Relative-Absolute dating

Horse forehead pendants that depict a bird of prey and other images are typical grave goods
of horsemen graves of the Sambian Peninsula of the 10th/11–12th centuries – today’s Kaliningrad region
of Russia (former East Prussia). The article gives an overview of the main forms of these artefacts
against a background of possible iconographic influences and analogies. For the first time, the typological
dating, based on the correlation of the dates of artefacts found together with forehead pendants,
are compared to the 14C AMS dating of either the same or neighbouring cremation graves with such
pendants.

The book with an ambitious title of ‘Absolute dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia’ is a collection of contributions by various authors and presents a vast body of radiocarbon-dated archaeological finds. It aims to provide better starting points for the research, understanding and interpretation of the cultural phenomena and entities in this area, their beginnings, duration and transformation, in the space of almost three millennia, i.e. from the mid-3rd to the end of the 1st millennium BC. The currently valid chronological framework for this time span in Slovenia is based on the relative chronology that Stane Gabrovec developed in accordance with the conventional chronological system and published in the fourth and fifth volumes of Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja (in trans: Prehistory of Yugoslav lands) (1983, 1987). This was supplemented in the jubilee 50th volume of Arheološki vestnik (1999). The basis for his chronology is, more precisely, the central European chronological system for the Bronze and Iron Ages as it was established in the beginning of the 20th century by Paul Reinecke. This system was later subjected to numerous additions and subdivisions by other prominent scholars. In the last two or three decades, however, the advances in methodology and the newly developed investigation procedures, particularly radiocarbon and dendrochronological analyses of archaeological remains, brought about significant changes in the absolute dating of individual chronological phases of both the Bronze and the Iron Ages. It was this development in science that prompted us to conceive a project aimed at keeping in step with the advancements of the archaeological science in Europe and elsewhere, primarily in the field of absolute dating, but also at compensating for the paucity of such analyses of the Bronze and Iron Age material in Slovenia.

Within the framework of this project we strove to obtain the greatest possible set of samples of organic matter (wood charcoal, wood, bones, seeds, grain and so forth) to be subjected to radiocarbon analysis. These were taken from reliable archaeological contexts, such as graves or single settlement units (postholes, storage and refuse pits and others), that could be using the comparative archaeological method reliably determined both chronologically and culturally. From the beginning of the project in 2008 and until 2013, we were able to obtain 249  radiocarbon-dated samples from 55 archaeological sites in Slovenia. With these, we hope to have created a solid database for establishing a relevant chronological network based on absolute radiocarbon dates, primarily for the Bronze, but also for the Iron Age. Besides that, we hope it will provide a new starting point for the better understanding of various diachronic and synchronic phenomena, and their historic significance during the last three millennia BC in Slovenia, Europe and wider, across the Eurasian continent.

In archaeological practice it is possible to encounter either single-phase sites or multi-phase sites. The latter allow continuity and change to be traced through the different phases of a site, but require far more investment in terms of time and energy, especially when the locus of activity occupied the same place through time. In these cases, previous phases can only be explored with small test-pits conducted under the floors of later structures, and therefore require methodologies that are specifically devised to minimize the risks caused by the high level of inference and subjectivity imposed by the partiality of the documentation that is accessible to the excavators. These sites, moreover, are often investigated over very long periods of time, with different methodologies of excavation and recording that create a large corpus of legacy data that necessitates a thorough re-assessment before being used. 
This book focuses on Phaistos, a site located in Crete, and aims to establish the stratigraphic sequence of the site in the period that preceded the construction of a palace of Minoan type (a court-centred building) by using the data collected during three major excavation campaigns conducted between 1900-1909; between 1951 and 1966; and between 2000 and 2005. It is not the publication of the relative chronology of the site, i.e. of the pottery groups that define the various phases of the Early Bronze Age, as this is in the process of being completed under the auspices of the Italian Archaeological School in Athens; nor is it the publication of the results of the contextual re-assessment of the site, which has already been presented and discussed in a monograph length study, which challenged the old orthodoxy that Prepalatial Phaistos operated as a straightforward settlement that grew through the various phases of the Early Bronze Age to become a proto-urban centre. This book has been written to clarify the methodology followed by the author in re-assessing the settlement history of Phaistos prior to the construction of the palace, a methodology that was based on the cross-correlation of more than 180 stratigraphies excavated during the past 100 years that had at its core V .La Rosa’s excavation strategy, known as “Riscavare lo scavato”. This excavation programme entailed the opening of new trenches near old ones, and thus linked past and present investigations providing the opportunity to see with new eyes stratifications that had been simply described and poorly illustrated by the previous excavators.

