Phoenician trade

The rise of modern science, from the mid-16th century to the present, is widely considered to have been kick-started by the 'scientific revolution' between 1550 and 1700. The sudden emergence of the 'scientific revolution', which has long excited the interest of historians and natural scientists, is regarded as the spring board of the modern age. While the rise of modern science has been documented in considerable detail, historians have struggled to provide a persuasive explanation for both its timing and location in Western Europe. The conventional approach is to provide a list of 'causal factors' that is supposed to explain this unique event. The outcome is entirely unpersuasive. In this paper, I have employed a general dynamic theory to provide a powerful explanation of the emergence of science in the modern world and to answer questions such as: Why did the precocious emergence of science in the ancient world (Phoenicia and Greece) breakdown?; Why was China unable to invent a 'scientific revolution'? (the Needham puzzle); Was the 'scientific revolution' really a revolution?; and Will the rise of modern science be followed by a fall, as in the ancient world? Also see my related paper "How the Needham puzzle was solved in the early 1990s".

The origin from Rhaidestos has not been confirmed.
The statuette depicts a nude boy sitting in the ground, at a type of the early 4th century BC. Statuettes of this type are known from sanctuaries of Asclepius and other gods with healing qualities. Representations of children, little boys and girls, were dedicated there in various types. They are pleading or thanksgiving offerings of believers for their children.
Votive statuettes depicting small children in the “Temple-boy type” have been also found in Eshmoun at Bostan ech – Cheikh, the Phoenician god of healing, located northeast of Sidon. These statues depict young children placed under the god’s protection from illness, death and other misfortunes, a common practice in antiquity.

Because of its Mediterranean immediacy, the Maghreb will be closely related to historic Egypt, ancient Greece, Phoenician colonizers, the flourishing and fall of Carthage and the rise of Rome. To define the área of study we resort to the current physical and political determination of the Maghreb, which comes to understand practically the North-West of Africa, which extends through the territory that extends from the coastal strip and into the current states of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania, to which we could add by proximity to North Mali. This block would limit Egypt to the east, bathing its shores the Mediterranean to the north, the Atlantic to the west to the border of the present state of Senegal, leaving the delimitation to the South somewhat more confusing, but which in a general way we will place in the whole of the Sahara desert. The latter serves as a pretext for setting up the space-time framework of the work, starting from three points: 1)the Phoenician colonization, which since archaic times has had in the foundation of Lixus (circa 1100 BC) and later that of Mogador, its westernmost geographical end, within a period of peaceful coexistence with the indigenous people, which was reduced to the establishment of villas and commercial networks near the rivers of the Maghreb coastal strip; 2)the emergence of Carthage as a power in the Mediterranean between the 7th-4th centuries BC and until the fall of Tyre in 332 BC, whose legacy continues until the end of the Punic wars, in the middle of the 2nd century BC, establishing a protectorate over the cities-states derived from colonialism, which was practically wiped off the map by the Romans; 3)and in the future Roman control, which from 146 BC establishes its networks with intense Romanization not beyond the Sahara Desert, which does not allow us to establish a clear boundary to the South, although in a general way the Niger River1 will be taken as a natural border.

Book review: Carthago. Il mito immortale (Colosseo, Foro Romano; 27 settembre 2019-29 marzo 2020). La mostra / The Exhibition, Alfonsina Russo, Francesca Guarneri, Paolo Xella e José Ángel Zamora López (a cura di), Electa : Milano, 2019; 172 p.:ill; 21x28 cm; ISBN 9788891825247
Carthago. Il mito immortale, Alfonsina Russo, Francesca Guarneri, Paolo Xella e José Ángel Zamora López (a cura di), Electa : Milano, 2019; 312 p.:ill; 21x28 cm; ISBN 9788891825223

This paper explores Athens’s role during the satrapal revolts of the 360s BC, through the study of several Attic inscriptions dating to the same period. The examination of these texts shows that there was a consistent and complex Athenian foreign policy towards the rebelling rulers and satraps. Athens granted honorary awards to many of the rebellious rulers to negotiate and establish alliances with them but stopped short of officially supporting the revolts. In this way, it maintained the terms of the King’s Peace while also cultivating diplomatic relations with the rebels.

In this paper, we present the findings from the surveys and the excavations carried out at Mesa del Tejar and the Barrio de la Villa in the town of Ayamonte (Huelva). These archaeological interventions allow us to determine the extent of the Phoenician settlement related to the necropolis of the Hoya de los Rastros. The archaeological findings help us to define their chronological development. The Phoenician settlement of Ayamonte, dated in the second half of the 8th century BC, stood in front of an indigenous settlement located in Castro Marim (Portugal). This strategic position played an important role in the Phoenician Atlantic routes and trades with the hinterland along and across the Guadiana, but was finally deserted at the beginning of the second half of the 7th century BC, probably due to the concentration of the population in Castro Marim.

Entre los años 1998 y 2002 se llevó a cabo una actividad arqueológica en el antiguo edificio de la Casa de Correos y Telégrafos de Málaga, como parte de los trabajos de rehabilitación necesarios para su uso como sede del Rectorado de la Universidad. El estudio sistemático de los materiales correspondientes a los niveles más profundos de la secuencia, atribuidos al periodo fenicio arcaico, permiten su datación en momentos anteriores a c 625 a.C., lo que los convierte, al día de hoy, en el contexto de mayor antigüedad de Malaka. Junto a este dato de valor cronológico destaca la entidad arquitectónica de algunas de las  estructuras localizadas, inmediatas a la primera línea de costa de la época. El conjunto resulta de gran interés para estudiar la dinámica del poblamiento fenicio de la bahía de Málaga a partir de la fundación del asentamiento de la Rebanadilla, ubicado en el vecino estuario del río Guadalhorce, datado en la segunda mitad del siglo IX a.C.