Media Framing

Teniendo en cuenta que los medios de comunicación son la principal fuente de distribución de información para los ciudadanos, cuando se trata de temas de salud pública tan alarmantes como una pandemia, los encuadres utilizados para transmitir las noticias pueden variar dependiendo el comportamiento que ésta presente. La Teoría del Framing establece que estas decisiones de encuadres influyen en la interpretación y el comportamiento que presentarán las audiencias una vez recibida la noticia.  Sin embargo, para poder afirmar que los medios de comunicación tienden a emitir una mayor cantidad de mensajes negativos y alarmistas que positivos y neutros, la siguiente investigación se centra, precisamente, en analizar el encuadre noticioso que los medios de comunicación El Tiempo y Noticias Caracol le dieron a la pandemia del AH1N1 y del Covid-19 en Colombia. Para lograr esto, se estudiaron por separados diferentes variables como lead, recursos audiovisuales, fuentes utilizadas, entre otras, con el fin de describir, evidenciar y comparar la relación entre cada una de ellas al momento de encuadrar las noticias.

This paper examines all documentaries shared and disparate narratives regarding Arab refugees migrating to the western countries. six major frames emerged from research analysis of the media coverage in documentaries: a humanizing frame, conflict frame, responsibility frame, Economic Consequences frame, security frame and, Suggested solutions frame. Also, researcher tend to analysis the documentaries through its semiotic visuals which differed in their Camera language, Color mode and Editing language. The research adopts framing and semiotic approaches in examining which frames were existent in western documentaries when framing of Arab refugees, among the various news frames, both channels compared the refugee situation in other countries, such as Germany, and Britain. The comparison always favored the latter. As per semiotics, BBC news tended to manipulate the truth of the lives of the refugees through posing their own agendas and perspectives in the production of their documentaries to come out looking more like a cinematic movie rather than a true reporting of real facts and stories. Whereas the BBC Arabic Documentaries tended to use more realistic and authentic treatment for their recordings coming out feeling like real events the viewers can relate to.

The aim of this article is to analyze how the Spanish newspapers covered an international event such as the Egyptian spring from 2011 to 2013. From the perspective of the representation of Arab-Islamic issues, this study carries out a quantitative content analysis on the four reference newspapers in Spain (ABC, El Mundo, El País, and La Vanguardia) to find out whether there was an Islamophobic or Islamophilic treatment during the Egyptian revolution. The results of the 3,045 articles analyzed show that Spanish newspapers were remarkably interested in Egyptian events and that cultural discourses were not relevant in the coverage. However, it is necessary to specify these outcomes by newspaper, because each paper proposed its own take on the matter based on information provided by press agencies.

This investigation analyses the media treatment of COVID-19 in main Argentinian digital media. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reconfigured the economic and social life, jointly with the centrality of the media system and the thematic composition of the media agendas. The demand of information during the outbreak enhanced the role of digital media as reliable sources. In specific terms, this work aims to investigate: 1) the evolution of the media agendas during the social isolation period; 2) the information sources deployment; and 3) the differential standing obtained by different actors in the media treatment. To this goal, a quantitative content analysis was developed of the most relevant news items in Infobae, Clarín, La Nación and Página/12 between March 20 and October 18, 2020 (n=4,240). Results show the existence of similar thematic agendas and a homogeneous presence of state sources in media with different editorial positions. Furthermore, there is partisan and polarized coverage, which is evident in the differential standing attributed to the official and opposition state sources in the analyzed media. The media treatment of the pandemic, over an extensive period, followed a cycle of over-information, polarization and misinformation that was detrimental to public debate quality.

Frames and Framing in Documentary Comics explores how graphic narratives reframe global crises while also interrogating practices of fact-finding. An analog print phenomenon in an era shaped by digitalization, documentary comics formulates a distinct counterapproach to conventional journalism. In what ways are ‘facts’ being presented and framed? What is documentary honesty in a world of fake news and post-truth politics? How can the stories of marginalized peoples and neglected crises be told? The author investigates documentary comics in its unique relationship to framing: graphic narratives are essentially shaped by a reciprocal relationship between the manifest frames on the page and the attention to the cognitive frames that they generate. To account for both the textuality of comics and its strategic use as rhetoric, the author combines theories of framing analysis and cognitive narratology with comics studies and its attention toward the medium’s visual frames.

