Semantic Web technology - Ontologies

As the cloud computing is a new style of computing over internet. It has many advantages along with some crucial issues to be resolved in order to improve reliability of cloud environment. These issues are related with the load management, fault tolerance and different security issues in cloud environment. In this paper the main concern is load balancing in cloud computing. The load can be CPU load, memory capacity, delay or network load. Load balancing is the process of distributing the load among various nodes of a distributed system to improve both resource utilization and job response time while also avoiding a situation where some of the nodes are heavily loaded while other nodes are idle or doing very little work. Load balancing ensures that all the processor in the system or every node in the network does approximately the equal amount of work at any instant of time. Many methods to resolve this problem has been came into existence like Particle Swarm Optimization, hash method, genetic algorithms and several scheduling based algorithms are there. In this paper we are proposing a method based on Ant Colony optimization to resolve the problem of load balancing in cloud environment.

Most current-day on-line information nding aids (search engines, digital library catalogs) are geared toward the one-stop-search paradigm of the traditional Information Retrieval Model: `one{query, one{use'. This paradigm may suit a large group of users in their basic searching needs, but for many, `one size' may not fit all.
In this thesis we have attempted to formulate a model for an `ideal' on-line finding aid for one such group of users, for which the `straightforward' traditional IR model is not a perfect fit: historians. As frequent scholarly users of archives and libraries, they display a more organic approach to information-seeking. Their behavior resembles the `Berrypicking' model as described by Bates (1989), and involves a wide range of techniques not covered by the traditional model, like
serendipitous browsing, name-collecting and citation chaining.
In order to come to such a model we have not only analyzed the user, but also the usage: the historians' usage of primary resource material and bibliographic (meta)data, to be exact. For this we have examined the Evans corpus, a set of over 40,000 printed primary source documents concerning early American history, politics and culture. Evans is a premier example of the kind of bibliographic data historians come across and use in their daily research practice.
We have translated our findings regarding user and data into a new proposed model--and accompanying algorhitm--for historical interface design. This model--dubbed the `Semantically-enhanced Berry Basket'--combines the flexibility and usability of the Social Web (or Web 2.0) with the power and precision of the Semantic Web. The `cognition-augmenting' capabilities of Information Visualizalizations
(Card et al., 1999), when combined with powerful `berry'-suggestion
mechanisms (powered by `Semantic' triples) form a promising basis for a user-/historian-centered on-line electronic finding aid for primary resource material.

: With the emergence of real-time distribution of online
advertising space (“real-time bidding”), user profiling from web navigation traces
becomes crucial. Indeed, it allows online advertisers to target customers without
interfering with their activities. Current techniques apply traditional methods as
statistics and machine learning, but suffer from their limitations. As an answer, the
proposed approach aims to develop and evaluate a semantic-based user profiling
system for digital advertising

The article explores the cognitive semantics thesis that lexical expressions function as points of access to vast repositories of schematic concepts arising from embodied experience. By comparing various forms of communication, I find that expressions in art, science, and technology display a pattern in which expressions prompting the sense of intensity, magnitude and force are often combined into products with expressions that prompt the sense of extent, multitude and displacement. This pattern seems to be largely absent from natural language. I argue that lexical items activate the same pattern, though in a less direct way. Keywords orthogonyms-intensity-extent-cognitive products … Most of our evidence has come from language-from the meanings of words and phrases and from the way humans make sense of their experiences.

International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that provides excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of web & semantic technology. The growth of the World-Wide Web today is simply phenomenal. It continues to grow rapidly and new technologies, applications are being developed to support end users modern life. Semantic Technologies are designed to extend the capabilities of information on the Web and enterprise databases to be networked in meaningful ways. Semantic web is emerging as a core discipline in the field of Computer Science & Engineering from distributed computing, web engineering, databases, social networks, Multimedia, information systems, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, soft computing, and human-computer interaction. The adoption of standards like XML, Resource Description Framework and Web Ontology Language serve as foundation technologies to advancing the adoption of semantic technologies.

Postharvest diseases are a common problem in the cultivation of apples. Since determining the exact disease is often difficult and time-consuming, an ontology-based decision support system is being developed to support this diagnosis process. In this paper a reference ontology is presented that captures the life-cycle of apples from the orchard to the storage phase. This ontology focuses mainly on postharvest diseases including their symptoms, characteristics, and other important factors. This reference model is represented using the ontology-driven conceptual modeling language OntoUML and it is then encoded as an OWL specification enriched with SWRL rules. The latter will then serve as a basis for supporting automated reasoning in the aforementioned decision support system.

