Musealization of Archaeological Sites

Description and critical review, after almost 20 years, of the works, techniques and materials of conservation, restoration and musealization applied in the hillfort: "Castro da punta do Muíño do Vento". Alcabre-Vigo-Pontevedra, Spain (2003-2020).

Bu yazıda, günümüz ziyaretçilerinin Efes ören yerinde yaşadıkları deneyim, Efes Antik Tiyatrosu’nun bir dış duvarı üzerindeki anıtsal yazıtta betimlenen İ.S. ikinci yüzyıl geçit törenindeki antik kent topografyası deneyimi ile karşılaştırılarak, “turist ritüeli” olarak adlandırılabilecek olgu ile Efes’in günümüze ait bir “ritüel mekânı” olarak müzeleştirilmesi arasındaki eytişimsel ilişki araştırılmaktadır. Efes’in “Romalılaştırılması” üzerine bir giriş bölümünün ardından, İ.S. ikinci yüzyıl geçit töreni, eylemin mekân içindeki akışını düzenlemenin özel bir yolu anlamında bir “ritüel davranış” olarak çözümlenmektedir. Bu çözümleme, özellikle turizm sezonunun yoğun saatlerinde gerçekleşen rehberli turlarda, günümüz ziyaretçilerinin antik dönem geçit tören ile benzer bir güzergâh izleyen Efes deneyiminin, çağdaş müzelerin ziyaretçilerine dayattığı “ritüelleştirilmiş davranış”ın bir başka örneği olduğu önermesine referans oluşturmaktadır. İzleyen bölümde, ana hatlarıyla çözümlenen turist deneyiminden edinilen Efes imgesi ile arkeolojik araştırmalar sonucu oluşanın örtüşme derecesi üzerine yapılan tartışma, sonuç olarak, ören yerlerinde ziyaretçi yönetimine yönelik yapılan müzecilik tercihlerinin alanların yaygınlaşan ve Efes özelinde Celsus Kitaplığı simgesi ile temsil edilen imgesi üzerindeki etkisini sorgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Efes/Ephesus/Ephesos , Romalılaşma, ritüel mekânı, ritüelleştirilmiş davranış, arkeolojik alan yönetimi

With the development of technology, the concept of museum and visitor expectations have changed nowadays. Museums have become the institutions that keep up with this change and educate its visitors through different experiences rather than exhibiting the artifacts behind the glass. The archaeological open-air museums that constitute the aim of this thesis, are also have arisen out of the result of this change.
Built in areas where the archaeological heritage preserved in situ, the archaeological open-air museums present their visitors an image of the past based on archaeological sources. The main presentation in these museums is the archaeological remains itself. These archaeological remains are used in museum presentation by being restored, reconstructed or animated three-dimensionally in the light of archaeological data, within the framework of principles set by national and international regulations. The archaeological heritage that constitutes these museums, are to be transferred to the public by interpretation and presentation tools.
The archaeological open-air museums, which show off examples in different countries, continue to develop in our country as well. The conservation and arrangement practices carried out on sites by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and excavation teams are the indicators of this development. The ancient city of Teos which is studied as an example in the thesis is one of the archaeological sites where these arrangements are implemented. In addition to the construction activities such as excavation house, depot-museum building, box office; travel route, resting areas, information boards, are also has been added to the presentation to make the city more accessible and understandable for its visitors. In addition to these arrangements, it is aimed to transform the city into an archeological open-air museum.
iii
Within this thesis, the concept, types and development of open-air museum, and as one of its type the concept of archaeological open-air museum, its examples on World and Turkey are studied. The world examples are selected between the archaeological open-air museums which has a similar chronology with Teos. Because there is no literal archaeological open-air museum in our country the Turkey examples are selected between the sites which are arranged by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism and excavation teams. Then as a legal basis for archaeological open-air museums, the national and international principles and regulations have been revealed. Finally, as the main topic of the thesis Teos Ancient City’s history, research history, archaeological remains are reviewed and information is given about the completed arrangement project of the site which is a preliminary step of the archaeological open- air museum. For this museum, suggestions are made in guidance of the laws, regulations and etc. published by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the “ICOMOS Charter on the Interpretation and Presantation of Cultural Heritage Sites” principles.

It is intended to explain the defining process, the architectonic and the exhibition project of the first archaeological site selected to start the program of Accessible Archaeological Sites in Madrid, which has been done by a multidisciplinary team. Only one building lies within the archaeological site, which has enabled its preservation and communicative interest to be retained. The explanation has been laid out according to its " discovery sequence ". The building has a dome and a footbridge. The visitor goes around the site at ground level and, later on, goes up to a higher level in order to obtain a holistic view of the site. During this walk, the visitor discovers the " interesting points " and the reproductions of the household artefacts found at the site. At the end of the exhibition, a video summarizing what has been discovered is shown.

La dinámica de ocupación y reocupación del espacio en un medio urbano es una de las causas de pérdida de importante información arqueológica de diferente tipo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años
la musealización se ha convertido en una alternativa para lograr conservar in situ restos arqueológicos de tipo estructural, que de otra forma hubiesen desaparecido. La musealización de un yacimiento o de
restos arqueológicos, implica incorporarlos a la estructura estable de un museo, acción que involucra también una refuncionalización del espacio intervenido. En este artículo se expondrá y analizará una experiencia de musealización efectuada en la ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) en el sitio en donde funcionó durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX la Aduana Nueva o también denominada Aduana Taylor, en honor a su constructor, el ingeniero inglés E. Taylor. Los restos arqueológicos de tipo estructural, hallados mediante un trabajo arqueológico con carácter de rescate, fueron incorporados a la construcción del Museo del Bicentenario, hoy Museo de Casa Rosada, que se construyó sobre el
sitio arqueológico en el año 2011. El propósito es exponer cómo se llevó a cabo la musealización de los mismos, qué decisiones y qué elementos contemporáneos se consideraron e incorporaron en cada tipo de evidencia, para su visualización y accesibilidad.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Arqueología urbana, Aduana Taylor, musealización, Buenos Aires, patrimonio.


