Osteoporosis

Background: Low bone mass often leads to osteoporosis and increased risk of bone fractures. Body composition is a new aspect may contribute to imbalances that lead to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and general bone health.
Objective: To determine the relationship between body composition and BMD for adult females in Western Region, KSA. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been conducted on a convenes samples of one hundred adult females. Data were collected through an interview using especial questionnaires. Body composition was measured with the Bodystat®1500 and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to determine the visceral fat; Bone mineral density was measured by using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
Results: Based on WHO diagnostic criteria, osteoporosis was present in 2%of samples while osteopenia represented 34% of the cases. Meanwhile there was a highly positive significant association (p<0.01) between bone mineral density and each of weight, waist, hip, MAC, fat%, fat weight, lean weight, dry lean, body water, BMI, visceral fat. As for spinal BMD, There was a positive significant correlation (p<0.01) between it and each of weight, MAC, fat weight, lean weight, dry lean, body mass index, Bone mineral density.
Conclusion: A significant portion of adult females is at high risk of development of osteoporosis and increased risk of bone fractures. So young women are in particular need to be aware of their vulnerability to osteoporosis. They can take steps early to slow its progress and prevent complications.

Osteoporosis is a growing major health problem with medical, social, and economic burden. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts and decreased new bone formation by osteoblasts. Early diagnosis is the key to minimize the impact of osteoporosis on patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the hip or spine is the main standard test for measuring bone mineral density, and according to the World Health Organization, the T-score value of –2.5 or less determines osteoporosis. Aim: In this work, we aimed to study the risk factors associated with osteoporosis among a population sample of osteoporotic and controls in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and relate them to the T-score value. Material and Methods: Two hundred male and female participants were recruited in the study. A questionnaire was used and data were correlated with the T-score value of the participants. Results: Results showed a positive correlation between the T-score value of the patients with osteoporosis and their calcium intake, exercise duration, and the age at menopause of female patients, whereas a negative correlation was evident between the T-score value and both caffeine and nicotine consumption. Results also revealed that patients with osteoporosis have significantly low body mass index, low calcium intake, and shorter duration of exposure to the sun than the control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, more intervention should be directed toward changing the modifiable risk factors in patients with osteoporosis and more studies should be directed toward osteoporosis in the UAE.

Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults are caused by undermineralisation of bone, which increases its susceptibility to bending and fracture; treatment is with calcium, vitamin D or phosphate, depending on the specific mineral or vitamin deficiency. In Paget&#39;s disease, osteoclasts are overactive and produce woven or &quot;repair&quot; bone, which is mechanically weaker than lamellar bone; treatment is with antiresorptive bisphosphonate drugs. Cancers can produce bone lysis through direct spread within the skeleton or production of endocrine parathyroid hormone-like factors; treatment is with a bisphosphonate, plus appropriate therapy for the cancer. Cancer can also produce hypercalcaemia if the capacity of the kidneys to excrete the calcium dissolved from bone is exceeded; treatment is with saline infusion to increase excretion and a bisphosphonate. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the other common cause of hypercalcaemia and is usually associated with a single parathyroid...

To assess the in vitro precision and accuracy of bone mineral densitometry (BMD) within and between locations at five Australian centres. Using a multicentre reliability study the accuracy and short- and long-term precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in vitro was compared on five instruments. Measures were performed using pencil beam mode on four Hologic QDR-2000 densitometers and one Hologic QDR-1000/W (Hologic Inc, Waltham, MA). Short-term precision of bone mineral density measurement was less than 0.5% for spine phantoms (n = 10 for each centre, mean intrasite coefficient of variation [CV] 0.39 +/- 0.09% [SD]) and for hip phantoms (n = 10 for each centre, mean intrasite coefficient of variation [CV] 0.34 +/- 0.10% [SD]). Between-centre measurement (n = 10 for each phantom) of a single spine phantom and a single hip phantom (specified mineral contents-58.5 g and 38.6 g, respectively) revealed ranges of bone mineral content of 57.7-58.1 g (all-point CV = 0.52%) and 37.1-37.8 g (all-point CV = 0.70%), respectively. When results from pairs of machines were compared there were statistically different mean BMD results for the majority of the ten possible pairings for both spine and hip measurements. Each study centre measured in vitro stability of phantom BMD measurements over a one year period (n = 45-283, median 157 for spine; and n = 0-262, median 38, for hip); CVs ranged from 0.38 to 0.53% for the spine measurements and from 0.38 to 0.54% for the hip measurements. The mean all-point accuracy of the spine phantom measurements was 99.1% and the hip phantom measurements was 96.7%. Across a number of instruments DXA demonstrates in vitro all-point precision of 0.5% for the spine phantom and 0.7% for the hip phantom. The instrument demonstrates accuracy of greater than 99% at the spine and 96% at the hip. This finding has clinical, research and quality control implications.

