Human Trafficking

Les modes opératoires des groupes criminels se livrant à des faits de traite des êtres humains sont complexes et reposent sur des pratiques diverses : fabrication et mise en circulation de faux documents, violation des règles migratoires, détournement de la demande d’asile, fraude aux prestations sociales, circulation, transfert et blanchiment de fonds issus de l’activité criminelle, violences et limitation de la liberté d’aller et de venue des victimes. Ces modes opératoires évoluent en permanence vers une plus grande clandestinité : développement de « sex tours » organisés depuis l’étranger, organisation de la prostitution au sein d’établissements déclarés (salon de massage chinois,…) et disparition du racolage de rue au profit d’internet. En France, rares sont les recherches fondamentales ou opérationnelles portant sur le mode opératoire de groupes se livrant à des faits de traite quels qu’ils soient. La recherche AVRES revêt alors un double objectif fondamental et appliqué, le deuxième découlant du premier : étendre la connaissance académique et la compréhension des réseaux criminels liés à la traite des êtres humains en s’appuyant sur une analyse empirique de ces derniers et ainsi apporter un éclairage le plus objectif possible à la décision judiciaire. La méthodologie élaborée consiste à aborder la traite des êtres humains comme un objet relationnel complexe dont la logique organisationnelle ne se réduit pas aux tâches réalisées, ni aux rôles associés, classiquement étudiés. Elle implique de travailler simultanément sur les éléments personnels et identitaires de l’individu, mais aussi sur les liens qu’il entretient avec les autres acteurs du réseau. En effet, nous faisons ici l’hypothèse selon laquelle la place d’un individu ne repose pas uniquement, comme on pourrait s’y attendre, sur son rôle au sein de l’activité criminelle mais également sur les éléments identitaires qui le caractérisent ainsi que sur sa position structurale au sein du réseau. Pour mener à terme ce projet, et eu égard à la quantité et à la complexité des données, un outil informatique spécifique a été élaboré.

This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist research practices to explore a range of diverse experiences of migrant women as refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented or documented migrants. The collection includes contributions from researchers, practitioners, and migrants themselves to present a nuanced analysis that challenges binary divisions between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ migrants and highlights the political and social agency of refugee and migrant women in Turkey. Drawing on a rich body of original empirical and theoretical research the volume explores recent policy change in Turkey, the political and social influences that have shaped migration policy (both internally and globally), and how women migrants have been positioned within its changing refugee and migration regimes.

Analysis of the Turkish experience of redesigning migration policy in a country with weak civil protection against gender discrimination provides important lessons, in particular for countries in the Global South that are under pressure from the Global North to control and manage migrant flows. This interdisciplinary volume offers gender-sensitive recommendations for policymakers and practitioners and will advance global debates on migration management and governance across the fields of sociology, social policy, anthropology, labour economics and political science.

Content
Chapter One Introduction: Women, Migration and Asylum Seeking in Turkey (The Editors)
Part 1 - Gender and Migration in Turkey – Key Themes
Vignette 1: Zakira Hekmat: What We Need is the Empowerment of Refugee Women
Chapter Two: : Exploring “women” and “gender”: Trajectories of migration research in Turkey (Selmin Kaşka)
Chapter Three: Gender, Women and Precarity: Examples from Turkey (Nazlı Şenses)
Chapter Four:  The Gendered Impacts of Migration and Welfare Regimes: Migrant Women Workers in Turkey (Gülay Toksöz)

Part 2 - Policy on Gendered Migration in Turkey
Vignettes 2-4: ‘Salma’: Looking for greener pastures in Turkey
Meltem Öztürk: Asking the right questions for a common political struggle and solidarity with migrant women.
Elvira Budaichieva and Eliza Shaeva: Kyrgyz women seek solutions to their problems on social media
Chapter Five:  Gender in the Turkey’s Asylum Process (Emel Coşkun and Beril Eski)
Chapter Six: Welfare State Responses and Social Workers’ Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey (Reyhan Atasü-Topçuoğlu)
Chapter Seven: ‘Institutional Blind Spots’ in Turkey’s Policy Against the Trafficking of Women (Emel Coşkun)

Part 3 –  Gender Roles and Strategies in Syrian Migration
Vignette 5: ‘Rasha Najy’ – an Arabic interpreter.
Chapter Eight: Bitter Lives on Fertile Lands: Syrian Women’s Work and Labor in Turkish Agricultural Production (Saniye Dedeoğlu)
Chapter Nine: The Most Invisible of the Invisibles: Skilled Syrian Women in the Turkish Labor Market (Çağla Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Sezgi Akbaş)
Chapter Ten: Child Marriage: A Survival Strategy for Syrian Refugee Families in Turkey? (Melda Yaman)
Chapter Eleven: A Future Agenda: Policy and practice in gender, migration and research in Turkey
(Editors)

In Nigeria, human trafficking is a hidden crime, driven by the current economic situation of the country. The Nigerian government has demonstrated significant efforts to combating human trafficking in the country by creating the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP). The incidents of human trafficking in the Nigeria’s oil-producing communities have remained among the highest in the country and higher than the national average. The objective of this investigation was to determine the impact of a new corporate social responsibility (CSR) model of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on the fight against human trafficking in the host communities. A total of one thousand, two hundred households were sampled across the rural communities of Niger Delta. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicated that MOCs hold the key to combating human trafficking by fostering effective partnership across different sectors, if highest CSR priority is assigned to reducing incidents of human trafficking in the oil-producing communities. Embracing the fight against human trafficking should form the foundation of General Memorandum of Understanding (GMoUs) practice, which in turn will provide the enabling environment for more widespread responsible business. As most of the human trafficking in the Niger Delta is exploited by relatives or friends; MOCs should involve traditional and religious leaders in the fight and set up GMoU clusters interventions specifically for anti-trafficking agencies including NAPTIP, the police and immigration to support their actions and improve efficiency.