Roman Amphorae, Roman Trade, Archaeology of Northern Italy

Институт археологии РАН, Москва. В статье на основе новых материалов предложена уточненная эволюционная схема развития позднегераклейских светлоглиняных узкогорлых амфор типа C IV. В I–III вв. н.э. это была самая распространенная в Северном Причерноморье разновидность винной тары, массово встречавшаяся на огромной территории. Выделяется несколько хронологических вариантов (C IVA–J, Z) и подвариантов этого типа и прослеживается эволюция формы амфор. Эти изменения происходили в целом быстро, но постепенно, без резких скачков. Было установлено, что развитие формы сосудов не было прямолинейным и однонаправленным. Их эволюция шла в одном направлении, но по двум параллельным линиям остро-и плоскодонной тары. Установлена и одна тупиковая разновидность таких амфор. Проведенный анализ также позволил выделить новые разновидности узкогорлой тары, упорядочить типологическую схему изученных сосудов и уточнить их датировки, которые часто лежат в основе хронологии массового материала Причерноморья римского времени. Ключевые слова: Северное Причерноморье, амфорная тара, римское время, типология тары, хронология амфор, гераклейские светлоглиняные амфоры, торговые связи.

This text consists in the study of the Roman amphorae
recovered in the archaeological excavations accomplished
in the Roman theatre of Lisbon in the 2001, 2005
and 2006 campaigns. It is a relatively wide and typologically
diversified set, collected in archaeological contexts
related with the construction and remodelling of the theatre.
These containers testify, in Olisipo, the importation of
alimentary products from several places of the empire from
the middle of the 2nd century B.C. to the third quarter of
the 1st century A.D., representing important indicators for
the study of the commercial dynamics of Olisipo.

In the year 24 BCE, Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus ordered the Prefect of Egypt the beginning of a military campaign to seize control of Arabia Felix rich and important trade routes is controlled. In this article we will discuss the circumstances surrounding this mission and its unexpected outcome, which from Rome conditioned not to think again the dominance of that region.

This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the manufacturing of study models through computer database programs for the instrumentum domesticum, especially in the field of Roman amphora stamps epigraphy.

The stamps from the Dressel 20 amphora (Spanish olive-oil typology), of which we have thousands of examples spread principally over Rome and Western Europe, have been used as documentary information to compose the theoretical criteria.

The proposed concepts for the study of stamps are the following: the "concept structure", which serves to codify and group the stamps according to their graphical image; the "concept codex" aims to codify and analyse the present elements on every stamp; the "concept family of stamps" allows to relate family groups of stamps (like variants of individuals, a workshop, or a production region).

The proposed model can be used for every type of amphora stamp. We, however, recommend to principally use it on the information obtained from workshop regions, the only site from which we can decipher the complex meaning of the stamp text.

In 1930, Calza published two terracotta reliefs found at Isola Sacra. They showed two scenes related to the profession of the deceased. They were identified as tabernae of a water seller, as in the inscription of one of them is present the name aquatari(us). In this article we argue that these are two tabernae but, in wich oil and wine were sold, as a result of the identification of the types of amphorae. The three types of oil amphorae from the scenes are in complete agreement with the three existing types of amphorae at Monte Testaccio (Roma) in the levels belonging to the late second century AD

Keywords: Oil amphorae, wine amphorae, Dressel 20, Monte Testaccio, Ostia, Isola Sacra, tabernae, terracota reliefs, water seller.

En 1930 Calza publicó dos relieves de terracota encontrados en Isola Sacra. En ellos se mostraban dos escenas relativas a la profesión del difunto que fueron identificadas como tabernae de venta de agua. Esta teoría se argumentaba en que en la inscripción de una de ellas está presente el término aquatari(us). En este artículo defendemos que se trata de dos tabernae de venta de aceite y de vino como consecuencia de la identificación de la tipología de las ánforas. Por otro lado, destacamos que los tres tipos de ánforas olearias de uno de los relieves son totalmente coincidentes con los tres tipos de ánforas existentes en el Monte Testaccio (Roma) en los niveles pertenecientes a finales del siglo II d.C.

Palabras clave: ánforas olearias, ánforas vinarias, Dressel 20, Monte Testaccio, Ostia, Isola Sacra, tabernae, relieves de terracota, aguador.

It is well known that, according to the Historia Augusta, Septimius Severus introduced regular and official oil distributions in Rome. It is argued that this decision should not be interpreted
to be a major change in economic policies, but merely an administrative reform to ease the shipment of oil amphorae. The archaeological evidence, inscriptions and legal texts clearly
indicate that the imports peaked during the reign of the Antonines, suggesting that Severus neither started nor intensified the imports, but levelled out the structural differences between grain and oil traffic.