic Community. Even at first, the idea of empowering the Economy was a very good one, after politics, culture, agriculture, science, and other domains were directly linked to the economic development, the Economy was seen as the nucleus of development of all. Giving its role, we are asking ourselves: Is the Economy role only a positive one in the development of other domains? To understand the role that the fall of the Economy can have on other domains, we focus on economy-culture relation. Assuming the role of the effect of the Economic crises on the culture we conclude that the Economy should not be the only basis of development, but we should enlarge our possibilities of independence of other domains.