The dynamics of occupation and reoccupation of space in an urban environment is one of the causes of loss of important archaeological information of different types. In recent years, however, musealization
has become an alternative for the preservation of in situ archaeological remains of a structural type, which otherwise would have disappeared. The musealization of a deposit or archaeological remains implies
incorporating them into the stable structure of a museum, an action that also involves a refunctionalization of the intervened space. This article will expose and analyze an experience of musealization carried out
in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) at the site where the New Customs or otherwise known as Taylor Customs, during its second half of the 19th century, in honor of its builder, English engineer E. Taylor.
Archaeological remains of a structural type, found by archaeological work with a rescue character, were incorporated into the construction of the Bicentennial Museum, now the Casa Rosada Museum, which
was built on the archaeological site in 2011. The purpose is to expose your musealization, the decisions and contemporary elements that were considered and incorporated in each type of evidence, for its visualization and accessibility.
KEYWORDS: Urban archaeology, Taylor´s Customs, musealization, Buenos Aires, heritage.

As recentes descobertas no contexto urbano de Lisboa, mui judiciosamente expostas a público usufruto merecem o maior destaque e aplauso, porque representam mui salutar colaboração entre as instituições político-administrativas, os gestores económicos e os arqueólogos responsáveis pelas descobertas. Há, na verdade, muitas novidades a apreciar, que revelam uma esplendorosa Olisipo, de que se suspeitava mas ainda não se encontrara cabalmente.

At the beginning of the st century the international conservation community gathered in the USA to take stock of the state of play with regard to protective shelters for archaeological sites to learn from a century long tradition of shelter building and draw conclusions that could be used at unsheltered archaeological sites. On the other side of the world conservation specialists wanting to assess conditions in a large Roman house in Herculaneum Italy could not safely access the building due to the risks presented by the corroded and cracked reinforced concrete beams supporting the modern roofs.  Yet remedial work on the roof could not take place without first making safe the damaged mosaic floor on which scaffolding would need to rest.  At around the same time an assessment of over mosaics under protective shelters within Israeli archaeological sites revealed that more than half those mosaics were deteriorating with many being entirely removed and other conservation approaches adopted. It was this context of ongoing connections and contrasts between conservation theory and site management practice together with the continuing challenge of sheltering archaeological sites that led to the Symposium on Protective Shelters for Archaeological Sites held a decade later in and with a specific focus on the Mediterranean region. This introductory chapter aims to capture within the structure that the event followed key insights from each case study brought to the symposium many of which emerged as their authors later reflected on the issues raised on return to their specific sites and further updated their papers Indeed this volume has become something more than just the proceedings of the symposium offering considerations matured over a greater period of time and through extended peer exchange something that has been at the heart of the MOSAIKON Programme since it began but also at the core of the approaches of the Herculaneum Conservation Project which hosted the symposium. It is hoped that the insights that emerge from this introductory overview from the papers themselves that follow and from the brief notes of the closing discussion session of the symposium will between them offer pointers for heritage practitioners in the field to approach sheltering at archaeological sites in a way that builds on progress to date and enhances future practice in the sector.

Aim of this paper is to present the project of enhancement of the archaological heritage of Brescia (Italy) with the task of re-enacting the landscape of the ancient city, using contemporary technologies. Thanks to archaeological excavations the ancient landscape has been completely studied and re-enacted, and it is now put on display with excellent architectural solutions in order to protect the ancient layers and to enhance their value. Different tools have been experimented to present the area and the ancient landscape to the public and different technological solutions were surveyed in order to select the best targeted tools for the visitors: a video operating like a time machine across the ages, special glasses with augmented reality overlapped to the natural landscape and virtual reality devices to present the ancient landscape of Brixia even far from Brescia.

Archaeological Site of Ani along Turkey’s border with Armenia is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2016 as a relic historic city of the medieval period. Its location on the Silk Roads had enabled a fusion of Armenian, Georgian, Byzantine and Islamic traditions into a new architectural language that later spread in a wider region. Visible monuments include buildings by a particular architecture school that developed at this Armenian Bagratid capital, and the earliest Turkish mosques in this first city conquered by the Turks in Anatolia. This paper traces how this dual identity, of an Armenian-Orthodox and a Turkish-Islamic capital, motivated archaeological research and restorations at Ani.

Resumen: La musealización de campos de batalla es un área de trabajo que tiene una larga tradición en otros países como Estados Unidos, Francia, Inglaterra o Alemania, debido a que estos yacimientos arqueológicos forman parte de su patrimonio cultural, y por esta razón son conservados y acondicionados para su visita. A lo largo del siguiente artículo exponemos las pautas de la propuesta de musealización que hemos desarrollado, y cómo sería su aplicación sobre un caso concreto, como es el campo de batalla de Uclés. Con este trabajo queremos mostrar la viabilidad del acondicionamiento museográfico de esta tipología de yacimientos.

Abstract: The musealization of battlefields is a work area with a long tradition in others countries as: United States, France, England or Germany, due to these archaeological sites form part of their cultural heritage, and for this reason they are preserved and prepared for tourist visits. Along this article, we show the guidelines of our methodology of musealization that we have developed, and how the implementation would be on a specific case, like the battlefield of Uclés. With this work, we want to show the viability of musealizing this type of sites.