Keine zweite Fibelform kennzeichnet aufgrund ihrer Dominanz im Fundspektrum und ihrer Verbreitung die völkerwanderungszeitliche Formengruppe in Mitteldeutschland so treffend wie die Niemberger Fibel. Die formenkundliche Analyse dieses Trachtbestandteils bildet die Basis für eine zeitliche Gliederung der Völkerwanderungszeit - im Sinne der Stufe D -, die genauso wie eine überprüfbare regionale Chronologie der jüngeren Römischen Kaiserzeit noch aussteht.

The Egyptian royal lists give a chronology of all kings dating back to Menes/Narmer. The numerous synchronisms between the Egyptian and Mesopotamian reigns make it possible to anchor the 30 dynasties of the Egyptian chronology. Egyptian events, dated in their secular (365-day) and religious (lunar) calendars, can be retro-calculated by astronomy, allowing an absolute chronology to be reconstructed up to King Djer (2788-2752). Consequently, the Uruk expansion around 2950 BCE was at the origin of predynastic Egypt (Abydos).

Abstract: The 614 Assyrian eponyms between the 1st year of the reign of Šamšî-Adad I and the 1st year of the reign of Tiglath-pileser I (1115-1076) allow us to date the reign of Šamšî-Adad I (1728-1695) approximately. As the Assyrian years were lunar before the reign of Tiglath-pileser I (1115-1076), this makes it possible to slightly correct the reign of Šamšî-Adad I (1712-1680), yet as this Amorite king died in the 17th year of King Hammurabi, so this synchronism fixes the dating of this Babylonian king (1697-1654). This dating does not correspond to the "Middle" Chronology but, on the other hand, exactly satisfies the astronomical dating of the Ammisaduqa tablet on Venus, according to the "Ultra-Low" Chronology (the only one whose observations are dated after, and not before (!), the calculated values). In addition, one tablet of astronomical omens (Enuma Anu Enlil 20) mentions a lunar eclipse dated 14 Simanu at the end of the reign of Šulgi (14/III/48, June 27, 1954 BCE), and another (Enuma Anu Enlil 21) mentions a lunar eclipse dated 14 Addaru at the end of the third dynasty Ur, which ended with the reign of Ibbi-Sin (14/XII/24, March 6, 1911 BCE). These two total lunar eclipses are separated by 42 years of reign (= 9 years of Amar-Sin + 9 years of Šu-Sîn + 24 years of Ibbi-Sin) and 9 months (=XII - III). During the period 2200-1850, there was only one couple of lunar eclipses spaced 42 years and 9 months apart, and visible at Ur, corresponding to the description of the astronomical omens. These two eclipses confirm the absolute dating of the reign of Hammurabi and also allow to anchor the reign of Sargon of Akkad (2243-2187).

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2019 ASOR Annual Meeting 3B. Archaeology and Biblical Studies I (Thursday, November 21, 2:00 p.m.).
Theme: This session explores the intersections between and among history, archaeology, and the Jewish and/or Christian Bibles and related texts. Chair: Jonathan Rosenbaum (Gratz College). Presenter: Gerard Gertoux (Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux), “A Scientific Approach to an Absolute Chronology through Synchronisms Dated by Astronomy” (20 min.) Abstract: The Mesopotamian royal lists give a complete chronology of kings dating back to King Sargon of Akkad (2243-2187 B.C.E.). The numerous synchronisms between the Assyrian and Babylonian reigns, as well as the presence during these reigns of several lunar eclipses precisely dated by astronomy, make it possible to reconstitute an absolute chronology that serves as the backbone to anchor all the chronologies of the ancient kingdoms of the Near and Middle East.
http://www.asor.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Academic-Program_posted_10-28-19.pdf
http://www.asor.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Abstract-Book_posted_10-28-19.pdf

