Poverty Studies

This study aimed to show how cancer has affected the economic and psychosocial aspects of patients' livelihoods in Nakuru County. The study adopted descriptive survey design and draw on a quantitative inquiry. The sample size, determined by Fishers method, were 245 patients and 10 medical officers (medical superintendent, oncologists and nurses) drawn from the Nakuru County Teaching and referral Hospital. The research instruments employed were the questionnaire and interview schedules. Before the actual data collection, piloting of questionnaires and the interview schedule was done in Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Uasin Gishu County. Data analysis followed both parametric and non-parametric approaches. Data was presented using graphs, tables and scatter diagrams. The findings of the study suggest a strong association of cancer with loss of income (í µí¼’16, 0.01 = 40.101) and a significant increase in medical expenditure (í µí¼’12, 0.01 = 66.789). Similarly, it was shown that cancer patients were impacted both socially and economically by cancer type (í µí¼’12, 0.033 = 22.46) and duration of treatment. The results from the study will contribute immensely to the development of new strategies to improve patients' economic status in the management of cancer within Nakuru county and Kenya in general.

Social innovations and their diffusion are critical in bridging the multiplicity of deprivations experienced by those in subsistence contexts. Yet they often do not diffuse as expected. To better understand this prevalent problem, this article develops a theory of diffusion that explains the reproduction (duplication) of social innovations in subsistence contexts. The theory utilizes a bottom‐up perspective that considers what attributes of innovations and capacities of actors matter to reproduction, particularly for subsistence user‐producers. Adopting an inductive, case‐based approach, the authors draw on examples of social innovations in sub‐Saharan Africa. Based on the authors' research and extant literature, this article builds a typology that captures different modes of reproduction. The typology delineates three archetypes of reproduced social innovations: mimetic, facilitated, and complex, and notes how frugal innovations can emerge from these archetypes. These archetypes are based on the interactions of: (1) a product's resource and knowledge complexities, and (2) the knowledge capabilities or resources of various actors, including subsistence user‐producers and bridging agents. The typology thus illuminates the conditions under which subsistence user‐producers might independently reproduce a social innovation (mimetic innovations), when they need assistance from bridging agents (facilitated innovations), and when the mix of resources and knowledge are beyond their capacity (complex innovations). Moreover, by exploring reproduction experiences of subsistence users, this article recognizes the implications of low literary, close social networks, and physical limitations. By examining who controls the knowledge and resources imperative to reproduction, the authors go beyond a focus on the social benefits of innovations to consider how intellectual property and profits matter to different actors. This article pulls together these various insights and identifies key implications that social innovators and intermediaries should consider when working to reproduce social innovations in subsistence contexts and with subsistence user‐producers.

Practitioner Points
The article develops a theory of the reproduction of social innovations (SI) from the perspective of subsistence producer‐users, noting how literacy, closely linked relationships, physicalities, and access to resources and knowledge can affect the reproduction process.
A typology is created to help practitioners understand why SI do or do not “go viral” through reproduction and when bridging agents are needed. (Un)Successful reproductions hinge on whether subsistence user‐producers can feasibly acquire/manage two intersecting dimensions of SI—complexities of resources and complexities of knowledge.
Three archetypes of SI are proposed. Complex: subsistence users may consume but will likely not produce (e.g., MPesa). Mimetic: subsistence users can readily produce on their own (e.g., simple solar cookers). Facilitated: subsistence users require bridging agents to enable reproduction (e.g., water ponds).
Practitioners need to consider the heterogeneity in subsistence users' resources, knowledge, and physical capabilities, train for the “know‐hows” and the “know‐whys” in reproduction, address subsistence user‐producers' potential risks/costs, support bricolage behavior, and recognize trade‐offs in the competitive accrual of social and economic benefits.

Including the interests of those migrants leave behind in debates about migration and justice is a strategy which theorists who are sceptical of open borders have made use of, most notably in brain drain critiques of emigration. In rejecting this view, and in invoking an epistemic conception of liberalism, I claim that not only can the interests of those left behind be appealed to by defenders of more open borders. For at least two reasons such interests should be included. First, more open borders have a unique role to play in addressing the interests of those left behind via the transformative economic effects of remittances and the state signalling mechanism that migrant and remittance flows provide, both for wealthier states as they dispense foreign aid and for poorer states as they implement national development programmes. Second, more open borders are also compelling for those who are sceptical of immigration insofar as they help them identify the obligations of justice they may owe to the world’s poor and how these are best discharged; obligations whose fulfillment lessens the pressure to migrate from poorer to wealthier states over the long term.