Desde la perspectiva de la teoría del framing, este artículo investiga la narrativa que sobre la migración realizan diez portales informativos de México, agrupados en la Alianza de Medios Tejiendo Redes. De enero a junio de 2020, periodo que abarcó este análisis, encontramos 182 textos publicados sobre el tema, los cuales en su conjunto se caracterizaron por el empleo de variedad de fuentes, por otorgarle voz a las personas migrantes, por ofrecer una perspectiva internacional de la movilidad humana, por alejarse de estereotipos y por no estigmatizar a estos actores. Así, constatamos la aparición de una narrativa emergente periodística en estos medios de información, que busca cambiar el discurso predominante de cosificación y estigmatización de las personas migrantes en los medios mexicanos, por uno con perspectiva de derechos humanos. Palabras Clave. Migración; teoría del framing; periodismo colaborativo; narrativa periodística. [en] Media alliance Tejiendo Redes: Emerging journalistic narrative on migration in Mexico Abstract. From the perspective of framing theory, this article investigates the narrative on migration made by ten informational portals from Mexico, grouped in the Alianza de Medios Tejiendo Redes. From January to June 2020, the period covered by this analysis, we found 182 texts published by these informational portals, which as a whole were characterized by the use of a variety of sources, by giving migrants a voice, by offering an international perspective of human mobility, for moving away from stereotypes and not stigmatizing these actors, in an effort to create a journalistic narrative based on human rights. Thus, we verify the appearance of an emerging journalistic narrative in these media, which seeks to change the predominant discourse of objectification and stigmatization of migrants in the Mexican media, by one with a human rights perspective.

Desde la perspectiva de la teoría del framing, este artículo investiga la narrativa que sobre la migración realizan diez portales informativos de México, agrupados en la Alianza de Medios Tejiendo Redes. De enero a junio de 2020, periodo que abarcó este análisis, encontramos 182 textos publicados sobre el tema, los cuales en su conjunto se caracterizaron por el empleo de variedad de fuentes, por otorgarle voz a las personas migrantes, por ofrecer una perspectiva internacional de la movilidad humana, por alejarse de estereotipos y por no estigmatizar a estos actores. Así, constatamos la aparición de una narrativa emergente periodística en estos medios de información, que busca cambiar el discurso predominante de cosificación y estigmatización de las personas migrantes en los medios mexicanos, por uno con perspectiva de derechos humanos. Palabras Clave. Migración; teoría del framing; periodismo colaborativo; narrativa periodística. [en] Media alliance Tejiendo Redes: Emerging journalistic narrative on migration in Mexico Abstract. From the perspective of framing theory, this article investigates the narrative on migration made by ten informational portals from Mexico, grouped in the Alianza de Medios Tejiendo Redes. From January to June 2020, the period covered by this analysis, we found 182 texts published by these informational portals, which as a whole were characterized by the use of a variety of sources, by giving migrants a voice, by offering an international perspective of human mobility, for moving away from stereotypes and not stigmatizing these actors, in an effort to create a journalistic narrative based on human rights. Thus, we verify the appearance of an emerging journalistic narrative in these media, which seeks to change the predominant discourse of objectification and stigmatization of migrants in the Mexican media, by one with a human rights perspective.

Renewable energy policies have been recognized as a cornerstone in the transition toward low-emission energy systems. Media reports are an important variable in the policy-making process, interrelating politicians and the public. To understand the changes in media framing of a pioneering renewable energy support act,we collected 6,645 articles from five Germany-wide newspapers between 2000 and 2017 on the German Renewable Energy Act.We developeda structural topic model based on a change-point analysis to assess the temporal patterns of newspaper coverage. We introduced the notion of topic sentiment to elucidate the emotional content of topics. The results show that after its enactment, optimism about renewable energies dominated the media agenda. After 2012, however, the Renewable Energy Act was more associated with its costs. Such shifts in renewable energy policy framing may limit political leverage to reach ambitious climate and energy targets.

Colleagues from Harvard, the Cabot Institute, and Bristol's School of Experimental Psychology in Australia show how language is used to frame and prime topics in the media today.  Professor Stephan Lewandowsky participated with associates on the importance of word placement and how it becomes part of accepted source credits within the scientific community. Reinforcing a misleading or misread data to reframe the topic to fit a specific agenda. (Lewandowsky, 2015).