VAT 4956 how reliable is this detailed benchmark for Astronomical dating and what year/s might it align with? Seder-olam: Nebuchadnezzar (3319-3364) anno-mundi (AM) = 441-396 BCE. Yr. 37 is 3356 AM = 404 BCE: Holy Temple I 2928-3338 anno-mundi. 3338-19 = 3319 year 1 of 45 (3319-3364). 3319+37= 3356. 3760-3356 = 404 BCE. What Nebuchadnezzar 45 reign years (3319-3364 anno-mundi) do we have tablets w/ astronomical observations? Of the 28 VAT 4956 observations..

People  used  wood  from  various  trees  not  only  on  the basis of their availability, but also the purpose it was to serve. Wood of both deciduous and coniferous trees  was  used  for  building  purposes.  Construction  elements  of  ramparts  or  load-bearing  elements  of  housing  buildings  were  made  primarily  from  oak  Quercus.  Scots  pine  Pinus  sylvestris  was  also  commonly  used  as  building  material.  Remains  of  other  trees (e.g.: hornbeam Carpinus betulus, alder Alnus, aspen Populus  tremula,  spruce  Picea  abies,  poplar  Populus, fir Abies  alba,  beech  Fagus  sylvatica)  are  less frequently discovered on archaeological sites.Utility  objects,  including  cooking  utensils,  were  hollowed out or turned from wood of trees available in  the  vicinity  of    (especially  the  above  mentioned)  and  bushes  (e.g.:  conifer  Taxus  bac-cata  L.  whose  pliant  wood  was  a  valuable  material  for  manufacturing  weapons;  lilac  Sambucus  sp.  or  common spindle Euonymus sp. from which spindles, needle-cases or reels were made), which are now mar-ginally used because of their poisonous properties.Tree  bark  (e.g.:  linden  Tilia,  birch  Betula,  oak  Quercus or elm Ulmus) was also used to make wo-ven  bark  containers,  dyes  and  paints  or  medicinal  substances, and to produce wood tar on a large scale. However, relics of wooden (but also other organ-ic)  artifacts  are  not  common  among  archaeological  finds  –  they  are  mostly  preserved  on  damp  sites,  especially  in  bodies  of  water,  marshes  or  bogs  –  in  places  protected  from  changeable  environmental  conditions.  On  multilayer  sites,  e.g.  in  cities,  such  places  are  especially  relics  of  wells  or  cesspits.  During  the  last  decades,  well  preserved  construc-tions  or  wooden  items  from  archaeological  objects  have  become  invaluable  in  narrowing  down  dating  in archaeology thanks to applying scientific methods – e.g. dendrochronology.Between relative chronology and yearly datesLike  other  historical  sciences,  archaeology  aims  at determining dating and mutual relations between discovered artifacts (products, layers, objects, struc-tures etc.).
185were  covered  by  the  younger.  However,  one  should  remember  the  cases  of  the  so  called  reversed  stra-tigraphy  caused  by  e.g.  violent  shifts  of  soil  layers  on  slopes.  Another  method,  typological,  involves  analysing formal similarities between artifacts. Seriation is also possible – an analysis of transformations and features of discovered products or an analysis of stylistic  changes  in  their  decoration.  Such  methods  allow for relative dating – situating the discovery in time  in  the  “older  –  younger  –  simultaneous”  rela-tion. But they do not show the time span.The need for precise dating of discovered artifacts, objects  and  accumulations  urges  archaeologists  to  seek  new  methods  for  establishing  the  chronology  independent of subjective assessment or a scientist’s intuition, and to indicate calendar dates (“absolute”). One  of  those  is  dendrochronology  –  since  the  mid-20th century it has been applied in many disciplines of science, such as geo-botanic, ecology, climatology or  historical  sciences.  That  science  and  method  of  wood dating is used in archaeology for establishing the age of that material used by man in various, es-pecially historic, times. It allows for determining the time  when  the  tree  was  growing.  And  the  moment  when it was cut down is the time after which it could have been used by man. Therefore, precision of den-drochronological  dating  is  limited  to  indicating  the  date after which (post  quem) the wooden structure or object was created.Dating  is  possible  thanks  to  synchronising  the  sequences  of  tree  growth  with  calendar  dates.  Se-quences of dates are established for various kinds of trees growing in different geographical regions – the longest  sequence  in  Europe,  for  contemporary  and  fossil  oaks  from  southern  Germany,  is  10  430  years  long (i.e. till the year 8 480 BC). The length of scale for  a  given  region  indicates  a  maximum  period  of  dendrochronological dating.In  Europe  the  rudiments  of  dendrochronology  was  the  work  of  a  German  botanist,  Bruno  Huber,  developing this discipline since the 1930s.The  first  dendrochronological  laboratories  in  Poland  were  established  in  the  1980s  (Academy  of  Fine Arts in Warszawa – Tomasz Ważny, 1986.; Sile-sian  University  of  Technology  in  Gliwice  –  Tomasz  Goslar,  1987;  University  of  Science  and  Technology  in Kraków – Marek Krąpiec, 1988; Mikołaj Kopernik University in Torun – Andrzej Zielski, 1989). As a re-sult of their work regional sequences of tree growth were created, and chronology of archaeological sites and  objects  was  narrowed  down,  particularly  from  the period between the turn of the eras and the earlyhistorical times.Oak casing of the well in Brzezie.

