Menopause

From May 1987 to May 1989 sixty one pre- and perimenopausal women with advanced or recurrent breast cancer entered in an open non comparative study. They were treated, as a first-line therapy, with goserelin (Zoladex ICI-118630) a long acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-analogue in a depot formulation. Fifty three patients were evaluable for response; median age at entry was 41 years (range 28-56). Serum concentrations of 17 beta estradiol, LH and FSH were significantly suppressed within the first four weeks of therapy and remained suppressed for the whole duration of treatment. Subjective responses were observed, such as pain reduction and/or performance status improvement in 58% of patients. Overall objective response (CR + PR) occurred in 16 (30.2%) patients in all major sites of disease with a median time to response of 12 weeks (range 8 to 48 weeks) and a lifetable median duration of response of 36 weeks (range 16 to 76 weeks). The lifetable median time to progressio...

It has been demonstrated that AG inhibits the peripheric conversion of androstenedione into estrogens and produces an adrenal suppression, equivalent to surgical adrenalectomy. As breast cancer is responsive to hormonal therapy, AG has been used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Since 1984, at I Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica of University of Torino, 48 patients with advanced breast cancer, previously treated with chemotherapy and hormonotherapy, have been given AG 1 g/day and hydrocortisone 40 mg/day. Six patients (12%) obtained CR, nine (19%) a PR, eleven (23%) a SD, twenty two (46%) a PD. The efficacy of AG has been evaluated as related to the following prognostic factors: menopausal status, hormone receptors, disease free interval, age, prior tamoxifen exposure. This study shows that bone involvement is the most responsive localization to AG. In conclusion AG is still an effective therapeutic choice in metastatic breast cancer treatment.

Almost all of the epidemiological studies on the consequences of estrogen replacement treatment (ERT) refer to subjects treated with oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE). These studies suggest that breast cancer (BC) risk is limited and can only be seen after long-term and/or high dosage use. Orally administered estrogens present a number of metabolic and endocrine peculiarities, some of which could be important in reducing the risk to the breast. Actually, these peculiarities are opposite to those observed in post-menopausal women with abdominal obesity (AO), a group which has recently been identified to be at high risk. AO (as other situations in which an increase in BC risk does exist) shows a sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) level reduction, which causes an increase of both estrogenic and androgenic activity. Further features of AO, possibly involved in BC risk, could be: i) increased free fatty acid (FFA) levels; ii) hyperinsulinemia; iii) increase of circulating insulin-l...

To evaluate factors associated with incident self-reported vaginal dryness and the consequences of this symptom across the menopausal transition in a multiracial/ethnic cohort of community-dwelling women. We analyzed questionnaire and biomarker data from baseline and 13 approximately annual visits over 17 years (1996-2013) from 2,435 participants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a prospective cohort study. We used discrete-time Cox proportional-hazards regression to identify predictors of incident vaginal dryness and to evaluate vaginal dryness as a predictor of pain during intercourse and changes in sexual intercourse frequency. The prevalence of vaginal dryness increased from 19.4% among all women at baseline (ages 42-53 years) to 34.0% at the 13th visit (ages 57-69 years). Advancing menopausal stage, surgical menopause, anxiety, and being married were positively associated with developing vaginal dryness, regardless of partnered sexual activity. For women not...