Aiming to identify novel genetic variants and to confirm previously identified genetic variants associated with bone mineral density (BMD), we conducted a three-stage genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis in 27 061 study subjects. Stage 1 meta-analyzed seven GWA samples and 11 140 subjects for BMDs at the lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck, followed by a Stage 2 in silico replication of 33 SNPs in 9258 subjects, and by a Stage 3 de novo validation of three SNPs in 6663 subjects. Combining evidence from all the stages, we have identified two novel loci that have not been reported previously at the genome-wide significance (GWS; 5.0 × 10(-8)) level: 14q24.2 (rs227425, P-value 3.98 × 10(-13), SMOC1) in the combined sample of males and females and 21q22.13 (rs170183, P-value 4.15 × 10(-9), CLDN14) in the female-specific sample. The two newly identified SNPs were also significant in the GEnetic Factors for OSteoporosis consortium (GEFOS, n = 32 960) summary results. We have also independently confirmed 13 previously reported loci at the GWS level: 1p36.12 (ZBTB40), 1p31.3 (GPR177), 4p16.3 (FGFRL1), 4q22.1 (MEPE), 5q14.3 (MEF2C), 6q25.1 (C6orf97, ESR1), 7q21.3 (FLJ42280, SHFM1), 7q31.31 (FAM3C, WNT16), 8q24.12 (TNFRSF11B), 11p15.3 (SOX6), 11q13.4 (LRP5), 13q14.11 (AKAP11) and 16q24 (FOXL1). Gene expression analysis in osteogenic cells implied potential functional association of the two candidate genes (SMOC1 and CLDN14) in bone metabolism. Our findings independently confirm previously identified biological pathways underlying bone metabolism and contribute to the discovery of novel pathways, thus providing valuable insights into the intervention and treatment of osteoporosis.

To implement and evaluate a multimodal intervention to improve osteoporosis treatment in patients with a fragility fracture. Strategies to improve the management of patients discharged from an emergency department after presentation with fragility fracture were implemented prospectively in a large tertiary public hospital. Patients were surveyed by post to assess their awareness of osteoporosis and of the need for treatment. General practitioners and hospital clinicians completed an online questionnaire about their attitudes to osteoporosis and its management. A simplified consensus guideline was developed for local use. Our study was conducted between 1 October 2007 and 31 October 2008. Rates of referral of patients for osteoporosis review; rates of investigation and treatment. Although most GPs (259/306 [85%]) accepted that it was their responsibility to assess and treat their patients and inform them of their osteoporosis risk, only 35/87 patients (40%) indicated awareness of the...

Structural geometric parameters at neck of the proximal femur were obtained using DXA-derived hip structural analysis (APEX 3) and quantitative computed tomography-derived (BIT QCT) techniques in 237 elderly females. Linear correlations for parameters ranged from 0.45 to 0.90. The average value of the subperiosteal width, as determined by the two techniques, was the same; variables dependent on mass measurements were different. There has been increasing interest in using bone structural geometry to assess bone fragility to complement bone mineral mass. The objective of this study is to compare structural geometrical differences between &amp;quot;2D&amp;quot; DXA-derived and &amp;quot;3D&amp;quot; QCT-derived techniques in unselected clinical cases. All 237 females had both DXA and QCT assessments of femoral neck structural geometry. Variables compared were areal bone mineral density, cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), section modulus (Z), averaged cortical thickness (Ct), endosteal width (ESW), subperiosteal width (W), and buckling ratio (BR). Correlation of femoral neck variables ranged from 0.45 for ESW to 0.90 for CSA. APEX 3 and BIT QCT-derived femoral neck W values were numerically similar. However CSA, CSMI, Z and Ct values measured by APEX 3 were higher and ESW and BR values were lower than corresponding BIT QCT. 2D DXA structural analysis of neck of femur is related to but different from same parameters calculated from true 3D images obtained by CT. Femoral neck size values are similar for DXA and QCT, but structural geometrical variables dependent on mass calibration standards, location of neck ROI and mathematical derivation techniques are different.

