Mineral exploration

Nowadays mineral exploration industry requires extended abilities of technologies and processes used for new deposits discovery. To address these requirements the new airborne EM system “MobileMT” was developed which is in the field of Airborne Natural Source Audio Frequency Magnetotellurics, known as AFMAG. The new system is being designed with the goal to expand abilities and overcome limitations of previous technical solutions.
Significantly expanded bandwidth, increased number of extracted frequency windows, measurements of two components of electrical field and three components of magnetic field (total field data) resulted in the next achievements:
- inferring geo-electric structures in an absolute sense (apparent conductivity);
- expanded depth of investigation from near-surface to >1km with high resolution description;
- resolving resistivity contrasts between geological units in any direction including layered geology.

Seismic stratigraphy and structural analysis of seismic data, when combined with wireline data, provides vital information for hydrocarbon exploration in a prospective basin. These techniques were employed in the Songo Songo shallow coastal basin, southern Tanzania to determine stratigraphic setting, trapping mechanism, reservoirs zones. Suites of well logs from two wells (AA-1 and BB-5) and 2-D seismic data was obtained from TPDC in the study area. Lithologic interpretation and well correlation were carried out using the well log suites. Stratigraphic analysis was carried out with the well logs and 2D seismic data by using principles of sequence stratigraphy while structural interpretation was done with aid of the seismic data to produce polar plots for the different structural trends. The lithology was dominated by sand, shale, and limestone. Five sequence boundaries (SB); SB1 (Albian), SB2 (base of Coniacian-Early Campanian), SB3, (Middle Eocene), SB4 (Late Miocene) and SB5 (Quaternary)) and three maximum flooding surfaces (MFS); MFS1-(Early Cretaceous), MFS2, (Late Cretaceous), MFS3-(Early Eocene) were identified. Three main normal faulting systems (Jurassic faults, active during the Jurassic rifting phase of Madagascar, Neogene faults that occurred during Neogene east African rifting and reactivated faults which mostly were Jurassic fault reactivated by east African rifting) of NNW-SSE were recognized in the study area. The structural interpretation reveal that the gas field is dominated by normal faults that occur in the upper and lower part of Songo Songo suggesting two phases of deformation prior to development of the field. The main reservoir is developed in the Neocomian and Albian sandstones, and capped by Jurassic faults and Wami (Formation) overlying rocks. The gas is sourced from Jurassic shale known as Mtumbei Formation and stored at the main reservoir developed in the Lower Cretaceous aged Neocomian sandstone known as Kipatimu Formation, sealed by high pressured shale of upper Cretaceous known as Wami Formation. This study shows that deposition of sediment occurs in the NW – SE direction, with the thinning of sediments thickness towards well BB-5 while the stratigraphic sections show that the horizons are laterally continuous and are being strongly affected by tectonic events.

Metode yang di Gunakan Dalam Penyelidikan Bahan Galian (Prospeksi, Eksplorasi Pendahuluan, Eksplorasi Rinci) dan Pedoman Pelaporan Sumberdaya dan Cadangan (SNI 4726:2011 dan SNI 5015:2011)

Tugas 2 Mata Kuliah Estimasi Cadangan (Dosen Pengampu Bp. A.A. Inung Arie Adnyano, S.T.,M.T.)

Prodi Teknik Pertambangan Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta 2019

Kunche area is located in NW Ghana within the Wa-Lawra greenstone Birimian belt and is composed mainly of volcaniclastics, metasediments and some intrusive granitoids. The area is covered with laterites making it difficult to identify exploration targets. In this study, we describe a new methodology based on statistical tools and trace element geochemistry to map the pathfinder elements of gold deposits in lateritic context. However, the results of this study are specific to a particular context and cannot be extrapolated without supplementary studies to all the lateritic areas. In this respect, a total of 67 lateritic samples were collected from residually weathered materials and their spatial distribution was determined by means of the GIS-based kriging interpolation method. The samples collected vary from detrital to residual laterites/duricrusts and are hosted in volcaniclastic rocks. ICP-MS and XRF techniques were used to determine the element concentrations of the samples. The trace element geochemical data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate geostatistical analysis to establish relationships among elements. Fe-oxides such as goethite and hematite and clay minerals like kaolinite are the main secondary minerals of the concretionary reddish lateritic samples. All the analyzed elements showed asymmetrical distribution rather than normal distribution. Spearman correlation shows that Cu, Pb, S, As, and Ag have moderate to strong positive correlation with Au. From the multivariate geostatistical analysis, three element associations; a) Fe, Pb, S, Co, Cr; b) Ni, Y, Rb, Sr, Zn, and c) Ca, Cu, Mn, Ti, Zr, As, Au, Ag were observed. Threshold values of selected elements were determined using the median absolute deviation (MAD) method, which indicates possible anomalous concentrations in the laterites for Pb (≥48 ppm), Cu (≥46 ppm), As (≥134.2 ppm), and Ag (≥0.42 ppm). Multi-element mapping indicates that Pb + Cu + As + Ag is the most ideal association in the exploration of gold deposits. It reveals ellipsoidal anomalies comparable to the Au distribution map that suggest dispersion and accumulation of the pathfinder elements in the area. The geochemical anomalies are mainly restricted to the environment of the residual laterites in the Kunche area and we recommend that exploration programs should be focused in such areas.

