Morocco

Darija - a lingua-franca- is developing in Morocco. This paper explores what Darija is in the political and social context in Morocco, what it threatens, and what role it plays. This essay is simply a research process and should be treated as such.

The Iberomaurusian lithic assemblages from
Ifri El Baroud (northeast Morocco) are discussed from
techno-economic, typological, and functional points of
view. The site preserves an archaeological sequence
spanning the period ca. 23,000–13,000 cal BP. The
analysis of the lithic materials from the sequence highlights
the diachronic changes in human behavior. Results
show a strong relationship between
paleoenvironmental shifts and changes in settlement
strategies and lithic production.

Il volume si propone di mettere a fuoco gli intrecci storico­culturali alla base dell'immaginario austriaco del Me­ diterraneo. Gli snodi tematici che ani­ mano il dibattito sulla configurazione del Sud nella letteratura austriaca mo­ derna e contemporanea sono l'interse­ zione tra visione e paesaggio, la sovrap­ posizione tra dimensione paesaggistica, culturale ed esistenziale, la lettura dello spazio come lacerazione e dispersione nel presente.

En partant d’une enquête ethnographique au long cours (2014-2017) portant sur le mouvement « sur la voie 96 » d’Imider, cet article interroge les modalités de politisation des communautés marginalisées. Située au sud-est du Maroc, Imider est une petite commune rurale connue pour abriter le plus grand gisement d’argent en Afrique. L’exploitation du gisement minier par le groupe Managem, filiale de la holding royale, fait face à une contestation forte de la part des communautés locales depuis ses débuts dans les années 1970. Ce faisant, c’est à partir de 2011, que les habitants d’Imider se sont organisés autour d’un mouvement « sur la voie 96 » pour revendiquer d’abord, un droit à l’eau, puis, de manière générale, une juste répartition des richesses. Les militants ont occupé le « Mont Alebban » et fermé, durant les neuf dernières années, la principale vanne de la pompe à eau ravitaillant la mine. En partant d’une description des manières dont le mouvement « sur la voie 96 » a réussi à s’imposer dans l’espace public et plus largement dans le champ politique, l’objectif visé par cet article est d’inscrire l’étude des mobilisations des communautés marginalisées dans une analyse politique plus globale. L’hypothèse défendue vise ainsi à montrer en quoi une étude qui prend au sérieux les ressorts politiques des mobilisations des marges peut aider à comprendre le processus de changement et de transformation socio-politiques en cours au Maroc depuis 2011.

Since the turn of the new century, urban mega-projects became a new growth strategy in Morocco. Yet, in contrast to their utopian promises, urban mega-projects do not solve the contemporary urban crisis in the region, but reproduce it in different ways. A paradigmatic case is the Bouregreg project in the valley between Rabat and Salé. This article considers the ways in which this megaproject represents a means to extract profits and privatize public wealth, but also how it represents an urban laboratory for the development of new modalities of government , control, and domination. Finally it assesses the social impact of the project on small-scale farmers and private landowners .

FERNÁNDEZ FONFRÍA, Lidia: Reseña de Feliu, L., Mateo Dieste, J. L. & Izquierdo Brichs, F. (eds.), Un siglo de movilización social en Marruecos, Edicions Bellaterra, Barcelona, 2019, ISBN: 9788472909212. En Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos 27, pp. 239-243. ISSN: 1887-4460. Disponible en: https://revistas.uam.es/index.php/reim/article/view/11439/11718 [consultado el 19/12/2019].

In the Italian context of very low fertility rates, reproductive issues and migrants’ fertility choices take on relevance to produce stereotypes and scaremongerings.In this article I address the way anthropology deals with the issue of reproduction and fertility and, specifically, I discuss the widespread notions of modernity and assimi- lation in socio-demographic analysis of reproductive behaviors, through an anthro- pological approach towards fertility in the frame of migration.
I propose a reflection on meanings and practices related to reproductive choices through the analysis of the current literature and a recent research experience about families of Moroccan origin in two Italian regions. This contribution intends to provide glimpses on practices and narratives that chal- lenge the clear distintion between native and migrant populations’ reproductive be- haviors.