In the context of osteoporosis, important determinants of the fracture risk are the apparent strength and stiffness of cancellous bone, as well as its brittleness and energy absorption capacity. Standard medical imaging, however, cannot measure these mechanical properties directly. Consequently, an estimation of the risk for fracture is made by correlating relative density or mineral density at a skeletal site with statistics of fracture occurrence, which provides limited and partial indications on fracture risks. A better method for evaluating the patient-specific mechanical properties of cancellous bone is therefore required. In order to asses the mechanical properties of vertebral cancellous bone, we developed a finite element parametric model of lattice trabecular architecture that, in the future, will be suitable for use with bone imaging modalities. The model inputs are apparent morphological parameters (trabecular thickness and trabecular separation) and the bone mineral density. We conducted uniaxial compression tests on 36 canine vertebral cancellous bone specimens (C7 and L1) to validate model predictions of strength and stiffness in vitro. Predictions of strength and stiffness matched the experimental results within relative absolute errors of 17.7% and 12.8%, respectively (average of differences between model-predicted and measured values, divided by the average of measured values). We also employed the model for evaluation of strength and stiffness of human L1 and L5 vertebrae and found mean strength of 1.67 MPa (confidence interval 0.42 MPa) and mean elastic modulus of 190 MPa (confidence interval 50 MPa), which are well within the range of previously reported apparent strength and stiffness properties. The present model can be used to improve medical imaging-based evaluation of the spine in osteoporotic individuals by providing more specific information on the individual bone&amp;#39;s susceptibility to fracture once clinical bone scans will be able to provide more reliable measures of trabecular thickness and separation.

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"Homeo-Osteo: A Medical Bricolage of Homeopathy & Osteopathy" Online Course at Udemy

Description
Knowledge base of Conventional System creates from years of empiricism, experience, intuition, and observation that is exceeded over generations. I think our individual philosophical and ontological presumptions are formed by various worldviews founded upon our own unique practices, therefore I request how clear the methods we try to cling to truly are when they mirror our own unique presumptions?

Bricolage Theory in an empiricist modernist mode is a track of perception that runs without difference in every context. For the reason that theory is a linguistic and cultural artifact, its translation of the theme of its notice is unable to be separated from the historic dynamics that have formed it.

The expression homeopathy arrives from the Greek (omoios which means similar, and pathos which means suffering). Homeopathy is a process of medical exercise that strives to develop the standard of health of a creature during the management of medical manufactures chosen individually with respect to the precept of symmetry.

Historically, low back ache has become the most popular cause for visits to osteopathic doctors. In the last 19th century, since the institution of osteopathic medicine, the vocation has obtained national admission. However, Osteopaths utilize a two-phase tactic: a first biomedical screen for significant pathology, followed by usage of osteopathic reasoning examples that are focused on the connection between function and structure in the human body.

And thus far, I'd like to compare Homeopathy and Osteopathy expressions, discussing and outlining their relative differences not merely in theoretical expressions but also in connection to some of the existing improvements in Complementary and Alternative Medicine by using Bricolage Theory.       

Who this course is for:
People from whole of the world, who have an interest in the following approaches: 1) The Art of Literature, 2) Homeopathy, 3) Osteopathy, 4) Traditional Medicine, 5) Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and 6) Pharmacology. And this course contains Twenty-four resource.

By Maram Abdel Nasser Taha Shtaya
Pharmacist, American Studies Instructor, author and researcher who is teaching on Udemy.

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The variability of human populations in a large part is determined by two complementary factors: environment and genetic information. Genetic variation is caused by different genetic variants (polymorphisms and mutations) present in the human genome. Until recently it was thought that most of these variants are small changes of one or several nucleotides (SNPs) which in their millions are present in the human genome. However, it was recently shown that there are also polymorphisms that extend over hundreds of thousands of DNA base pairs in the human genome. Such alternations called copy number variation (CNV) often include genes and other functional genetic elements. In this article we present the general characteristics of copy number polymorphism and we discuss some examples of CNVs that influence human phenotypes.