Public Policy Analysis

En lo que va de este siglo, el mundo ha empezado a experimentar cambios drásticos, que marcan y acompañan el nacimiento de un nuevo orden mundial. En este contexto, después de muchos años de alto crecimiento económico y notables avances sociales, los países de renta media se encuentran en una encrucijada: ¿cómo afianzar los logros conseguidos y consolidar la eficacia de sus políticas sociales en medio de una coyuntura macro-económica menos alentadora y un panorama político frágil y fragmentado? Para contestar a esta pregunta, este capítulo estudia el nuevo posicionamiento de los países latinoamericanos de renta media y sus principales desafíos, por un lado, y la filosofía de la cooperación euro-latinoamericana, por el otro, y profundiza el análisis de la experiencia del Programa EUROsociAL, con especial referencia a Colombia. A manera de conclusión, el texto plantea algunas reflexiones sobre cómo apoyar los países mencionados en esta coyuntura en lo referente a las políticas sociales y el buen gobierno, evidenciando la necesidad de un replanteamiento de los paradigmas de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo y la oportunidad representada por la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible.

Sejak ditetapkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014, maka terdapat perubahan mendasar bagi pengisian jabatan pimpinan tinggi di instansi pemerintah. Sesuai mandat oleh undang-undang tersebut, pengisian bagi jabatan pimpinan tinggi dilakukan secara terbuka dan kompetitif. Sementara itu, tata cara pengisian jabatan administrasi yang terdiri dari administrator, pengawas, dan pelaksana diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 tentang Manajemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil juga mengalami perubahan. Perubahan dalam pengisian jabatan pimpinan tinggi dan administrasi tentu diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kinerja birokrasi. Lemhannas RI termasuk instansi pemerintah hibrida dalam hal asal sumber daya manusia yang terdiri dari PNS, prajurit TNI, dan anggota Polri. Perlu dilakukan analisis atas implementasi kebijakan pengisian jabatan pimpinan tinggi dan pengangkatan dalam jabatan administrasi. Hal ini bertujuan agar dapat diselami kondisi riil pelaksanaan dari kebijakan tersebut, sehingga dapat menjadi masukan kepada pemangku kepentingan terkait. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan: (1) telaah peraturan perundang-undangan; (2) wawancara; (3) observasi. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa seluruh faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi kebijakan ini masih belum optimal.

