Land allotment and field systems

Este trabajo examina los acontecimientos de 1868 en la Navarra rural entendiéndolos como un hito importante en el giro hacia la atribución de una expresa funcionalidad social a los aprovechamientos comunales. El impulso a la roturación y reparto de parcelas en los sotos bajo un condicionado explícito que compatibilizaba el usufructo individual con el aprovechamiento común permitió reducir la desigualdad y mejorar las condiciones de vida del proletariado rural. La realidad, no obstante, no se sujetó a los reglamentos y en pocos años la desigualdad creció de nuevo, estimulando nuevas peticiones de reparto hasta la Segunda República.
The Spanish September Revolution constituted a milestone with respect to the use of common lands as a way to develop land policies aimed to alleviate poverty. This article offers a detailed analysis of the distribution of allotments among rural workers in the province of Navarre from 1868 onwards. It concludes that allotments contributed to reduce inequality and improved living conditions for the rural working class. However, inequality rose again within a few years as the plots were illegally sold with the consent of local authorities. As a result, petitions for new allotments continued to grow until the proclamation of the Spanish Second Republic.

Gathering together of survey records and interpretations of prehistoric fields, boundaries and pastures in Cornwall, SW Britain. From Neolithic enclosures on Bodmin Moor to Bronze Age coaxial and curvilinear fields on the uplands to Iron Age brick-shaped fields in lowland Cornwall.
What fields meant functionally and symbolically. Maps, plans and photos.

The upland of Dartmoor, southwest England, is one of the flagship prehistoric landscapes within Britain owing to the excellent survival of extensive prehistoric coaxial field systems. Archaeological surveys and rescue excavations during the 1970s and 1980s did much to further the understanding of this landscape; however, much remains to be explored, in particular the chronology of enclosure, the nature of the pre-enclosure landscape and the relationship between Bronze Age communities and their environment. Reconsideration of ...

Draft final completed section of the South Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework on behalf of Historic England and the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service. The final published version will be in the form of an interactive website hosted by Historic England that will feature all of the regional archaeological resource assessments and research frameworks, which should be going online in 2020. I would like to thank Andrew Lines, Jim McNeil, Zac Nellist, and Dinah Saich of the South Yorkshire Archaeology Service; for approaching me to see if I would be interested in producing this document. The comments made during and after the day workshop on the Iron Age and Roman periods by the many colleagues who attended were extremely useful, and where possible have been incorporated within this document.

В статье на материалах Можайского уезда Московской губернии рассматриваются изменения в надельном земле-пользовании помещичьих крестьян после реализации реформы 19 февраля 1861 года. Необходимость и возможность переосмысления последствий отмены крепостного права в ряде регионов Российской империи, к числу которых относится и Московская губерния, связаны с совершенствованием методики обработки источников, а именно применением математико-статистических методов и современных компьютерных технологий. Для выявления последствий проведения реформы были изучены выкупные дела можайских крестьян, в которых содержатся основные сведения об экономическом положении помещичьей деревни до-и пореформенного периодов. Расчёт средних показателей, а также построение вариационных рядов позволили установить ключевые изменения в надельном землепользовании крестьян. Проведенный анализ показал, что реформа 1861 г. повлияла на многие крестьянские хозяйства уезда, однако внесенные изменения не стали значительными.

Som en del af et forskningsprojekt om marksystemerne fra 1. årtusinde f.v.t, også kendt som oldtidsagre, gennemførtes i august 2016 en mindre undersøgelse af forekomsten i Nørreris ved Søften, nordvest for Aarhus. Formålet var primært, at tilvejebringe materiale til 14C- og OSL-datering for at undersøge, hvornår opbygningen af terrassekanter og skelvolde er påbegyndt og over hvor lang tid den var foregået. Desuden skulle der indsamles materiale til ICP-MS-analyse til belysning af dyrkningsaktiviteterne.

