Hormone signalling

Depression is a common disease which emerges with a disorder in temper. It results from environmental genetically and physiological factors. One of the effective factors can be the change in hormones and disorder in their intake through cells. In way that one can explain these hypotheses with post-pregnancy depression. The present study aimed to compare estrogen receptor1 gene expression in patients with major depression and healthy individuals. The study used causal-comparative method. For this study, 17 patients who suffered major depression referred to the clinic and 30 healthy subjects were randomly selected. After taking blood samples, estrogen receptor1 gene expression was carried out using Real Time PCR. The results showed that the expression of ESR1 gene was significantly reduced in patients with major depression (P value < 0.05). This result showed that ESR1 gene can be used as a genetically marker for major depression. Also, stimulating estrogen receptor 1 or raising the estrogen level of blood can be applied to reduce depression signs.

En este texto se ofrecen conceptos generales sobre las hormonas y sus funciones, mecanismos de acción y regulación endocrina y neuroendocrina. Estos contenidos sientan la base sobre la cual se desarrolla la especialización en Endocrinología.

Context: There is a growing concern about induction of male infertility resulting from medicinal plant use especially in malaria treatment. Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica are plants with documented antimalarial and anti-fertility effects. Pavetta crassipes leaves are reported to have antimalarial effects but there is no information about its reproductive toxicology.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of P. crassipes aqueous leaf extract on male reproductive parameters.

Methods: Healthy adult male rats were used for this study.  The extract was administered orally at 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg for two and four weeks, respectively while the control group received 10 mL/kg distilled water. Blood samples were collected for serum hormonal assay. The testes and epididymis were excised for histological examination and seminal fluid analysis.

Results: Serum testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels reduced significantly in all treated groups compared to control but this effect was reversed after the respective recovery periods except FSH and LH levels in the group treated with 1600 mg/kg for four weeks. The control group had normal testicular histology while varying degrees of reversible histological changes occurred in the treated groups except persistent irregular basal lamina at 800 mg/kg in the two-week treated group while persistent irregular basal lamina and tubular atrophy occurred at 1600 mg/kg in the four-week treated group. Sperm count reduction at 800 and 1600 mg/kg compared to control (86 x 106 mL-1) in the groups treated for four weeks was irreversible.

Conclusions: The aqueous leaf extract of Pavetta crassipes has the potential to cause deleterious effects on male reproductive function in Wistar rats.

Exposure to short‐term cold stress influences disease resistance by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. The molecular basis of cold‐activated immunity was therefore investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, using a transcriptomic analysis. Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition.
Transcriptome changes induced by the 10‐hr cold treatment were similar to those caused by pathogen infection, including increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5, and genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)‐biotrophs. In contrast, transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10‐hr cold treatment. Cold‐activated immunity was dependent on SA, being partially dependent on NPR1 and ICS1/SID2. In addition, transcripts encoding SA biosynthesis enzymes such as ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant, whereas GH3.5/WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment. These findings show that cold stress cross‐activates innate immune responses via a SA‐dependent pathway.

. I sent my manuscript  " Unitary symmetry of mixtures of hormones and the solution of the problem of terrorism" in  ACS Central Science,  (Manuscript ID oc-2018-00023c, Editor-in-Chief: Carolyn R. Bertozzi,  E-mail: bertozzi@centralscience.acs.org )

The answer so far I have not received.

The identification of a potential terrorist can be carried out in three ways.
The first method is aimed at the creation of explosive detectors and the corresponding sophisticated hardware, technical and personal support. Its main drawback is demonstrativeness. It remains only to hang a sign: "Terrorists with explosives are held here."
The second way is to analyze the communicative activity of a potential terrorist. The main drawback of this method is easily overcome - the methods of information encryption have already been invented. These methods do not allow you to open and decrypt information. And anyway, an early transition to new types of information transfer will make communicative activity sterile.
The main drawback of the first two methods is that the explosives ceased to be necessary for the commission of the terrorist act. A characteristic example of the last time is the driving of a car on pedestrians.
The third way is to identify the physical parameters of certain physiological substances of a potential terrorist and to create such non-invasive methods for scanning the values of these physical parameters, which in a very short period of time would reliably signal the preaggressive state of a person.
This method can be realized by analyzing the composition of human hormones in four physiological environments in NORM and in PREPOTOLOGY.
His description is devoted to my research of recent years [1,2,3,4,5] and the article presented.
Keyword:  terrorism, hormone mixtures, hormonal passport, hormone bank, combinatorics, homology, unitary symmetry, conservation laws, chipping

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in regulating cell death. Pathogen- and ozone-induced processes have become important models for the study of cell death regulation by ROS. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide have emerged as the two key ROS and recent studies have addressed their sources and control of their production. ROS signals interact directly or indirectly with several other signaling pathways, such as nitric oxide, and the stress hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. The interaction and balance of these pathways determines whether the cell lives or dies.

