Public Finance

In the last two decades Tanzania government has employed a great effort on improving revenue collection to its local authorities. The efforts included couples of reform programmes such as; local government reform Programme (LGRP), Legal sector reform Programme (LSRP), Public finances reform Programme (PFRP) and Public service reform Programme (PSRP). These reform programmes intended to improve governance and service delivery by proper mobilization of the resources of local government authorities (LGAs). Improving Own Source Revenue collection in local government authorities (LGAs) was the key agenda of these reforms. Some studies suggest that, steps have been made in some of local government authorities, despite the fact that none of the local authorities has been able to meet the targeted Own Source Revenue collection. Also, the pattern trend of budgeted against actual collection in most of local authorities is not promising. Gathering Primary evidence from Magu district council supported by secondary data from other local authorities in the united republic of Tanzania, the study has analyzed the trend, challenges and impact of Own Source Revenue slippage in Tanzania`s local government authorities (LGAs). A sample of 300 respondents was were randomly selected to fill questionnaires from stakeholders Magu district council. Also, the secondary data from Magu district council and other local authorities in Tanzania were used to fulfil the purpose of the study.The paper Concludes that, own Sources revenue for local government authority (LGAs) in Tanzania are many; actual versus approved budget own source collection trend is not impressing, slippage of above 30 % in revenue collection at Magu district council and up 13% country wide (slippage for all LGAs in Tanzania) has been average in five years. Slippage has already brought severe consequences to the local authority and its community like, poor service delivery in heath sector and education and poor infrastructures in LGAs; if not checked will bring more. The central government dependency at Magu district council is above 80%, to the extent that, it cannot finance its recurrent expenditure. Most of development projects have failed and others are at critical stage of failure. Also, the paper recommends that the Central Government through the PMO-RALG should make sure it reviews the previous and current local revenue system to make sure that it supports the local Councils to increase enough local revenues and in the task of reviewing, representatives from each local Council must attend to make participatory. Also, the government should revise the outdated by-laws ensuring charges are persistent with the current economic conditions, for instance after every 5 years.

This working paper presents a conceptual framework for GEOFIN’s analysis of the financialization of the state in eleven European Union member states in postsocialist East-Central Europe (ECE-11) and operationalizes it for the purposes of analysis of internationally comparable secondary quantitative data. The first half of the paper  develops a systemic, processual and spatial approach to the financialization of states. The second half of the paper identifies key dimensions of state financialization processes, their forms that scholarship discussed as prevalent in East-Central Europe and/or (semi-) peripheries, and their potential indicators  in secondary quantitative  data.  The following dimensions of state financialization are covered: monetary and fiscal policies (including sovereign debt); public-service provision; lawmaking and regulation; and investment policy.

The research or presentation is a academic work included in the taxation course. The research shows that what is the taxation system in our Bangladesh? Is it proper system? what is the importance of taxation in our public finance? is there any corrections in the taxation system in Bangladesh? We also want to add the idle tax system and give our recommendations beyond our works.

This book focuses on Capital – concept, functional features and formation in post communist Romania.
It analyses the capital as both permanent own financial resource and fixed capital, as determinant of effective and potential GDP.
Bank capital in Romania is debated as being between development factor and source of disequilibrium, while the capital-labour relationship is seen an expression of the effectiveness -fairness relationship.
Privatisation ia another subject of interest, it being studied as a lever for capitalisation and increased competitiveness or a source of vulnerability for the Romanian economy.
European funds in Romania as source of capital or for financing current expenditures are analyzed in dynamics as well as related to their contribution to capital formation and the catching-up process.
Globalisation, deregulation and developments in capital in Romania are explained also in relation to the deregulation-regulation cycle. Economic and social development, the middle income trap and social disparities are some of the other major topics of the book.
Policy measures and conclusions of the current stance of Romania economics are drawn in this study based on an unique microeconomic database for Romania, as well as comparative information related to other former communist countries in the region and EU member states.

