History of Social Policy and the Welfare State

Resumo
Este artigo visa compreender o processo de consolidação da educação dos cegos no interior fluminense,
com ênfase em Campos, a partir de ações articuladas entre instituições deste município, e de Niterói,
durante os anos 1950 a 1970. As instituições que protagonizaram esse processo foram, em Campos,
o Educandário para Cegos São José Operário e, em Niterói, a Escola de Serviço Social e a Cruzada de
Recuperação e Assistência ao Cego Fluminense. Os apontamentos de Magalhães (1998) a respeito das
instituições educativas trouxeram contribuições para os aspectos teórico-metodológicos da pesquisa.
Aplicou-se a técnica da triangulação das fontes priorizando os jornais de grande circulação da época;
entrevistas orais e os documentos oficiais do acervo do Educandário.
Palavras-chave: História da Educação Especial; Educação para cegos; Interior do estado do Rio de
Janeiro.

Abstract

Education of the blind in the state of Rio de Janeiro: Campos in connection with Niterói
(1950-1970)

This article aims to understand the process of consolidation of the education of the blind in the state
of the Rio de Janeiro, with emphasis on Campos’ city, from actions articulated between institutions
of this municipality and Niterói, during the years 1950 to 1970. The institutions that starred in this
process were, in Campos, the Institution for blind people São José Operário, and in Niterói, the School
of Social Service and the Crusade of recovery and assistance to the blind in the Rio de Janeiro. Magalhães’ notes (1998) regarding educational institutions brought contributions to the theoretical and
methodological aspects of the research. The technique of triangulation of the sources was applied,
prioritizing the newspapers of great circulation of that time; Oral interviews and official documents
from the archive of the Institution for the blind.

Keywords: History of special education; Education for the blind people; State of Rio de Janeiro.

The article focuses on the most important Committee for the reform of the Italian
welfare state during the twentieth century: the “Rava Committee”. It conducts a first time prosopographical study of its members aiming to analyse the ideas and proposals of social reform as well as the agents. The article begins by bringing to light the educational background of the components of the Committee, highlighting the central role of statistical knowledge. Then, it explores its professional composition, which excludes the subaltern classes, as well as the political culture of the members. Finally, the prosopography shows the features of a reform area which crosses traditional political organizations. It is a sort of irregular cloud unified by the aim to address the social question with reforms and therefore to prevent the fracture of society.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, administrative science circulated from the German cultural space to Italy, where it met a national conception of administration. Considered as an autonomous science that focuses on state interventions in society to improve the distribution of wealth, it became a university discipline in 1875. It was nonetheless removed in 1935 after losing its scientific autonomy when it evolved to the study of state bureaucracy. This article details the social and political conditions of this successive institutionalization and deinstitutionalization through fine-scale observations of jurist Guido Cavaglieri’s trajectory, who represents an anomaly in regard to the norms that regulate administrative science. He is at the same time an indicator that reveals the tensions inside the discipline and its relationships with politics.

Amartya Kumar Sen is an economist and philosopher who has made a distinctive contribution to the study of political economy, inequality, poverty, famines, and welfare. In 1988, Sen was awarded a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Upon hearing the news, the late renowned Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, a long-time friend of Sen, remarked, ‘It was only political reasons which prevented him getting it earlier … Ever since the mid-70s the Swedish committee has been strongly committed to free-market theory, until it took a real punch in the midriff in 97/98 with the Asian crisis.’

El presente libro tiene por objeto el análisis de los fundamentos teóricos y el proceso de juridificación de la estabilidad presupuestaria en tanto principio rector de la Unión Europea, así como la ulterior afectación que produce sobre los paradigmas del Estado social y de la democracia constitucional. A tal fin se abordan los orígenes de la teorización de la estabilidad presupuestaria y de la necesidad de su constitucionalización, insertándola y contextualizándola en el movimiento neoliberal tras hacer hincapié en la experiencia estadounidense. El aterrizaje del principio en la Unión, por su parte, es estudiado teniendo en cuenta las características unívocas de la peculiar "constitución económica" del proceso de integración y la respuesta que éste ha dado a la crisis financiera. Para ello, se analizan críticamente los tres principales mecanismos que en la Unión o aprovechando su estructura se han desplegado para consolidar la estabilidad presupuestaria: el Pacto de Estabilidad y Crecimiento, con sus instrumentos; el Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidad, y el Tratado de Estabilidad, Coordinación y Gobernanza. Por último, la obra se centra en las consecuencias que para el Estado social y la democracia misma posee la convergencia de dicho principio con el de competencia en el contexto europeo. Se defiende, de este modo, que a partir de la recepción jurídica de la por otros llamada "regla de oro" se ha producido una evolución cualitativa en la UE por la que se ha terminado instituyendo una verdadera "constitución económica neoliberal", con efectos devastadores para los derechos sociales y las posibilidades de transformación democrática en el viejo continente.