Türkiye’de 16 Nisan 2017 tarihinde anayasa değişikliği referandumu yapılmış ve referandum sonucunda, hükümet sisteminde değişiklik yapılarak cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemine geçilmiştir. Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemine geçilmesi ile bakanlıkların teşkilat yapılarında önemli değişiklikler olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerden etkilenen bakanlıklardan biri de Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’dır. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, okul öncesinden başlayan ve yükseköğretime uzanan süreçte gerek kamu, gerekse özel okul ve kurumları kapsayan hizmet alanı ile Türk Eğitim Sistemine yön veren, bir milyonu aşan personel sayısına sahip ve ülkenin yaklaşık olarak bütün köy (taşımalı eğitime tabi olanlar hariç), belde, ilçe ve illerinde örgütlenen en büyük bakanlıklarından biridir. Bakanlığın ayrıca yurtdışı teşkilatı da bulunmakta ve bu yolla yurtdışında yaşayan Türk vatandaşlarına eğitim alanında çeşitli hizmetler sağlamaktadır.
Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemine geçilmesinin ardından yeni sistemin temel unsurlarını tanımlayan “1 No’lu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi”, 10.07.2018 tarihli ve 30474 sayılı Resmi Gazete’ de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe konulmuştur. Kararnamede Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının merkez ve taşra teşkilatında önemli değişikliklere yer verilmiştir. 2011 yılında da “652 Sayılı Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının Teşkilat Ve Görevleri Hakkında Kanun Hükmünde Kararname” ile bakanlığın teşkilat yapısında önemli bir değişim yaşanmıştır. Ancak yeni hükümet sistemine geçiş sonrası ortaya konulan uygulamalar, personel rejiminden eğitim politikalarının oluşum sürecine dek çok farklı alanda Türk Eğitim Sistemini önemli ölçüde etkileyebilecek yenilikler içermektedir. Bu yeniliklerin en önemlilerinden birinin eğitim ve öğretim politikaları kurulunun oluşturulması olduğu söylenilebilir. Eğitim ve öğretim politikalarının oluşumunda Bakanlığın da üzerinde söz sahibi olan bir örgütlenme olarak görülebilecek eğitim ve öğretim politikaları kurulu, eğitim ve öğretime dair geliştirdikleri önerileri doğrudan Cumhurbaşkanına sunarak politika oluşum sürecinde etkin bir role sahiptir.
Yeni hükümet sisteminde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı merkez teşkilatı yapılanmasına yönelik olarak yapılan değişikliklerden biri de müsteşarlık biriminin lağvedilerek müsteşarlık ve müsteşar yardımcılığı kadrolarının kaldırılması olmuştur. Böylece önceden tek olan bakan yardımcılığı kadrosu dörde çıkarılmış ve müsteşarlık birimine bağlı olan icrai birimler bu dört bakan yardımcılığına bağlanmıştır. Ayrıca bakanlık müşavirliği kadroları da lağvedilmiştir. Taşra teşkilatında yer alan İl Milli Eğitim Müdür Yardımcılığı ve Merkez teşkilatındaki Şube Müdürü kadroları da 1 No’lu Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi ile kaldırılmış ancak bu değişiklik hayata geçirilmemiştir.
Yaşanan değişimlerin ülkenin eğitim sistemi üzerinde etkili ve önemli olacağı düşünülerek çalışmanın konusu, “cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sisteminde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’nın yapısal dönüşümü” olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı; Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemine geçilmesinden sonra Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’nda yaşanan yapısal dönüşümü ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada doküman incelemesi tekniği kullanılarak hükümet sistemi değişikliğinden önceki ve sonraki duruma ilişkin elde edilen bulgulara dayalı olarak yeni sistemin Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının yapısal dönüşümüne etkileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Reformar el Estado es un aspecto indispensable para garantizar el desarrollo económico y social de un país, una adecuada inserción internacional y el bienestar de todas las personas que constituyen una sociedad. En este sentido, la urgencia por modernizar la gestión pública en Chile ha sido uno de los ejes centrales de los gobiernos de la Concertación, lo que se refleja en los múltiples esfuerzos implementados durante los últimos años. Además, el concepto de gobernabilidad democrática (que corresponde a las modalidades, reglas e instituciones que configuran el marco en que se desenvuelve la sociedad para lograr sus objetivos en cuanto a bienestar material, cultural y espiritual) implica hacer un gran esfuerzo por adecuar las estructuras del aparato público, y muy en particular los servicios públicos, a las exigencias de un contexto en constante transformación y dinamismo. La nueva relación entre democracia, Estado, mercado y sociedad civil significa ajustar el pensamiento, las estrategias y los estilos de trabajo a los nuevos desafíos que impone el nuevo milenio.

En este contexto, el objetivo de la ponencia es revisar desde una perspectiva crítica y reflexiva la experiencia chilena en materia de modernización de la gestión pública e incremento del capital social, tomando como base de análisis el período comprendido entre los años 1994-2000. Además, se identifican y discuten las principales líneas de acción, las lógicas subyacentes y las lecciones y aprendizajes que permitan pensar nuevas formas de enfrentar el mejoramiento permanente de las instituciones públicas chilenas en estrecha relación a las nuevas distinciones sobre fomento de la participación ciudadana y el fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil, en el marco de la generación e incremento del capital social.

La exposición dejará en evidencia que si bien las líneas de acción desarrolladas tuvieron frutos relevantes, faltó mayor apoyo político y un involucramiento más estrecho de los servicios públicos con los ciudadanos — usuarios, lo que adicionalmente se ve agravado por la persistencia de ciertas rigideces que inhiben la generación de una nueva manera de concebir la gestión pública y sus relaciones sistémicas con las distintas esferas del quehacer social, económico y político.