A região compreendida pelo povoado de Bento Rodrigues e seu território adjacente, localizada em Minas Gerais, Brasil, ficou reconhecida internacionalmente devido ao desastre ocorrido em 05 de novembro de 2015, quando a barragem de rejeitos minerários de Fundão, se rompeu, lançando mais de 30milhões de m³ de lama na Bacia do Rio Doce, causando um dos maiores desastres socioambientais do Brasil. Este trabalho busca analisar essa região a partir dos conceitos de paisagem cultural e patrimônio industrial, marcos conceituais dentro da área do patrimônio cultural, que buscam analisar as interações do homem e natureza sobre o território e a preservação e conservação dos bens oriundos da industrialização, respectivamente. Além disso, foi utilizada para a análise, a questão da significância cultural e a análise a partir dos valores, que ampliam ainda mais a discussão, buscando torná-la menos
tecnocientífica, ao tentar ampliar a participação nos processos aos demais atores envolvidos com os bens e paisagens estudados. Afim de encontrar exemplos que pautassem esta análise foi realizado um levantamento dos bens e paisagens industriais reconhecidos internacionalmente e nacionalmente, visando entender os objetivos e metodologias utilizados para seu reconhecimento e valorização, para então se decidir pelos procedimentos a serem utilizados neste trabalho. A partir disso, a análise e caracterização da área da paisagem cultural de Bento Rodrigues foi realizada a partir de um processo baseado principalmente na Análise da paisagem britânica e nas metodologias de acesso aos valores e significadosdesenvolvidos pelo Getty Conservation Institute, demonstrando a aplicabilidade deste método à situação brasileira, estando esse de acordo com os conceitos defendidos por este estudo.

Abstrak Kegiatan pembangunan fisik di kawasan Jawa Barat terutama Kota Bandung semakin meningkat, dalam pelaksanaannya membutuhkan bahan baku sebagai elemen mendirikan bangunan. Salah satunya adalah material yang diambil dan berasal dari jenis batuan beku. Kabupaten Bandung diketahui memiliki sebaran bahan galian yang cukup potensial diantaranya adalah bahan galian pasir dan juga andesit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memberikan estimasi kuantitas sumberdaya andesit yang ada di wilayah IUP PT. Radian Delta Wijaya yang berada di Desa Sadu Kecamatan Soreang Kabupaten Bandung, menggunakan data resistivitas pengukuran geolistrik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran geolistrik sebanyak 6 titik yang tersebar di sekitar WIUP PT. Radian Delta Wijaya. Perhitungan volume andesit menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode Cross section dan metode block model. Hasil estimasi sumberdaya andesit dengan metode cross section dengan pedoman rule of gradual change diperoleh volume sebesar 909.873,96 m 3. Sedangkan hasil estimasi sumberdaya dengan metode block model diperoleh volume sebesar 783.000 m 3. Sumberdaya andesit yang berada di IUP PT. Radian Delta Wijaya Desa Sadu Kecamatan Soreang Kabupaten Bandung diklasifikasikan sebagai sumberdaya tertunjuk.

Historically, the carbonatite-hosted Rare Earth Element (REE) deposits at Bayan Obo, China and Mountain Pass, California have provided the world with the vast majority of these critical metals used in today's Hi-Tech and Green-Tech industries. Since the REE crisis of 2010, literally hundreds of new rare earth projects have been identified and numerous rare earth resources have been located and evaluated around the world. To date, none of these have become significant new sources of rare earth production and very, very few of these are trending toward any major development. Why? Each of these REE projects, no matter what the deposit type, hold significant technical and economic challenges. The recent development of the southern China clay leach REE deposits may offer a clue to the future of rare earth exploration and production. Those new deposits, while low grade, are characterized by very low processing costs via simple heap leaching. One might compare this to the development of heap leaching of low-grade gold ores in the 1980's which became a transformative extractive technique for the gold industry. Might a similar transformation occur in the rare earth industry if significant new leachable ores can be discovered? This short paper summarizes and presents the variety of rare earth metal deposits hosted in various different geologic environments.