The puzzle this article examines is how one can study the concept of modernity within the history of its universalization as a process of translation. For this purpose, I look at how the contemporary Moroccan historian and intellectual Abdallah Laroui has critically engaged with the history, politics, and epistemology of translating modernity (Arabic ḥadātha, French modernité) into his intellectual and political setting of Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East during and after the colonial period. I read him as making a critical intervention into existing modes of timing and spacing the concept of modernity and, thus, what I describe as the politics of historicity. In conclusion, I make a methodological plea for framing the history of concepts across political borders in terms of translational practices.

This article analyzes Morocco’s and Turkey’s full membership application processes to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1987 from an identity perspective. The construction of both Morocco’s and Turkey’s European-ness are explored alongside aspects of postcolonial and modernization theories rooted in the poststructuralist approach by taking official discourses of the political leaders in the two states at the time of application into account. In the conventional narratives of the establishment of their modern states, Morocco perceived Europe as its other due to the history of European colonialism, whereas Turkey perceived Europe as its other considering it a threat to its national unity prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1923. In spite of this, two states tried to add European-ness into their national identities through their application to the EEC in 1987. In this way, Morocco and Turkey aimed at demonstrating not why European but how much European they were. In Morocco’s case, an obligation for demonstrating one’s European- ness is explained through the lens of postcolonial theory, and in Turkey’s case, the modernization paradigm is applied. Departing from these theoretical standpoints, the study focuses on official European-ness discourses by Moroccan and Turkish leaders, which had taken place as dynamic processes. In this respect, the article unravels how Europe and European-ness that was once regarded as the other by Turkey and Morocco were tried to be included into Moroccan and Turkish national identities on the path to become a full member to the EEC.

Tout individu qui décide de s’investir dans l’activité journalistique se fait, comme le dirait Pierre BOURDIEU, « le « dépositaire mandaté » de la parole du peuple sur le monde ». Cependant, et à bien des égards, cette réalité du monde que nous communique au quotidien les médias est à remettre en cause quand ceux-ci sont accusés de « censeurs », de « désinformateurs », de « contrôleurs de l’esprit du public », de « corrompus » ou même d’« outils de propagande, entre les mains de la dissidence ». Les questionnements se voient s’intensifier quand nous prenons compte également de l’insertion criante des médias d’aujourd’hui « dans un marché industriel et hyperconcurrentiel ».

La présente étude vise à repenser la production de l’information et l’espace médiatique marocain dans toute sa complexité et ses rapports de forces. L’objectif étant de combler les lacunes que proposent les théories conspirationnistes et simplistes des effets directs, en mêlant conjointement les enjeux historiques, moraux, politiques, économiques et sociaux dans l’analyse des processus de production des « news ». Ainsi, la médiatisation d’un événement est pensée ici comme le produit d’un ensemble de facteurs, de transactions incessantes, de procédures et de rationalités de source multiples. Pour ce, l’étude adopte une démarche de terrain qui repose principalement sur des données empiriques recueillies à partir de seize entretiens effectués auprès de journalistes durant la période allant du 21 Mai au 14 Juillet 2017.

GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA, I.,
«Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third
Countries and Human Rights in Return Procedures »
Paix et Sécurité Internationales, num. 7, 2019, pp. 201-230

Abstract
Following a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of illegal immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered illegally. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first option.

Keywords
Immigration, Spain, West African route, Western Mediterranean route, Ceuta, Melilla, border, border control, Spanish-Moroccan agreement on readmission, Morocco, Human Rights

Athletes, executives and fans are turning sports in an era of defiance and dissent into a battleground for freedom of expression and political change, putting national and international sports associations that nominally adhere to human rights on the spot.

Des galles foliaires causant de graves d eg^ ats ont et e observ ees sur Eucalyptus camaldulensis dans la r egion du Gharb-Ma^ amora au cours de l'ann ee 2002. Celles-ci sont caus ees par Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) signal e pour la premi ere fois au Maroc. Depuis, cet organisme nuisible s'est propag e a d'autres peuplements d'eucalyptus a l' echelle nationale. Au cours des investigations men ees sur le terrain, les auteurs ont observ e que les degr es d'infestation d'Eucalyptus camaldulensis diff erent d'une r egion a l'autre et ont et e class es sur une echelle a 3 niveaux : faible, mod er e ou elev e. L' etude du cycle biologique de l'insecte sur le terrain et en laboratoire a r ev el e la pr esence de deux g en erations par an. Ce travail a permis de constater que Closterocerus chamaeleon (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasito€ ıde utilis e avec succ es dans d'autres pays de la region OEPP comme agent de lutte biologique, est pr esent au Maroc. Le taux de parasitisme observ e s'est av er e tr es elev e ce qui pourrait expliquer le peu de d eg^ ats actuellement caus es par l'organisme nuisible gallicole O. maskelli sur l'Eucalyptus camaldulensis au Maroc.