The main challenge of this Cost Action is to create a transnational network that gathers European researchers carrying studies on Middle-Class Mass Housing (MCMH) built in Europe since the 1950s. This network will allow the development new scientific approaches by discussing, testing and assessing case studies and their different methodologies and perspectives. MCMH has been generally underestimated in urban and architectural studies and there is still a lack of comparative analysis and global perspectives. The number of transnational publications and scientific meetings has also been scarce. By crossing different approaches focus on Architecture, Urbanism, Planning, Public Policies, History, Sociology new concepts and methodologies will arise. Therefore, the Action aims to produce a wider understanding of MCMH sprawl, deepening on-going researches and focussing on the existing case studies. The current methodologies, surveys, catalogue and contextualization allow an initial mapping of relevant case studies, their diverse degrees of resilience and how they have been adapted to current (urban and social) conditions. It is intended to develop the knowledge of the interaction between spatial forms, behaviours and satisfaction and to combine methodologies of architectural and social analyses. The Action will be developed by three Working Groups, coordinated by a Core Group: Documenting the MCMH; Development of a specific set of (new) concepts for MCMH analyses; Leverage contemporary architecture interventions and Public Policies. In the Action will be involved researchers related to Mass Housing, MCMH Architecture and Urbanism, Planning and Public Policies, Sociological studies, Architecture History and Modern Heritage.

Le nouveau pacte d'union sociale signé en février 1999 par Ottawa et les provinces à l'exception du Québec marque, selon les dires d'Ottawa, sera le début d'une ère de fédéralisme de collaboration. Le présent ouvrage montre au contraire comment Ottawa s'active à instaurer un fédéralisme expansionniste, sans égard pour les responsabilités provinciales, tirant davantage son inspiration des régimes unitaires. Les conséquences de ces bouleversements pour l'avenir de la fédération
canadienne, sans doute les plus importants depuis le rapatriement de la Constitution en 1982, sont jusqu'ici restées dans l'ombre. Cet ouvrage présente l'analyse de huit spécialistes québécois qui se sont penchés sur les répercussions qu'aura la conclusion de l'ententecadre
sur l'union sociale canadienne pour le Québec, même s'il n'en est pas signataire. Tous concluent à une plus grande centralisation des pouvoirs a Ottawa, à un empiétement accru du gouvernement fédéral dans les champs de compétences des provinces et à l'imposition de
nouvelles contraintes dans de nombreux domaines, en particulier ceux de la santé, des services sociaux et de l'enseignement postsecondaire. Les auteurs y voient aussi la volonté du gouvernement fédéral de gérer la fédération en se prévalant de son pouvoir de dépenser plutôt que
chercher à élaborer des politiques sur des bases consensuelles. Le fédéralisme de coopération annoncé par Ottawa ne serait donc qu'un fédéralisme de façade.

In discussions of economics, governance, and society in the Nordic countries, “the welfare state” is a well-worn analytical concept. However, there has been much less scholarly energy devoted to historicizing this idea beyond its postwar emergence. In this volume, specialists from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland chronicle the historical trajectory of “the welfare state,” tracing the variable ways in which it has been interpreted, valued, and challenged over time. Each case study generates valuable historical insights into not only the history of Northern Europe, but also the welfare state itself as both a phenomenon and a concept.

The facility to obtain a detailed record of a late Victorian English Board School building was presented by a condition of planning consent in Wellingborough, in 2017, prior to its conversion for residential use. An integral part of the record has been to place the building into its historical context. In this instance the historical account is presented as a case study of the foundation of elementary school education for working class children in a rapidly expanding industrial borough during the late nineteenth century; a microcosm of nationwide occurrences after the introduction of  Elementary Education Act in 1870. Essentially, for Wellingborough, the study is set against a lively local political backdrop, in which the Liberals of the day saw themselves in an uphill struggle against sectarian education, culminating in the construction of the Wellingborough Board Schools.

A fortuitous survival has been the official Log Book of the Victoria Infants School, which covers a period of 74 years, 1881-1955, and forms an essential ingredient to the study. Historic photographs are included by kind permission of the Wellingborough Castle Museum. The report provides a descriptive and illustrative account of the school building in its present ‘as found’ state, by means of photographic catalogue, scaled elevations and plans. Broad phases of development are identified.

The school, now a Grade II Listed Building, was designed by eminent Wellingborough architects, Messrs. Talbot Brown & Fisher. It was planned on the Central Hall System, flanked by the classrooms, each with a part-panelled glazed partition on its hall side, permitting the head mistress to simultaneously observe each classroom. The hall is particularly grand, lit by a pair of large round-arched windows at the west end and clerestoreys above the classrooms. At the east end there is a gallery with a stick balustrade. The roof has depressed arch braces and carved brackets. The plans and elevations in our report have been drawn by Design Board Architectural Services, with additions by Souterrain based on archaeological observations. The descriptive account augments the Historic England Listed Building entry and provides clarification of architectural features wherever appropriate. Of particular interest is a state-of-the-art smoke-consuming heating and ventilation system, whereby fresh air was drawn through external grilled vents at ground level, warmed by a heating apparatus in the basement and circulated throughout a network of flues installed in the classroom walls. The vitiated air was then extracted through flues to a ventilation turret on the roof; previously presumed to be a bell-cote.

This forthcoming article has been accepted for publication with French History, the journal of the Society for the Study of French History.

In recent years, historians have paid increasing attention to social welfare initiatives undertaken in post-World War II France to integrate Muslim Algerian migrants into French society and the legacies of these initiatives after decolonization. This article engages with this field of research by focusing on a topic it has largely ignored-the so-called "problem" of the integration of Muslim youth. The central point of focus is the Centre d'Accueil Nord-Africain (CANA), a private welfare association founded in Marseille in 1950 that well into the mid-1970s considered the integration of male Muslim North African youth its central objective. In exploring the origins and operations of the CANA over a roughly twenty-five year period, this article offers new insights into issues of continuity and change related to the target, approach and objectives of integrationist social welfare for Muslim North Africans in France before and after decolonization.