Finalmente, se propone la consolidación de una nueva institucionalidad en materia de políticas relativas a la gestión pública, a través de la creación de instancias que se preocupen de manera permanente del rediseño de los servicios públicos, el mejoramiento continuo de las prácticas de gestión y la formación rigurosa de personal altamente calificado, para fomentar el aprendizaje organizacional e incorporar progresivamente a la ciudadanía en las acciones que emprende el sector público en sus distintas esferas de competencia, considerando los recientes planteamientos sobre creación de valor público, la importancia de las redes intra e interorganizacionales y el carácter integrador que el emergente modelo de Estado presenta en el actual contexto de cambios globales.

Dünyadaki önemi gittikçe artan bir enerji kaynağı olan doğalgazın, diğer enerjilere göre
hâlihazırdaki kullanım miktarı dünya genelinde petrolden sonra ikinci sırada gelmektedir.
Ülkeler açısından enerji temininde çok önemli olan arz güvenliğinin sağlanmasında, ülkelerin
doğalgazı temin ettikleri kaynakların çeşitliliği hayati önem taşımaktadır. Dünya doğalgaz
rezervlerinin büyük bir kısmının bulunduğu ülkelere komşu olan bir coğrafi konumda bulunan
Türkiye’nin dünya doğalgaz ticaretinde inkâr edilemez derecede önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır.
Arz çeşitliliğin sağlanması açısından Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin tek alternatifi olan Türkiye’nin
bu potansiyelini ülke çıkarları açısından iyi kullanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin
dünya doğalgaz ticaretinde bugünkü durumu ile gelecekte gerçekleştirilmesi planlanan projeleri
ele almakta ve bu sektördeki sahip olduğu fırsat potansiyelini rasyonel kamu politikası analizi
açısından ele almaktadır.

Od potpisivanja Dejtonskog sporazuma i ustavno-pravnog konstituiranja Bosne i Hercegovine u njenom današnjem obliku, pitanje statusa Grada Sarajeva često se zanemarivalo i potiskivalo u drugi plan, a svaka inicijativa za redefiniranjem položaja Sarajeva kao glavnog grada države odlazila u nepovrat. Sve ovo ukazuje na činjenicu da su dosadašnje vladajuće strukture, uključujući i glavne predstavnike tzv. međunarodne zajednice, svjesno izbjegavale baviti se ovim problemom, a konačan ceh kao i uvijek ponajviše plaćaju stanovnici Sarajeva. Ova pravno-politička analiza statusa grada Sarajeva, uključujući i preporuke za osmišljavanje politika s ciljem rekonstitucije grada Sarajeva kao "distrikta" s centraliziranim ovlastima, dio je šire studije koju je objavila nevladina organizacija Centri civilnih inicijativa.

“北京共识”是一场用超实用观点进行政策审议的哲学运动。和给政策制定者解决问题或原教旨主义者坚持特定经济传统提供政策配方集的发展模式不同，“北京共识”本身承认，每个发展情境中都有一组独特和/或试验性的解决方法，需要将当下的政治、经济和社会环境考虑进去。这种超实用主义需要政策制定者进行更大规模的政策试验，并具有更大的风险弹性。此外，该哲学通过总结近些年中国政策试验中的实践和教训，恰当了表达了其本身的含义。不过讽刺的是，这种哲学也给分析 “北京共识”和中国发展模式之间的差异带来了潜在困惑。本文概述了这种区分，并进一步理论化了以“北京共识”的意向性为支撑，运用超实用主义观进行政策审议的潜在后果。

Provision of affordable housing for low-income groups is constrained precariously in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan, because of a complex institutional framework and overlapping roles of government authorities at federal, provincial, and local levels. This article is a reflexive study that covers a broader aspect of the Punjabi Housing system, drawing a framework of current institutional arrangements in practice for affordable housing provision. Although it draws on an institutional analytical framework, the article is grounded in applying structural analysis to the study of public institutions within the housing sector, which provides a much-needed theoretical framework for analyzing housing institutional arrangements under the current dynamic political environment within the country. The study is an effort to fill gaps in the literature in understanding the intricate practices and processes of public housing institutions with overlapping jurisdictions and roles. The article argues for streamlining the federal, provincial, and local governments to provide an enabling environment to deal with affordable housing policy and provision issues by reexamining the respective institutional structures. Some previous studies relevant to housing policies and projects are also reviewed, followed by an empirical analysis of institutional arrangements; finally, ways forward are suggested toward key policy and empirical implications.