The main task of medicine: "prevent - detect - eliminate".
In order to "prevent" sent a lot of recommendations from "what to eat" to "how to move and with whom".
The situation with "detect" is more advanced. Here physicists (Rutherford once said that all sciences are  divided into physics and collecting stamps) unfolded "to their fullest" - they learned to catch everything that the proteins were just "thinking about".
As to the "eliminate" the situation is completely bad. "Cut, so as not to grow again" learned. But it is not always possible to "eliminate" pathology with non-invasive drugs. But to "eliminate" there is another big obstacle - this is the obstacle is Time. Late, therefore, lost the organ, and sometimes life.
And the situation with the physical (according to Rutherford) definition of a man as a patient is quite unpleasant. This definition should include classification characteristics, that is, which features of a living organism can be considered  as essential. 

But the most important (it is extremely rare in biological taxonomy), the classifying characteristics must be mathematically determined.

It is known that such classifying physiological signs of mammals include blood, lymph and urine.

In our body, blood plays the role of a "supplier" of substances to all tissues (arterial) and a "garbage conveyor to the garbage-dumping" organs, which collects throughout the body (venous).

Lymph plays the role of garbage collector from all the secluded corners of our body. The function of lymph is the return of proteins, water, salts, toxins and metabolites from tissues to the blood.

Urine plays the role of a "liquid container", through which all soluble in water metabolites are excreted from the body.

The most important part in all these processes play (activating, delaying, diverting) the complex molecules - hormones.
It is known [1] that hormones are humoral (blood-borne) regulators of certain processes in various organs and systems: hormone  is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and  behaviour, including sexual orientation [2].
On the other hand, hormones of all four mediums may be regarded as a mixture.

The composition of the components of the mixtures is determined primarily by the structure of the DNA. It varies with age and depends on the metabolic processes in the body.

If a set of chemical reactions that arise in a living body to maintain its functioning correspond to its genetic norm, then the composition of the components of the mixtures, slightly changing, still remains, due to Homeostasis, within certain ranges.

If the metabolism is disturbed due to serious changes in the functioning of the epithelial tissue, which is a layer of cells lining the surface (epidermis) and body cavities (including the mucous membranes of the internal organs, the food tract, the respiratory system, the genitourinary tract, and the majority of the glands of the body) Then the composition of the components of the mixtures varies. This deviation from the Norm is called Pathology.

But the "hormonal norm", like the "hormonal pathology" should somehow be measured! To competently manage them and predict their change.

How to "digitize a patient"? And in general mammals?

It is known that the "hormonal norm" varies with both genetically determined sexual orientation, and with age. In other words, at different periods of a person's life, his hormonal-age classification characteristics, differ from year to year. And doctors must take this into account. How to take into account the state registration authorities, replacing the photograph in the passport. So there is the idea of the Hormonal Sexual-Age Passport.

All this leads to the need to find ways to measure the composition of hormones and correlate this composition with the measured physical (according to Rutherford) parameters.
Physicists are able to determine the physical parameters of mixtures. This can be the permittivity (εr),  magnetic permeability (μr),  specific electrical conductivity (σr)) These physical parameters accurately determine the physical (according to Rutherford) parameters of the object (mixture). As a fingerprinting.

As in the case of the "Hormonal Norm", and in the case of "Hormonal Pathology." So there is the idea of creating a Hormonal Sexual-Age Data Bank and a Hormonal Pathology Data Bank.