Enquadramento diz respeito a uma perspectiva teórica-conceitual. A sistematização do conceito partiu do sociólogo Erving Goffman (2012 [1974]), que buscou identificar como os indivíduos compreendem o ambiente em que estão inseridos, interagindo com ele e com outros indivíduos. Propôs então que os quadros (frames) são como "esquemas de interpretação". A obra Frame Analysis estimulou o debate entre o estruturalismo e o interacionismo simbólico. Enquanto a primeira vertente entendia o texto como emaranhado complexo de elementos significativos, a segunda perspectiva defendia que essa estrutura de significado só poderia ser revelada na interação entre o texto e seu leitor (VAN GORP, 2010). De acordo com Sanglard (2017), a ideia de enquadramento comporta diversidade de perspectivas e nem mesmo os autores que trabalham com o conceito estão convencidos de que se possa considerar a existência de uma teoria do enquadramento. Enquanto Entman (1993) pondera que o uso eclético de teorias e a inconsistência nas definições de termos-chave dificultam a fixação de uma teoria geral, contribuindo para um paradigma fraturado, D'Angelo (2002) defende que não existe e nem deveria existir apenas um paradigma para a pesquisa de enquadramento. Isso porque dificilmente haveria um paradigma capaz de reunir e "remendar" de forma satisfatória e homogênea as perspectivas que se desenvolveram. Para o autor, a diversidade teórica e paradigmática transparece um caminho visível por onde os processos de pesquisa de enquadramento foram trilhados.

Despite the legalization of same-sex marriage (SSM) in 2019, local opposition to SSM and Gender Equity Education (GEE) in Taiwan continues evolving. With the anti-SSM and anti-GEE stance being embedded in a web of social conservatism (van der Toorn et al., 2017), examining the debates solely through the lens of progressivism overlooks how social conservatism jointly shapes public discourse. As observed in the U.S., conservatism in Taiwan has likewise shifted in character: “the language of biblical inerrancy” characterizing early Christian right conservatives (Ashbee, 2007; Viefhues-Bailey, 2010) is replaced by family-oriented traditionalism and, after the 2018 referenda, constitutional arguments. This study charts Coalition of Happiness for Our Next Generation’s (CHONG) anti-GEE movements (2017-2019) by analyzing how its conservative language in Facebook posts and comments gradually found legal footings.
This interactional sociolinguistic study adopts the “stance triangle” - evaluating an object, positioning the self, and aligning with others (Du Bois, 2007) - to underscore the intersubjective aspect of value perception of controversial issues in social media. Using discourse analysis, it focuses on the corresponding stance-taking between the institutional/organizational “media frames” and commenters’ “individual frames” (Scheufele, 2006). Matching evaluation and positioning lead to convergent alignment among commenters whereas the opposite lead to divergent alignment, thus creating two competing “cooperative teams” (Goffman, 1959). The respective teamwork fosters two realities wherein contrasting definitions of GEE are maintained. This framework reveals the discursive process of knowledge production and interpretation in the digital age. Through stance-taking, commenters intersubjectively reinforce or reconfigure issue framing, which, when exploited by CHONG, can be used to justify circumventing minority rights.
This qualitative analysis emphasizes how contemporary conservatism in Taiwan is influenced by the constitutional/legal procedures and, in turn, influences the GEE debates on social media. CHONG moves from previous morality-driven resistance toward legality-based rejection of GEE. Second, the concept of stance-taking elucidates online users’ role in negotiating the facticity when interacting with the institutions and other commenters. The implication is that commenter participation is gaining critical significance in understanding how social conservatism functions in Taiwan society.

In the beginning of 2019, an internal document (the so-called “Framing Manual”) about linguistic framing
for the biggest German public broadcasting company (ARD) was leaked to the public. The company and the
author, Elisabeth Wehling (director of the Berkeley Framing Institute), came under massive public critique
and a heated debate evolved around the question, whether this is a work of propaganda. In this paper we
fi rstly discuss distinctive characteristics of propaganda, persuasion, public relations and marketing. Then we
analyse whether and how the Framing Manual fi ts into this system. Is this concept of “Framing” something
distinctively new in the sphere of public communication or are there connections or parallels to former
practices? We illustrate this by putting contextualised quotes from the Manual side by side with examples
of a similar linguistic and mass media theory approach from the Third Reich, with which the term propa-
ganda is most prominently associated nowadays. Finally, we analyse some media reactions concerning the
legitimacy of such a document as a guide for public broadcasting and conclude by resolving misconceptions
to advance the quality of future discourses about the subject.