Derrick Riley's seminal volume Early Landscape From The Air (1980) described the often extensive ancient field systems revealed by aerial photographs of crop and soil marks across areas of South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Many excavations have taken place on the archaeological features responsible for these patterns, particularly since the emergence after 1990 of developer-funded rescue archaeology. Much of this work remains in unpublished archive form, and what has been published has tended to view the field systems from a normative and thus a 'common sense' perspective. The scientific objective-reductionist paradigm imposed on archaeologists and their data has increasingly been criticised (Adams and Brooke 1995: 93-95), and this paper represents an attempt to write a very different past for these landscapes.

Marcigny C., 2017 – Les choses changent. Les modifications de la structure agraire au IIe millénaire sur les rives de la Manche, in. Lachenal T., Mordant C., Nicolas T. et Véber C., Le Bronze moyen et l’origine du Bronze final en Europe occidentale (XVIIe-XIIIe siècle av J.C.), Colloque APRAB (2014, Strasbourg), Monographie d’Archéologie du Grand-Est, MAGE 1, Strasbourg, p. 645-658.

The layout and development of field systems may reflect significant aspects of prehistoric societies such as agricultural strategies, use rights and inheritance practices. This article presents a method for analysing the developments of field systems in their entirety, based on a hierarchical sorting of field boundaries whose intersections have been used to define relations of equivalence and subordination. The formalized relational expression of the field system is analysed using a stochastic optimization algorithm. The method was successfully applied to three Danish Celtic fields from the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age, making it possible to identify five principles behind the layout: primary boundaries (probably established at community level), major parcels (administered at a household level), structured subdivisions (presumably related to inheritance), irregular subdivisions, and small-scale expansions of the field systems. The initial degree of regularity of the field systems seems to have influenced later modifications.

Celtic fields are the best preserved and most widely distributed type of prehistoric agricultural landscape in the Netherlands, and occur throughout northwestern Europe. In this contribution, data from two excavated Dutch Celtic fields are used to explain the process of bank formation and to unravel the agricultural regime of Celtic fields.

To this end, traditional archaeological methodologies and geochemical analyses are combined with detailed palaeo-ecological analyses. It is shown that Celtic field banks were constructed from a mixture of non-local soil, wetland vegetation, dung and settlement debris such as charcoal and sherds. A system was in place in which sods and plants were cut in lower-lying wetland landscapes and which were transported to the settlement, where they were presumably used as byre-bedding, became enriched with dung and were mixed with settlement debris. This mixture was carted to the fields, most likely to be spread across fallow plots as a manuring agent. From this primary, functional location, a composite sediment of agricultural sediments and the added manure was incorporated into the field banks. This process of incorporation was very slow and probably started with the uprooting of arable weeds from the fields, which were tossed to the side against the wattlework fences—together with minute quantities of soil attached to their root clusters. As a consequence of this chain of events, over the course of centuries, banks of anthropogenic sediment came to enclose fields within the Celtic field landscapes.

The work of Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto is both influential and controversial. His 2000 bestseller The Mystery of Capital posits that to solve poverty in the developing world, the poor need to transition from the extralegal sector to the official economy through formal property rights and incorporated businesses. In 2009, following the 2009 bloody clashes of indigenous peoples and law enforcement agents in the Peruvian Amazon, DeSoto suggested the extrapolation of The Mystery of Capital to the Amazon as a solution for their underdevelopment. He contended that the Amazon natives could only progress if granted formal title to land and allowed to create limited liability corporations. This paper argues, however, that the purported extrapolation of The Mystery of Capital’s propositions is problematic. It aims to show that economic integration of the Amazon natives may further expose their land resources to appropriation and, in actuality, trigger their cultural, social and environmental disintegration.

The purpose of this note is to report a discovery made through the use of LiDAR imagery for England and Wales that is freely available online. The evidence for four separate areas of probable field system earthworks on Puttenham Common (Surrey, England) - which have been visited and corroborated by the author - is outlined before suggestions are offered concerning their origins, changes that occurred over time, and the reason why they have survived as above-ground features through to the present day.