New contributions to the Eulophidae fauna from Morocco (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) with comparison in the North African region. We present an update of the Moroccan Eulophidae following samples collected in the Maâmora forest between 2012 and 2014, and completed with a thorough bibliographic study. We report seven genera for the first time in Morocco: Allocerastichus Masi, 1924; Euderomphale Girault, 1916; Eulophus Geoffroy, 1762; Euplectrus Westwood, 1832; Microlycus Thomson, 1878; Tamarixia Masi, 1924 and Trjapitzinichus Kostjukov & Kosheleva, 2006 and six species: Baryscapus impeditus (Nees, 1864); Ceranisus menes (Walker, 1839); Elachertus lateralis (Spinola, 1808); Elasmus atratus Howard, 1897; Microlycus biroi (Erdös, 1951) and Trjapitzinichus politus (Graham, 1991).  A possible new species (Baryscapus n. sp.) and two unidentified species (Allocerastichus sp. and Euderomphale sp.) are included in the list of Moroccan Eulophidae.

In Morocco, the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) currently accounts 46 species. Six genera (Acerophagus Smith, 1880, Cerchysiella Girault, 1914, Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833, Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844, Epitetracnemus Girault, 1915, and Tineophoctonus Ashmead, 1900) and seven species [Cheiloneurus elegans (Dalman, 1820), Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead, 1900), Epitetracnemus intersectus (Fonscolombe, 1832), Habrolepis pascuorum Mercet, 1921, Metaphycus melanostomus (Timberlake, 1916), Metaphycus castaneus (Mercet, 1921) andTineophoctonus armatus (Ashmead, 1888)] are reported for the first time from this country. The sampling was carried out in three study sites in the cork oak forest Maâmora in two successive years (June 2012 to April 2014).

Au Maroc, les modalités combinées de la libéralisation relative du régime et de gestion in situ et ex post des « années de plomb » ont bien contribué à transformer les modulations de la « voix de la rue », sans pour autant « désamorcer » son caractère disruptif. Elles semblent même avoir produit des effets non anticipés : modularisation du répertoire protestataire ; renforcement des capacités de coordination d’actions collectives ; autonomisation de l’arène protestataire et structuration de celle-ci autour d’un conflit central entre le centre et une périphérie homogénéisée. Autrement dit, au Maroc, tout ne change pas pour ne rien changer.
https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/5094#text

In Morocco, the relative liberalisation of the authoritarian regime combined with the management of the “years of lead” have contributed to transforming the modulations of the “voice of the street”, without however “defusing” its disruptive character. They even seem to have produced unexpected effects: a modular repertoire; a strengthening of the coordination of collective actions; a protest arena more autonomous and structured around the issue of the conflict opposing the centre and an unified periphery. In other words, in Morocco, not everything changes so that nothing changes.

This article takes part in the recent project of reevaluating the place, role, and importance of different forms of engagement with Arabic and Arabic manuscripts in seventeenth-century Spain, and more broadly in Europe, by focusing on a single institution-the royal library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial. I examine if, and how, the Escorial fits within the new narrative of the history of Arabic in seventeenth-century Spain. Did the presence of an exceptionally sizeable collection of Arabic texts facilitate, hinder, or have no effect on the new Orientalism of the seventeenth cen-tury? More specifically, the article explores four questions: (1) What did Spanish and European scholars think about the collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Escorial? (2) What did the Hieronymites, the friars in charge of the library, do with its Arabic manuscripts? (3) What did the Hieronymites think about the study of Arabic? and (4) What access to the collection, if any, did Spanish and European scholars have? The answers to these questions suggest that the Escorial became a shrine of Arabic knowledge , to which scholarly pilgrims sought access, and that during seventeenth century Spain preserved its reputation among European orientalists as an important site for the study of Arabic.