This study assessed multidimensional poverty in rural parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study objectives were to: describe the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, determine their multidimensional poverty status, and identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty in the communities sampled. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 480 household heads selected from 16 villages across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Multidimensional Poverty Analytical Tool (MPAT) and a binary logistic regression model. The respondents' socio-demographic characteristics described in the study showed that their mean age was 46.3 years while the average household size was 7 persons. The study indicated that the majority (86.7%) of respondents were male, mostly married (91.7%) and educated (74%). The distribution of the respondents' mul-tidimensional poverty status revealed that majority (61.7%) of the households were poor. The study revealed that multidi-mensional poverty in the study area is influenced negatively by age, marital status and household size. Similarly, gender, educational level, livelihood activities, farm size, livestock ownership, remittance, membership of group, and access to credit have a positive effect on multidimensional poverty. Key among the recommendations of this study is the provision of adequate basic infrastructure in the area.

This research evaluates the impacts of land degradation on rural development and migration, using a comparative-analysis platform and quantitative and qualitative approaches, based on data from empirical investigations in six rural communities of Tapachula, Chiapas. The results show that deforestation, heavy rains and extreme weather events are the main determinants of land degradation, and that land degradation, smallholder farms' income and outmigration are highly correlated. In addition, they portray a new migration dynamic, from rural areas in the highlands directly to urban centers in the US, and demonstrate that the poverty marginalization context contributes substantially to global migration flows. Despite the harsh labour conditions and the poor economic basis in the area, temporary Guatemalan workers rapidly replace the out-migrated local labour force on coffee plantations and small farms, giving evidence of their life at the fringe of the globalized economy. David Eche obtained an Agriculture Engineer degree at the Pontifical University of Ecuador-Ibarra. He pursued a MSc. programme in International Organic Agriculture at the University of Kassel in Germany. With his research work, he won the prize for the best master thesis of the faculty. Subsequently, he joined a double PhD program offered by the Universidad Autonóma de Zacatecas, and the University of Kassel, wherein he graduated with academic distinctions. His main research interests focus on climate change, environmental degradation, migration, organic agriculture and rural development.

One of the most important roles to the writers and thinkers is to work on solving the problems and dilemmas experienced by their society, through mentioning the importance of dealing positively with the problem of poverty and hunger , how to find solutions within the society , not rely on solutions imported from overseas, from this point of view , Effective roles of craftsmanship and small businesses in bringing about a change in society towards poverty eradication. This is done by giving ideas to African decision-makers to move towards communities where the poor majority are able to bring about positive or negative change. The global reports on poverty in Africa, as most solutions have proved their failure to not accompany this broad segment of the population to become working energies, but to be recipients of subsidies. The main objectives of this research are to build theoretical and cognitive frameworks of the extent to which small businesses and craft professions can contribute to building community incubators for sustainable development in Africa, Policies based on the participation of local communities in the fight against hunger and poverty and the building of sustainable development, this paper dealt with three terms are (the concept of small enterprises and crafts professions, the concept of poverty and the mechanism of measuring poverty so-called poverty line, The paper concluded with the recommendations addressed to interested in the issues of poverty in Africa , governments, policy-makers and parliaments in the legislative Laws and councils, civil society , civil organizations , voluntary organizations and sectors of investment.

An article I wrote for CeSPI which comes as a reflection of where Indonesia is heading with its social assistance mindedness. Poverty cannot and will not be able to be resolved if we are just basing our policy or action as a matter of kindness. Giving them the power to improve is the key, but even power entails different kinds of variables.

Poverty has been increasingly conceptualized as being multidimensional, involving deprivation in many dimensions of life. This paper discusses issues and implications of multidimensional poverty by adopting concepts commonly used in ecological economics. In particular, poverty is approached as an irreducible, complex phenomenon for which many legitimate, but non-equivalent descriptions exist. Issues of social and technical incommensurability are illustrated for different meanings and measurement types of poverty. Georgescu-Roegenss flow/fund framework is interpreted, informed by the capability approach of Amartya Sen. The paper argues that a predominant focus on flows as a proxy to analyze poverty represents rather a short-term perspective on access to satisfiers to fulfill particular needs. Contrary to that, focusing on valued funds may provide useful information for the analysis of capabilities that persons and societies might pursue in the long term. Furthermore, it is argued that strong poverty alleviation needs to adopt analytical tools that can deal with non-trade-off cases: improvements in one poverty dimension cannot always compensate for the deterioration of other poverties. This implies to rethink the usefulness of aggregate multidimensional poverty indices, as well as the predominant use of income measures.

The literature on the concept and measurement of poverty has significantly improved from the traditional unidimensional (income/expenditure) analysis to the multidimensional concept of poverty and well-being. Following the Multidimensional Poverty Assessment Tool (MPAT), the study explored the potential of combining counting and participatory approaches in determining levels of deprivations and well-being in an upland farming community in the Philippines. Data from a random sample of 153 farming households and analyzed following Alkire and the Foster’s methodology revealed that 3 out of 4 households are multidimensionally poor. Results of the study also show that farming households’ ability to generate farm- and non-farm income in addition to the high degree of exposure to idiosyncratic and covariate shocks contribute to the high multidimensional poverty index. Further, the study presents implications of these results for antipoverty policy in the rural context.