Acest volum se axeaza pe analiza capitalului bancar în România, ca aflandu-se între factor de dezvoltare  și sursă de dezechilibru. Se urmareste evolutia intermedierii financiare in Romania, precum si caracteristicile procesului de „curățare a bilanțurilor” băncilor comerciale. Se pune accent pe sănătatea și performanțele sistemului bancar, precum si pe evolutia finantarii de la instituţiile financiare nebancare și din alte surse.
Un subiect de interes il constituie raportul dintre factorii capital şi muncă – expresie a relaţiei eficacitate echitate, pornindu-se in cadrul analizei de la drumul de la producţie la salariu şi profit si mecanismele de distribuire şi redistribuire ale valorii nou create. Politica fiscală este analizata, in acest context, ca pârghie esențială pentru asigurarea echilibrului sustenabil între remunerarea muncii și a capitalului.
Se descrie starea economiei româneşti înainte de 1989, iar apoi procesul de privatizare, ca pârghie de capitalizare şi creştere a competitivităţii sau sursă de vulnerabilitate a economiei româneşti. De detaliaza dezechilibrele economice profunde manifestate în timpul tranziţiei, strategia de reformă a României, relaţia cu FMI şi BIRD, precum si tratamentul acordat României de instituţiile financiare internaţionale şi pieţele de capital privat în ultimii 25 de ani. Studiul arata situaţia economiei româneşti după privatizare, caracterizata printr-o acumulare încă redusă a capitalului si o listare restrânsă la bursă a companiilor din România, ceea ce determina o situație economică mai slabă decât alte state foste socialiste din regiune.

In prezenta carte se compară realizările perioadei 2001–2004 faţă de 1997–2000, cu accent pe urmatoarele aspecte: i) formarea produsului intern brut (PIB) si productia nationala, ii) utilizarea PIB, iii) comertul exterior si balanta de plati etc. Se analizeaza evolutia procesului de privatizare, situatia finantelor publice, aspecte privind politica monetara, inflatia, politica valutara, sistemul bancar si piata de capital. Se detaliaza caracteristicile economiei reale referitoare la performantele economice si disciplina financiara, precum si evolutiile nivelului de trai al populatiei.

Tra gli strumenti funzionali allo sviluppo di modalità di finanziamento alternative nell'ambito dell'innovazione sociale di grande interesse sono i c.d. "Project Bonds" e "Social Impact Bonds" quali nuovi strumenti del mercato finanziario finalizzati alla raccolta, da parte del settore pubblico, di finanziamenti privati.
L'attenzione mostrata alla luce degli ultimi interventi e il loro impiego per la soddisfazione dei molteplici interessi mostrato pertanto come lo strumento della finanza di progetto sia un argomento estremamente attuale e che rappresenta una operazione contrattuale volta non soltanto a contenere la spesa pubblica, ma anche un elemento fondamentale che possa permettere un rilancio dell'economia di tutto il Paese.

Only 10% of plans produced by the water departments of national governments have the money and people needed to implement them. says the UN's joint monitoring programme (JMP), which tracks progress on the global sustainable development goals for water.

South Africa's water & sanitation's master plan says nearly R900bn will be needed over the next 10 years to build the infrastructure needed for water security. The shortfall is at least R300bn, before operating costs.

But the budget can be cut and the important bits of the plan can still be implemented. Here's how.

This paper constitutes the FIRST chapter of the book ‘Muslims in India’ compiled by Prof. S. N. Singh, Director Institute of Applied Research and Development, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India and published in 2003 by Anmol Publishers. New Delhi

Steuerliche Subventionen müssen laut entsprechenden Leitlinien der Bundesregierung regelmäßig auf ihren Nutzen und ihre Wirksamkeit geprüft werden. Ziel dieses Forschungsprojekts ist daher die systematische Evaluierung der größten, bisher noch nicht extern evaluierten Steuervergünstigungen des 26. Subventionsberichts, um zu bewerten, ob sie beibehalten, verändert oder abgeschafft werden sollen. Dabei spielt der Grad der Zielerreichung, Effizienz und Transparenz aber auch die langfristigen ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Wirkungen eine Rolle.
In den Jahren 2017 und 2018 wird im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Finanzen (BMF) eine Evaluierungsrunde für 32 verschiedene Steuervergünstigungen durchgeführt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein breites Spektrum an verschiedenen Steuerarten, von Lohn- und Einkommensteuer über Kraftfahrzeugsteuer bis hin zu unterschiedlichen Steuern aus dem Energie- und Strombereich. Unterschiedliche Wirtschaftsbereiche sind von den Steuervergünstigungen betroffen, u.a. die gewerbliche Wirtschaft, die Land- und Forstwirtschaft, der Straßen-, Wasser- und öffentliche Verkehr, Wohnungswesen und Städtebau sowie Vermögensbildung.