The problems associated with the detection and elimination of pathological manifestations are especially important for physicians and their patients who are located at sites far from well-equipped medical institutions. This is, first of all, the personnel of ships, personnel and servicemen of remote bases and oil platforms and astronauts.
However, early diagnosis of pathology is necessary for each of us. In the near future, the implanted chip will transmit to the doctor's computer all the necessary parameters for the hormonal components of blood, lymph and urine.
Of great importance is the early diagnosis of the selection and admission of personnel for the work of people in strategically important positions in strategically important facilities.

The present work is devoted to familiarizing physicians with the fundamentals of the combinatorial theory of mixtures, unitary symmetry of mixtures and the use of these concepts for predicting drug activity in pharmacology and early diagnosis of pathologies.

Keywords: mixtures, Unitary Symmetry of  Mixtures, blood, lymph, urine, hormones, diagnostics of pathologies.

The main task of medicine: "prevent-detect-eliminate".

The main task of medicine: "prevent - detect - eliminate".
In order to "prevent" sent a lot of recommendations from "what to eat" to "how to move and with whom".
The situation with "detect" is more advanced. Here physicists (Rutherford once said that all sciences are  divided into physics and collecting stamps) unfolded "to their fullest" - they learned to catch everything that the proteins were just "thinking about".
As to the "eliminate" the situation is completely bad. "Cut, so as not to grow again" learned. But it is not always possible to "eliminate" pathology with non-invasive drugs. But to "eliminate" there is another big obstacle - this is the obstacle is Time. Late, therefore, lost the organ, and sometimes life.
And the situation with the physical (according to Rutherford) definition of a man as a patient is quite unpleasant. This definition should include classification characteristics, that is, which features of a living organism can be considered  as essential. 

But the most important (it is extremely rare in biological taxonomy), the classifying characteristics must be mathematically determined.

It is known that such classifying physiological signs of mammals include blood, lymph and urine.

In our body, blood plays the role of a "supplier" of substances to all tissues (arterial) and a "garbage conveyor to the garbage-dumping" organs, which collects throughout the body (venous).

Lymph plays the role of garbage collector from all the secluded corners of our body. The function of lymph is the return of proteins, water, salts, toxins and metabolites from tissues to the blood.

Urine plays the role of a "liquid container", through which all soluble in water metabolites are excreted from the body.

The most important part in all these processes play (activating, delaying, diverting) the complex molecules - hormones.
It is known [1] that hormones are humoral (blood-borne) regulators of certain processes in various organs and systems: hormone  is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and  behaviour, including sexual orientation [2].
On the other hand, hormones of all four mediums may be regarded as a mixture.

The composition of the components of the mixtures is determined primarily by the structure of the DNA. It varies with age and depends on the metabolic processes in the body.

If a set of chemical reactions that arise in a living body to maintain its functioning correspond to its genetic norm, then the composition of the components of the mixtures, slightly changing, still remains, due to Homeostasis, within certain ranges.

If the metabolism is disturbed due to serious changes in the functioning of the epithelial tissue, which is a layer of cells lining the surface (epidermis) and body cavities (including the mucous membranes of the internal organs, the food tract, the respiratory system, the genitourinary tract, and the majority of the glands of the body) Then the composition of the components of the mixtures varies. This deviation from the Norm is called Pathology.

But the "hormonal norm", like the "hormonal pathology" should somehow be measured! To competently manage them and predict their change.

How to "digitize a patient"? And in general mammals?

It is known that the "hormonal norm" varies with both genetically determined sexual orientation, and with age. In other words, at different periods of a person's life, his hormonal-age classification characteristics, differ from year to year. And doctors must take this into account. How to take into account the state registration authorities, replacing the photograph in the passport. So there is the idea of the Hormonal Sexual-Age Passport.

All this leads to the need to find ways to measure the composition of hormones and correlate this composition with the measured physical (according to Rutherford) parameters.
Physicists are able to determine the physical parameters of mixtures. This can be the permittivity (εr),  magnetic permeability (μr),  specific electrical conductivity (σr)) These physical parameters accurately determine the physical (according to Rutherford) parameters of the object (mixture). As a fingerprinting.

As in the case of the "Hormonal Norm", and in the case of "Hormonal Pathology." So there is the idea of creating a Hormonal Sexual-Age Data Bank and a Hormonal Pathology Data Bank.