The topics of language and dialectic argumentation have a pivotal role in Anselm’s thought. They constitute the theoretical context in which we proceeded with a semantic analysis of the term paupertas; it should be understood under a thought where logical-linguistic terms (appellatio, cogitatio vocum e rerum, significatio) are related to ethical and social principles as monastic silence and rectitudo, in particular. Indeed, Anselmian idea of poverty moves on the ridge between the paupertas as penuria nominum, typical of the human language merely capable of producing voces for the usus loquendi, and the Divine Word (Verbum), a “poor” word, where “poor” means unique, simple, pure and real. The Verbum will be, at the same time, a linguistic and ethical model for the human language to avoid the multiloquium and to properly connect words and things. Reduced to a line that directly moves from the word to his corresponding thing, the linguistic signification thins all his redundant references and becomes right, that is simple. This kind of language aims at the monastic silence of chapter six of the Regula Sancti Benedicti as his higher and very true form. So, the paupertas has to be intended, in the Anselmian philosophy of language, as a value against the mundane poverty of spirit, in the broader context of the Salvation of the soul’s economy.

Available on JSTOR:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/complitstudies.56.3.0487

This article illustrates through a data analysis of “the archive” and of what Jordan A. Y. Smith has recently defined as translationscapes, the way in which “the planetary world-as-world” emerged in Romania through translation only as late as 1948. Since translations of literature, as defined by the polysystem theory, are “a most active system within a polysytem,” one can assume that local production in certain cultures is strongly dependent on imports.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/complitstudies.56.3.0487

The education of business leaders is a central concern in the social teaching of Pope Francis. The Pope approaches corporate social responsibility through the lens of exclusion and seeks s reform of economic systems. Business leaders are called upon to build a new economy of inclusion. A look at the ethical dimensions of Franciscan leadership is included.

The organizations that deal with poverty make their best efforts to find and delimit the factors that produce this scourge and the weak achievements so far are still a pending account with the humanity. As the effects of poverty are more evident through material deprivation, significant economic resources are allocated to assistance as a way to fight against this epidemic. The developed countries study their formulas of success so that recipes can be established for their implementation in the «developing countries». Despite undeniable progress, much remains to be done and from the different revisions made there is still the feeling that there are still invisible topics and in unexplored fields that prevent solid progress onto this problem. In the following lines we go without prejudices to approach a different perspective of approach with the clear interest in stimulating the discussion towards new paradigms to confront the problem of poverty.

The organizations that deal with poverty make their best efforts to find and delimit the factors that produce this scourge and the weak achievements so far are still a pending account with the humanity. As the effects of poverty are more evident through material deprivation, significant economic resources are allocated to assistance as a way to fight against this epidemic. The developed countries study their formulas of success so that recipes can be established for their implementation in the «developing countries». Despite undeniable progress, much remains to be done and from the different revisions made there is still the feeling that there are still invisible topics and in unexplored fields that prevent solid progress onto this problem. In the following lines we go without prejudices to approach a different perspective of approach with the clear interest in stimulating the discussion towards new paradigms to confront the problem of poverty.

This study assessed the impact of rising international market prices of rice on real household income and poverty in Senegal. Net benefit ratio indicator developed by Deaton (1989) to assess the impact of a change in the international rice price on household welfare were used in the analysis. The data came from the second poverty monitoring survey in Senegal. Using two indicators: (i) per capita spending and (ii) expenditure per adult equivalent, the results showed that rising international rice prices negatively affect real income and poverty. This negative effect were more pronounced in urban areas and in areas with high rice consumption. Poverty also increased by 3.5% when the first indicator was used. However, it increased by 4.25% when the second indicator was used. Statistics showed that 37% of the richest households consume rice compared to 7% of the poorest households. In addition, urban households allocate 25% of their budget to rice consumption, compared to 24.4% for rural households. To reduce Senegal's vulnerability, governments need to take steps to limit the country's dependence on rice imports. Therefore, it would be essential to invest more in the production and consumption of local rice. Original Research Article

Humanistic (third-force) psychology has had contributors and supporters in the abstract for an extended period of time, but in the twentieth century received structure and codification of its ideas and principles (Hergenhahn & Kovach, 2014).  Unlike the scientific base of Watson’s behaviorism (1924) or the individual experience base of Freud’s psychotherapy (1966), humanistic psychology acknowledges, supports, and utilizes the aggregate intangible (mind, spirit, emotions, consciousness) components of man toward his global pursuit of growth, progress, and self-improvement (Maslow, 2013; Sartre, 1957).
This paper will provide a brief history of positive psychology and how its platform can be used to assess data of criminal activity.  The author proposes to be able to predict and mitigate criminal activity based on the level of lack in the individual’s past and existing environment.  Although not intended to be fully detailed or comprehensive, this paper will summarize humanistic psychology’s capacity to measure criminal and other maladaptive behaviors.