Resumen El Poder Legislativo argentino aprobó la Ley N° 26522 de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual (LSCA) el 10 de octubre de 2009. Esta puso en cuestión la histórica relación entre los objetivos de orden político, sociocultural y económico que habían orientado la regulación y propuso una nueva noción de 'interés público'. El derrotero que siguió el debate y la sanción de la Ley ocupó un lugar significativo en la agenda mediática, aunque fue definido desde marcos particulares que formularon diagnósticos, evaluaciones y prescripciones. Analizar el tratamiento periodístico de este asunto cobra importancia por cuanto implicó los intereses del ámbito del cual los propios forman parte. Además, se los considera co-constructores públicamente destacados de realidad social, por lo cual colaboraron con la producción de los relatos del debate acerca de la Ley. Este trabajo analiza los frames noticiosos de la LSCA en los pe-riódicos económicos argentinos, observa la evolución de dichos encuadres a lo largo del debate y sanción de la norma y compara las maneras en que los matutinos definieron los aspectos puestos en discusión. A partir del análisis de contenido cuantitativo, se identifican tres frames en tensión: 'disputa política e institucional, 'interés púbico sociocultural' e 'interés público empresario', cuyo comportamiento varió según el matutino y registró fluctuaciones a lo largo del período estudiado. Palabras clave Prensa, Argentina, regulación, encuadres, interés público, información. Forma sugerida de citar: Koziner, N. (2021). ¿Interés público o interés publicado? La regulación de medios argentinos en la prensa económica. Univeristas, 34, pp. 155-176.

Brexit has become the most controversial puzzle in Europe since the
referendum held in 2016. Some developments in the digital landscape,
which seem to favour a more direct democracy at first glance, have
adverse effects rather than being useful in the context of public and
democracy discussions. In this study, these effects will be discussed in
the context of the Brexit referendum held in the United Kingdom. This
article discusses that the referendum or plebiscites are not a part of
democracy, with the effect of the commercializing media after 1990s.
The problem of this study is based on the Brexit referendum and it
puts forward the opinion that the aim of the referendum is not
providing direct democracy, but rather it is used as a tool to legitimize
the existing system. The purpose of working with this problem is to
reveal that the media, which should be the fourth power, and the
social media, which are expected to make a democratic contribution to
political communication, have turned the political communication
process and political socialization into political marketing, which also
includes scandal politics with false framing. The question of this study
is that whether the Brexit referendum is really an example of direct
democracy, focusing on the communicative frameworks. Natalie
Fenton, Anthony Mughan, Richard Gunther's perspectives on political
communication guided the literature of this article and studies on
framing are referred. In the study, political socialization and the
relation between politics, media, and public relations is examined.
Secondly, the development of Brexit is discussed. Then by explaining
former Prime Minister Cameron's undertaking about the referendum,
the relation between Brexit and democracy is put forward. This article
is important in the context of discussing whether referendum
processes can be taken as an example of direct democracy, in terms of
interaction opportunities: one of the most important opportunities of
new communication technologies.

Page 1. Research Articles International Journal of Press/Politics 15(4) 375 –400 © The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1940161210372962 http://ijpp.sagepub.com Reducing Race: News Themes in ...

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza el tratamiento noticioso de la COVID-19 en los principales medios digitales de la Argentina. La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 reconfiguró, junto con las relaciones económicas y so-ciales, la centralidad del sistema mediático y la composición temática de sus agendas. La necesidad de información de calidad en tiempo real potenció el rol de los medios digitales como fuentes confiables. En términos específicos se pretende investigar: 1) la composición temática de las agendas informativas durante el período de aislamiento social; 2) el uso de las fuentes de información; y 3) el nivel de crédito diferencial que obtuvieron los actores en el tratamiento informativo. Con ese objetivo, se desarrolló un análisis de las noticias más relevantes de las agendas digitales de Infobae, Página/12, La Nación, y Clarín, entre marzo y octubre de 2020 (n=4.240). Los resultados evidencian la existencia de agendas temáticas similares y una presencia homogénea de fuentes oficiales en medios con diferentes líneas edi-toriales. Además, se advierte una cobertura partisana y polarizada que se pone de manifiesto en el crédito diferencial que adquieren en los medios los puntos de vista desplegados por las fuentes estatales oficia-listas y opositoras. El tratamiento informativo de la pandemia, a lo largo de un período extenso, siguió un ciclo de sobreinformación, polarización y desinformación, lesivo para la calidad del debate público. Palabras clave Pandemia, periodismo, información, medios electrónicos, política, fuentes de información. Forma sugerida de citar: Zunino, E. (2021). Medios digitales y COVID-19: sobreinformación, polari-zación y desinformación. Univeristas, 34, pp. 133-154.