The problems associated with the detection and elimination of pathological manifestations are especially important for physicians and their patients who are located at sites far from well-equipped medical institutions. This is, first of all, the personnel of ships, personnel and servicemen of remote bases and oil platforms and astronauts.
However, early diagnosis of pathology is necessary for each of us. In the near future, the implanted chip will transmit to the doctor's computer all the necessary parameters for the hormonal components of blood, lymph and urine.
Of great importance is the early diagnosis of the selection and admission of personnel for the work of people in strategically important positions in strategically important facilities.

The present work is devoted to familiarizing physicians with the fundamentals of the combinatorial theory of mixtures, unitary symmetry of mixtures and the use of these concepts for predicting drug activity in pharmacology and early diagnosis of pathologies.

Keywords: mixtures, Unitary Symmetry of  Mixtures, blood, lymph, urine, hormones, diagnostics of pathologies.

The survival and reproduction of plants depend on their ability to cope with a wide range of daily and seasonal environmental fluctuations during their life cycle. Phytohormones are plant growth regulators that are involved in almost every aspect of growth and development as well as plant adaptation to myriad abiotic and biotic conditions. The circadian clock, an endogenous and cell-autonomous biological timekeeper that produces rhythmic outputs with close to 24-h rhythms, provides an adaptive advantage by synchronizing plant physiological and metabolic processes to the external environment. The circadian clock regulates phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways to generate daily rhythms in hormone activity that fine-tune a range of plant processes, enhancing adaptation to local conditions. This review explores our current understanding of the interplay between the circadian clock and hormone signaling pathways.

Aims/hypothesis The secretory function of pancreatic beta cells is synergistically stimulated by two signalling pathways which mediate the effects of nutrients and hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) or glucagon. These hormones are known to activate adenylyl cyclase in beta cells. We examined the type of adenylyl cyclase that is associated with this synergistic interaction. Methods Insulin release, cAMP production, adenylyl cyclase activity, mRNA and protein expression were measured in fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified rat beta cells and in the rat beta-cell lines RINm5F, INS-1 832/13 and INS-1 832/2. Results In primary beta cells, glucagon and GLP-1 synergistically potentiate the stimulatory effect of 20 mmol/l glucose on insulin release and cAMP production. Both effects are abrogated in the presence of the L-type Ca2+-channel blocker verapamil. The cAMP-producing activity of adenylyl cyclase in membranes from RINm5F cells is synergistically increased by Ca2+-calmodulin and recombinant GTPγS-activated Gsα-protein subunits. This type of regulation is characteristic for type I and type VIII AC isoforms. Consistent with this functional data, AC mRNA analysis shows abundant expression of type VI AC, four splice variants of type VIII AC and low expression level of type I AC in beta cells. Type VIII AC expression at the protein level was observed using immunoblots of RINm5F cell extracts. Conclusion/interpretation This study identifies type VIII AC in insulin-secreting cells as one of the potential molecular targets for synergism between GLP-1 receptor mediated and glucose-mediated signalling.

Aims/hypothesis The secretory function of pancreatic beta cells is synergistically stimulated by two signalling pathways which mediate the effects of nutrients and hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) or glucagon. These hormones are known to activate adenylyl cyclase in beta cells. We examined the type of adenylyl cyclase that is associated with this synergistic interaction. Methods Insulin release, cAMP production, adenylyl cyclase activity, mRNA and protein expression were measured in fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified rat beta cells and in the rat beta-cell lines RINm5F, INS-1 832/13 and INS-1 832/2. Results In primary beta cells, glucagon and GLP-1 synergistically potentiate the stimulatory effect of 20 mmol/l glucose on insulin release and cAMP production. Both effects are abrogated in the presence of the L-type Ca2+-channel blocker verapamil. The cAMP-producing activity of adenylyl cyclase in membranes from RINm5F cells is synergistically increased by Ca2+-calmodulin and recombinant GTPγS-activated Gsα-protein subunits. This type of regulation is characteristic for type I and type VIII AC isoforms. Consistent with this functional data, AC mRNA analysis shows abundant expression of type VI AC, four splice variants of type VIII AC and low expression level of type I AC in beta cells. Type VIII AC expression at the protein level was observed using immunoblots of RINm5F cell extracts. Conclusion/interpretation This study identifies type VIII AC in insulin-secreting cells as one of the potential molecular targets for synergism between GLP-1 receptor mediated and glucose-mediated signalling.