please refere to: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168688

This essay presents an attempt to fix the development of ceramics in Central Europe during the first half of the 5th millennium with absolute dates. This relates to different regional pottery styles: the West German Middle Neolithic Style, the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic (SOB), the Bohemian Stroke Ornamented Pottery, and the Moravian Painted Pottery in Eastern Austria and Moravia (Fig. 1). For the absolute dating of the development in Alsace and in Western Germany, extensive research was undertaken by A. Denaire (2009b; 2011). P. Stadler and others (2006) have provided and evaluated data for Eastern Austria. The 14C data from Austria and Alsace have been calibrated using Bayesian statistics. This approach is criticized by other researchers (Weninger/Easton 2014, 165; Steier/Rom 2000). In the study presented here, 600 Central European 14C data were collected and analyzed from Alsace to Moravia. This was done with the aim to combine the new chronological results for the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic (Riedhammer 2017) with the simultaneous regional development of Central Europe. Also data from the youngest LBK and the Late Neolithic Period are taken into account, in order to estimate the beginning and end of the Middle Neolithic. The find circumstances as well as the taphonomic and pedological processes around the measured samples were critically assessed. There are numerous indications that organic materials in settlement context are subject to greater carryover mechanisms than pottery shards. The majority of 14C ‘outliers’ from repeatedly used sites can thus be explained. Therefore, one should plead that a series of data should always be related to the entire time span of an archaeological site. Thus, there is a different approach to using Bayesian statistics, were a 14C date always is related only to the narrower find complex from which the sample originates. By comparing groupcalibrated data series from the different style regions from both settlement and grave contexts, results have been obtained that measure the pace of regional stylistic developments in absolute time scales (Fig. 58). The juxtaposition of these results with the results of regional relative typochronology (Fig. 2) reveals astonishing results. For example, the dating gap between Ancient and Middle Neolithic Period, which was recently pointed out for Alsace (Denaire et al. 2017), is likely to be supraregional. The question is, does the reason for that gap lie in difficult find circumstances or is there a longer interruption of the settlement activities over larger landscapes. The important second finding is that the middle section of all regional ceramic developments, which are subdividable into four to five fine-grained stylistic stages in each region, was at a rapid pace of probably no more than 100 to a maximum of 150 years. In addition, discrepancies in the absolute dating of these Central European style regions of the first half of the 5th millennium are revealed, which must be tackled by future research.

The archaeological site of KHB-1, Oman, has been investigated in order to improve the chronological knowledge of the site, which is dated to the beginning of the fourth millennium B.C. on the basis of the archaeological context. Mollusc shells of the genus Anadara, coming from the uppermost layers of the site, have been dated using two different methods, radiocarbon and