Las actividades detalladas a continuación se enmarcan dentro del contexto del programa
de exploración avanzada del Proyecto Mirador, que actualmente esta en ejecución. La
exploración avanzada se deriva de anteriores programas, que abarcan desde la
prospección geoquímica de sedimentos en quebradas, estudios geoquímicos de suelos, así
como también mapeo de unidades litológicas regionales y a detalle,  hasta definir zonas
de anomalías de cobre, oro y otros metales de interés económico. Posterior a este proceso
se planifica el programa de perforación que tiene como fin generar los testigos, los cuales
son tratados y preparados para el logeo geomecánico y logeo geológico, que una vez
interpretados por los geólogos, arrojan datos para evaluar los recursos, tanto medidos,
indicados e inferidos, estos datos a través del modelamiento geológico, genera la forma
del yacimiento en 3D, datos que servirán también para el diseño de la mina. El programa
de exploración actual tiene como fin la recategorización de las reservas antes señaladas.

Following the principles of macroeconomics, an increase in exports should raise the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, the extant literature regarding comovement and causality between exports and GDP has not been consistent. Previous studies mostly attempted to link exports with GDP without attempting to relate each individual export commodity with economic growth. This study attempts to fill this gap using statistics for the Botswana economy by examining the country's major seven export commodities namely: diamonds, gold, beef, soda ash, vehicles, copper-nickel, and textiles for the period 2006Q1-2013:Q4. The evaluation uses the popular Granger causality test and the Johansen cointegration procedure to examine statistical drifts between each merchandise and GDP. While the expectation was that all export commodities would trend together with GDP for the period under examination, the cointegration test only affirmed long run affiliations between GDP, copper-nickel and textiles. The Granger causality test results were also not consistent in terms of causal relations, revealing causality only between GDP, textiles and Gold. The study then goes ahead in providing several recommendations for the Botswana scenario particularly considering Dutch disease effects.

Abstrak
Wilayah Kabupaten Kebumen bagian selatan merupakan  pantai bergelombang lemah yang merupakan baglan kawasan pantai selatan Pulau Jawa yang memanjang  dari barat - timur. Secara umum pantai selatan merupakan pantai yang curam, namun di sela - sela jajaran pantai curam tersebut terdapat suatu dataran yang umumnya diisi  oleh  endapan . placer berupa endapan pasir yang membawa  berbagai macam material diantaranya mengandung pasir besi. Mineral yang mengandung logam meliputi : hematit, ilmenit, magnetit dan rutil, sedangkan kuarsa, piroksen  dan hornblende sebagai penyerta.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah  untuk  mengetahui kualitas endapan pasir  besi  melalui  pengamatan
singkapan, pengambilan conto pasir besi, kemudian dilakukan pengujian laboratorium untuk mengetahui komposisinya.
Dari basil penelitian diketahui bahwa pasir besi yang mempunyai kandungan Fe signifikan terdapat di
bagian barat (mendekati Sungai Cingcingguling) dan bagian timur (mendekati Sungai Luk Ula).


Abstract

Southern part of Kebumen is undulating coastal plain, which it is part of south coastal Java that
length from west - east.
The generally the southern coast is steep, but between them have coastal plain filled by placer
sediment The placer sediment bringing assorted of material among others contain of iron sand.
The metal mineral in the iron sand are hematite, ilmenite, magnetite and rutile, while quartz, pyroxen and hornblende as accessories mineral.  Aim of this research is to know the quality of iron sand sediment by out crop observation, sampling iron sand and than examination in laboratory to know this composition.                                                                                                                 
From the research known that iron sand having content of significant Fe, there are in western and
east of coastal area.

Introducción. Los derrames de petróleo en
fuentes hídricas generan daños ambientales de
gran magnitud. Un análisis causa–efecto de los
eventos de ruptura de oleoductos en Colombia
permitió establecer los tramos con mayor tasa de
ruptura, y la voladura como causa predominante.
Objetivo. Determinar en qué medida la ruptura de
oleoductos y la liberación de hidrocarburos en
aguas fluviales y lacustres afectan la
sostenibilidad de la industria Materiales y
métodos. Diseño cualitativo emergente y método
inductivo. Resultados. Las estadísticas sobre
voladuras en dos tramos de la red colombiana de
oleoductos han incrementado en los años 2017 y
2018, lo que ha generado disminución de la
biodiversidad de la fauna acuática, contaminación
del suelo, pérdidas económicas por interrupciones
en la cadena de producción y afectación a
comunidades indígenas, Conclusión. Arroja un
balance negativo sobre la sostenibilidad de la
industria petrolera en Colombia.

We have proposed that solar ultraviolet and corpuscular radiations may excite photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence of the solid cometary substance including mineral halos of comets. Main characteristics of such possible luminescence and physical mechanisms of these phenomena have considered. Results of the tentative identification of previously unknown cometary emissions and data of laboratory research of meteorites are presented. We have shown as well that cometary solid substance may demonstrate red luminescence-similar of red luminescence by the circumstellar dust. Some other aspects of the problem have also been considered.