The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO-A) is a foundational ontol-ogy about endurants that has been built as a foundation for conceptual modeling, and which focuses on static aspects of endurants. In addition to UFO-A, we have the Unified Foundational Ontology-Part B (UFO-B), a formal theory dealing with the interplay between endurants and the dynamic aspects of reality (e.g., events, processes, causation, dispositions, situations). Given the objective of characterizing this interplay between endurants and perdurants, these two ontologies are meant to form an integral whole. However, currently, they diverge in the way they approach modality. While UFO-A uses a general notion of alethic modality without committing to any notion of time, UFO-B is centered around temporal aspects. As an attempt to address this issue, we here define a translation of the axioms of UFO-A to FOL, and revisit an excerpt of UFO-B in order to accommodate a partial order of time points. With the goal of producing a unified theory, we interpret the alethic modalities of necessity and contingency of UFO-A in terms of this temporal structure , paying a special attention to the interplay between the determinism of a causal nexus and the existence of counterfactual situations. The revisited UFO-B is called UFO-B and the unified theory is called UFO-AB.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the application of foundational ontologies, i.e., formal ontological theories in the philosophical sense, to provide a theoretically sound foundation for improving the theory and practice of conceptual modeling and knowledge representation. This paper addresses one particular foundational theory of events termed UFO-B, which has been successfully employed as a reference model for addressing problems from complex media management, enterprise architecture, software engineering, and modeling of events in petroleum exploration. Despite its success, there is still no formalization of UFO-B in a decidable knowledge representation language that could support reasoning about complex events and event relations. We address this gap by proposing a number of alternative translations from UFO-B's original axiomatization (in first-order logic and in the Alloy formal language) to the description logic SROIQ, which is the formal underpinning of OWL 2 DL. Additionally, to support practical applications, we translated these SROIQ theories to OWL 2 DL TBoxes, which were validated by showing that all the intended models of UFO-B (the logical models of the UFO-B specification in Alloy) that we generated are consistent with these UFO-B TBoxes. In a sense, the specification in Alloy implements the specification in first-order logic, while the OWL 2 TBoxes implement the SROIQ specifications. Incidentally, the methodology that we designed for the translation from UFO-B's original axiomatization in FOL and Alloy to SROIQ came to be a key contribution of this work by providing us evidence of the inadequacy of DLs for the specification of comprehensive foundational ontologies.

For over a decade now, a community of researchers has contributed to the ontological foundations of Conceptual Modeling by participating to the development of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) and the UFO-based modeling language OntoUML, which have been successfully employed in a number of different sectors. The empirical feedback from these experiences led us to reconsider UFO's theory of relations, proposing a new theory that has already been applied to model subtle notions in the business domain, such as value, risk, service, and contract. In this paper, we advance a first formal characterization of this new theory, which is then used to design a new metamodel for OntoUML.

Purpose. Applied computational ontologies (ACOs) are increasingly used in data science domains to produce semantic enhancement and interoperability among divergent data. The purpose of this paper is to propose and implement a methodology for researching the sociotechnical dimensions of data-driven ontology work, and to show how applied ontologies are communicatively constituted with ethical implications. Design/methodology/approach. The underlying idea is to use a data assemblage approach for studying ACOs and the methods they use to add semantic complexity to digital data. The author uses a mixed methods approach, providing an analysis of the widely used Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) through digital methods and visualizations, and presents historical research alongside unstructured interview data with leading experts in BFO development. Findings. The author found that ACOs are products of communal deliberation and decision making across institutions. While ACOs are beneficial for facilitating semantic data interoperability, ACOs may produce unintended effects when semantically enhancing data about social entities and relations. ACOs can have potentially negative consequences for data subjects. Further critical work is needed for understanding how ACOs are applied in contexts like the semantic web, digital platforms, and topic domains. ACOs do not merely reflect social reality through data but are active actors in the social shaping of data. Originality/value. The paper presents a new approach for studying ACOs, the social impact of ACO work, and describes methods that may be used to produce further applied ontology studies.

The World Wide Web as the largest information construct has had much progress since its advent. This paper provides a background of the evolution of the web from web 1.0 to web 4.0. Web 1.0 as a web of information connections, Web 2.0 as a web of people connections, Web 3.0 as a web of knowledge connections and web 4.0 as a web of intelligence connections are described as four generations of the web in the paper. KEYWORDS Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, Web 4.0.