Título: La política de educación especial en México. Brechas en el diseño y su implementación.
Este artículo analiza la brecha entre resultados esperados y resultados observados con referencia a la política de educación especial en México que atiende a niñas y niños con discapacidad. Para ello se analiza la coherencia de ésta en cuanto a la congruencia entre la definición del problema, sus instrumentos -como las normatividades o la organización- , y los resultados esperados y observados; a la vez se revisan los programas de inclusión educativa establecidos de 2002 a 2018 y los resultados de la implementación de dicha política. Entre los hallazgos destaca que la brecha en los resultados tiene su origen en la formulación y delimitación de los objetivos de inclusión educativa dentro de un modelo que no considera la heterogeneidad de situaciones de los alumnos con discapacidad, así como en la falta de mecanismos de retroalimentación de la política desde abajo -escuelas, aulas y alumnos-. Esto último es típico de un modelo de hechura de políticas públicas centralizado.

This paper compares the policy trajectories of Nutrition and Early Childhood Development (ECD) in Pakistan, identifying enablers that led to better multisector progress for Nutrition over ECD. Specifically, it deliberates on
(1) multisector policy adoption in terms of instigation, construct and stakeholder coalitions; and (2) horizontal coordination in terms of capacity, incentives and structures. The analysis builds on existing work of the authors, supplementing this with further document
review and expert insights. Nutrition and ECD initiatives
in Pakistan, while overlapping agendas, differed in
terms of buy-in and structural grounding. A favourable policy window for Nutrition was successfully managed through coordinated advocacy, programmatic support
and investment in networks, while capture of policy opportunities was not seen in case of ECD. A vague construct for ECD confined its activities narrowly to the education sector while a Nutrition discourse specifying roles for other sectors resulted in a broader coalition and expanded activities. Both Nutrition and ECD faced powerful disincentives to coordination, but Nutrition overcame
this through cofinancing of different sectors and creation of structural platform in supraplanning ministries. Both Nutrition and ECD share common capacity constraints for horizontal coordination, raising concerns for effective implementation. We conclude that multisector action
for child well-being requires deliberative action and investment to unlock opportunities. The analysis from Pakistan highlights four governance areas for progressing multisector action: (1) opportune management of policy windows; (2) a clear and inclusive menu of actions for stakeholder coalitions; (3) availability of cofinancing and structural platforms for catalysing coordination; and (4) investment in horizontally placed human resource and integrated tracking systems.

The paper examines reasons why government may find it hard to conduct evaluations. The paper argues that despite the much-touted evidence based policy making which signals traditional notions of rationality in policy making and 'implies a central role for social research and evaluation in policy-making processes', government generally finds it difficult to conduct evaluation. The reasons for this, the paper identified to include-the political system which is not structured for rational decision making, interference form political officials and bureaucrats, the symbolic nature and character of some policies and programmes, pressure on policy makers to develop, obtain parliamentary approval for and implement policies, challenges with determining the goals of policies/programmes, lack of an evaluation culture amongst policymakers and decision takers in the public service, lack of opportunity for sharing good practice experience and lessons learned, inadequate budget provisions for evaluation of policies, programmes and projects as well as lack of effective feedback loops from street level bureaucrats.

With Hope O. Akaeze. State financial aid grant programs are commonly categorized as either need-based, merit-based, or both, but their initial eligibility requirements include many more factors than just financial need and academic merit. A categorization of programs that accounts for all requirements would facilitate a more nuanced and precise understanding of state grant programs. We used latent class analysis to organize 354 grant programs into a five-category typology to better understand the variations and patterns in programs. Need and merit proved important in the typology, but two of the new categories of programs were defined by other eligibility requirements. Implications for future research and policymaking are discussed.