This work analyzed the impact of public spending on economic growth in the DRC and tested the existence of the optimal size of the Congolese state for the period 2002 to 2015 with the quarterly data. To achieve our objectives, the standard VAR models and the Vedder-Gallaway and Scully models were used respectively to analyze the effects of fiscal shocks on growth and to determine the optimal size of the state. The dynamic analysis of VAR models shows that the positive shocks of total and current public expenditure have a positive influence on economic growth in the DRC, but these effects are not significant. On the other hand, the shock of investment spending does not significantly affect economic growth in the DRC. The decomposition of the variance of the forecast error shows a small contribution of the budgetary variables in the explanation of growth because it is explained for the most part by its own innovations. The optimal size of the total public expenditure in the DRC for the selected study period varies between 33.72 and 36.89% according to the Scully and Vedder-Gallaway models, respectively.

The microfinance industry has emerged from a small domain institution to a broad tool for social development, as many success stories reveal its true potential for serving the society. Nonetheless, like every institution, it has to be sustainable in carrying out its developmental activities. This is where the idea of double bottom line surfaces where a win-win situation is attained for the microfinance institutions along with the clients to whom they are serving. Although there are other unprincipled grounds associated with the concept which obstruct this thought and deviates the MFI activities in accomplishing better and higher revenues. This leads to a trade-off. The paper tries to explore the presence the double bottom line in the MFIs of India. Further, to find if there is a trade-off between financial performance and social performance. A dataset comprising all the Indian MFIs reported in www.mixmarket.org for the period from 2009 to 2013 has been used for the study. The analysis is carried on various indicators that resemble the performance and efficiency of the MFIs. The evidence suggests a moderate trade-off in the operations of the Indian MFIs although largely they adhere to the double bottom line. They are mainly guided by outreach scale in terms of a number of borrowers.

Bu çalışmada 2008 krizi sonrasında Türkiye’de devletin
ekonomi politikaları çerçevesinde krize verdiği tepkilere
odaklanılmaktadır. İlk olarak devlet teorisi içerisinden bir
perspektif ile depolitizasyon kavramı incelenecektir. Ardından
Türkiye’de 2008 krizi sonrasında devletin krize verdiği
tepkiler, bu süreçteki politika eğilimleri ve sürecin çelişkileri
depolitizasyon stratejisi perspektifinden ele alınacaktır.
Neoliberalizmin küresel ölçekte güç kazandığı 1990’lı
yıllardaki stratejilerden biri “ekonomiyi siyasetten arındırma”
söylemi ve bunun üzerinden geliştirilen politikalardır. Bunlar
özetle, ekonomi yönetiminin teknokratlara devredilmesi,
temel iktisadi sektörlerde bağımsız denetleyici kuruluşların
görev yapması, Merkez Bankasının (MB) bağımsızlığı ilkesi
çerçevesinde para politikasının hükümetin yetki ve sorumluluk
alanından çıkarılması ve temel kamusal hizmetlerin
özelleştirilmesidir. Söz konusu politikalarla ekonomi ve
siyaset arasındaki ilişki yeniden belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Depolitizasyon stratejisi Türkiye’de özellikle 2001 krizi sonrasında devletin iktisadi süreçleri yönetirken kullandığı
önemli bir araçtır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kriz, Kapitalizm, Politik İktisat,
Depolitizasyon, Türkiye.

This article tackles the problem of the changes to the merismos – the law that in the fourth century allocated Athenian funds to various treasuries and magistrates – ordered by decree in IG II3 1 327, 452 e 355, yet to be ratified by the nomothetai. By analysing these inscrip- tions within the wider context of Athenian finances and lawmaking, the article proposes a new reconstruction of how these changes were institutionally legitimised, and of the ef- fects that this legitimation had on the role of the nomothetai and on the development of Athenian financial administration. In doing so, the article uses methodologies from New Institutionalism and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of traditional approaches to Greek institutional history.

The World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2014, taking
place in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland on 22-25 January, will
convene under the theme “The Reshaping of the World: Consequences
for Society, Politics and Business”.
The World Economic Forum is an independent international
organization committed to improving the state of the world
by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders
of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.
Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971, and
headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no
political, partisan or national interests.
The overall agenda of this paper is not to aware people about
the world economic forum but here researcher tried to it is
find out i mistakenly wrote fine. the spout of opportunity
which India may encase in the scheduled meeting of world
economic forum in India between 4-6 November 2014. This
forum would welcome Chief executives, Member companies,
Political leaders (from the G20 and other relevant countries),
Heads of international organizations, Experts representing our
Global Agenda Councils, Representatives from our civil society
stakeholder groups, Young Global Leaders, Social Entrepreneurs,
Technology Pioneers, Global Shapers, Media leaders &
Spiritual and cultural leaders. One who has diminutive knowledge
about the economics or economy can easily understand
that if we capitalize this opportunity credibly, we can achieve
superpower status even before 2030 and may be Asia largest
economy, but all depends how we make the most of this.