The article is devoted to the issue of stimulating local development (LD). Its purpose is to present contemporary expectations of small town authorities towards the Polish state’s local development policy. The introductory part is devoted to the key categories: LD and local development policy. The desirable features of the state’s local development policy were also discussed. The identified expectations were divided into main groups: stopping activities interpreted as limiting territorial self-governance, changing the distribution of aid funds, the multidimensional reform of the self-government finance system, as well as improving the municipal instruments to stimulate LD. Within each group, specific expectations identified were discussed. An additional group of other expectations, characterized by a high level of diversity, was also distinguished and discussed. The research was carried out using a diagnostic survey method with the standardized long personal interview technique in 2019.

Some scholars have argued that the enhanced local self-governance of in any nation is a product of good governance, accountability, transparency and trust, which in turn brings about the improvement in the living standard of the people. The implication of this position is that where good governance is absent, accountability of governmental agencies and development in such a society is likely to be affected negatively. With the analysis of primary data, this research examined the impact of local self-governance in ensuring good governance through accountability, transparency and efficiency for sustainable democratization of socio-economic development of citizens. Our case study was Huye District, in Rwanda. Therefore, the ample evidence indicated that their increasing effectiveness in delivering social services, they have been able to effectively promote local socio-economic development. This study therefore set out to find out the impact of local governments on citizens through good governance with its pillars such as accountability, transparency and efficiency. The study analyzed how the local government carried out its local socio-economic development promotional drive, its capacity, the involvement of other stakeholders and other factors influencing its involvement in the process. It employed the use of mainly qualitative research methodology. The case study approach was adopted as the research strategy. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used and a variety of methods including documentary analysis, observations, group discussions and questionnaire administration were employed to ensure triangulation and the quality of data collected and analysed. The study revealed that the local government played several roles in the development of citizens by rapidly addressing the local socio-economic development needs of the district. The various strategies and tools applied are widened in scope. The local government was also more committed to the implementation of programmes and projects stated in its development plans that were of direct benefit to economic entities in local communities. Moreover, the local government‘s involvement of other stakeholders in its local socio-economic development process was obvious. The study therefore recommends that for the local government to be effective, it must put in pragmatic and relevant strategies and tools, have the needed capacity, a strong institutional set-up and should consciously involve all the necessary and potential stakeholders in all the stages of the local socio-economic development process. This should also be complemented by efforts of the central government to strengthen the local government in the process of local socio-economic development of citizens.

Why does the state sometimes provide welfare and sometimes not? Why is it able to promote competition on some occasions and not others? We argue that a critical variable in this process is the way the state thinks. State capacity is also a product of the relationship between bureaucratic or technocratic elite and political will. We demonstrate this conjecture by exploring the political economy of welfare under the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPIM) in West Bengal. We empirically demonstrate that CPIM in West Ben-gal has shifted its ideology from welfare to trickle down. The paper argues for the salience of ideation within the state and the kinds of synergies that exist between the bureaucracy and the political class in the implementation of such policies. The failure of CPIM in West Bengal can be likened to a tipping point evident in the gradual evolution of trickle-down economics over redistribution as an ideology of governance.

Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs are introduced as an alternative institutional innovation to the traditional regulatory instruments for land development. They meet the demand for development and conservation while balancing the conflicts between public and private interests with minimal use of public funds. Most TDR literature is about nature conservation and there is little focus on the complicated process and diverse stakeholders' interests of urban land use in dealing with built heritage conservation. Previous studies show that the success of TDR programs depends on various elements, especially policy design and implementation approaches. The design and implementation of TDR programs involves transaction costs that can reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of these programs. This paper aims at developing a framework for analyzing TDR programs. This proposed framework not only takes transactions costs into account, but also provides a basis for decision makers to decipher the process of informal TDR. Using Hong Kong as a case study, three TDR implementation modes are selected to examine how different informal institutional arrangements have resulted in specific transaction costs in practice and hindered TDR projects. Our findings , which are informed by transactions costs economics, provide practical insights in order to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of TDR programs, particularly in informal contexts.