History of Private Life

Предметом статьи является частная жизнь профессоров Казанского университета второй половины XIX в. Рассматриваются влияние служебной деятельности профессоров на конструирование частной жизни, особенности внутрисемейных отношений и воспитания детей.

Quando Philippe Ariès publicou as obras sobre a história da atitude humana perante a morte e os sentimentos dos adultos para com as crianças, provocou uma verdadeira supressa entre os historiadores, até a esse momento, estes estavam pouco habituados a considerar tais assuntos como objeto de estudo. Rapidamente surgiram adeptos entusiásticos das suas ideias acerca da história dos sentimentos humanos, como críticos que não se deixaram de convencer por ela, ou que consideravam discutíveis as suas interpretações dos fenómenos detetados. Mas o número dos entusiásticos aumentou rapidamente, “depressa apareceram os que se deixaram seduzir pelo interesse de explorar os vestígios do passado com novos olhos e novas interrogações, alargando assim os horizontes da historiografia especializada”.1
Nos primeiros anos da década de 80 do século XX, Ariès decidiu reunir um vasto grupo de colaboradores para com ele publicar uma História da Vida Privada dedicada não só à idade média, como também para as outras épocas. “Ao adoptar este amplo tema como área de investigação, propunha, implicitamente, (…) englobar não só outros aspectos da evolução dos sentimentos além dos suscitados pela morte e a infância, mas também todo o comportamento humano.”2 Esta obra viria a ser publicada em 1985, pela editora Seuil em cinco volumes, chegando a sua tradução portuguesa em 1990. Tornou-se rapidamente num grande sucesso editorial. Desde então para cá, “apesar de as suas perspectivas serem algo limitadas, pelo facto de se basearem predominantemente em fontes francesas, por alguns dos artigos proporem interpretações um tanto hesitantes ou insuficientemente fundamentas, (…) veio a tornar-se uma obra de regência imprescindível; diríamos, quase, uma Bíblia, para todos os historiadores que se interessam por questões relacionadas com as mentalidades.”3
Apesar do carácter exploratório, fragmentário ou incompleto, a História da Vida Privada dirigida por Georges Duby, constitui, no seu conjunto, “um repositório notável de ideias, de problemática, de informações significativas, de modelos de investigação, e de dados devidamente enquadrados em contextos históricos concretos”4 com muita informação válida.
Face ao enorme sucesso da obra publicada, por Georges Duby, surgiram em Portugal, pela mesma altura, vários estudos parcelares sobre determinados temas que a obra revolucionária francesa abrangia. No entanto, só em 2010 é que seria publicada uma síntese equivalente à já clássica História da Vida Privada de Georges Duby. A História da Vida Privada em Portugal, da direção de José Mattoso, é uma obra de referência para a historiografia portuguesa, constitui uma coletiva muito ampla e diversa, para ela colaboraram os principais investigadores dos temas correspondentes. O primeiro volume dedicado à idade média, coordenado pelo professor Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa, abrange diversos temas, desde o espaço urbano e o espaço rural; a casa; o paço; a família: o léxico; a família: estruturas de parentesco e casamento; a festa – a convivialidade; marginalidade e marginais; o nome; a alimentação; a criança, a mulher, a sexualidade; o corpo, a saúde e a doença (objeto de análise deste ensaio); o sagrado, devoções e religiosidade; a morte e o além; memórias. Ou seja, temas destinados à vida privada. Assim como a obra de Georges Duby e Philippe Ariès, os artigos apresentados na obra História da Vida Privada em Portugal a Idade Média, não oferecem respostas completas, seguras e definitivas “São o resultado de sondagens incipientes de investigadores especializados em certas áreas”5. Isto deve-se sobretudo à “escassez de fontes medievais verdadeiramente apropriadas para o estudo da vida privada”6.
O corpo, a saúde e a doença, objetos deste ensaio, inserem-se na história da vida privada. Referentemente a este tema, a obra de Georges Duby e Phillipe Ariès, não contem nenhum capítulo dedicado a estas temáticas. Por isso, e em parte, para a realização deste ensaio, irei-me basear unicamente e exclusivamente em obras de autores portugueses.
As obras em que me debrucei foram três: História da Vida Privada em Portugal a Idade Média (o capítulo dedicado ao corpo, a saúde e a doença foi escrito por José Mattoso); Fragmentos de uma Composição Medieval E Outros textos, nesta obra José Mattoso tem um capítulo dedicado à saúde corporal e saúde mental na idade média portuguesa; A Sociedade Medieval Portuguesa Aspetos de Vida Quotidiana, nesta obra Oliveira Marques tem um capítulo dedicado à higiene e saúde.
Assim como José Mattoso, no capítulo dedicado ao corpo, a saúde e a doença, inserido na obra História da Vida Privada em Portugal a Idade Média, também eu, irei dividir o tema, o corpo a saúde e a doença em subcapítulos.
Sendo esses: O Corpo Ideal; O corpo e a alma: o sujo e o limpo; Corpo pecador; O corpo, espelho da alma; O corpo em si mesmo; O corpo doente/a saúde (expus a matéria destes num só subcapítulo).

La foule des objets et des gestes qui sont au cœur du quotidien des Bayonnais du XVIIIe siècle, par delà une apparente banalité, constitue un monde fascinant, qui en dépit de la pesanteur de certains héritages, connaît des évolutions notables. Son étude, à la croisée de l’anthropologie et de l’histoire de la consommation, améliore notre compréhension du fonctionnement de la société bayonnaise, tout en nous permettant d’accéder à des pans entiers d’une mentalité urbano portuaire. Cette étude d’histoire urbaine, à l’heure où les acteurs du développement local s’ingénient à mettre en valeur le patrimoine bayonnais, souhaiterait également être une modeste contribution à la connaissance de celui-ci, par une mise en perspective sur la longue durée. Quant à l’amoureux curieux de Bayonne gageons qu’il trouvera dans ces pages l’occasion d’un voyage à la rencontre d’une vie quotidienne perdue.
Habiter et consommer à Bayonne au XVIIIe siècle. Eléments d’une culture matérielle urbaine
Frédéric Duhart
L’Harmattan
2001
Paris, France
Serie :  Collection Villes et entreprises
288 p.
ISBN 2-7475-0319-4
Prix / Premio /Award: Ville de Bayonne/Eusko Ikaskuntza 2001

This article analyses the account books of two bourgeois couples written in Lyon and Crest during the second half of the nineteenth century. Each of the couples of the Guérin-Borel family maintained two registers that describe their expenditures over a long period of time opening an unusual lens onto the evolution of gender identity throughout a lifetime. The article shows how each writer modified the nature of their consumption and their accounting records to reflect changes in their social status as well as to suit evolutions in their daily life. The distinction between feminine and masculine roles also fluctuates over time. During their teenage years they learned to assimilate their future social roles as entrepreneur, housewife or lander owner. Upon marriage, the couples divided their tasks according to their needs. Upon the death of their spouse, the men took on domestic duties to maintain the daily order. In this respect, the longue durée, belies the permanence of gender roles in accounting.

The objective of this work is to enhance the cognitive abilities of an agent robot (ARb), a model of a human. This article considers a new approach to ARb simulation, consisting of the utilization of a direct analogy between the functions of specific organs of the human brain/head and the "brain/head" of a model, between the life of a human and the "life" of a model. The model of a Homo Sapiens is constructed as an intellectual agent integrated with a humanoid robot. The task set is to construct an ARb that must be able to read and write, to understand its situation in the world, the meaning of its actions, and the semantics of the text it processes. An ARb achieves the high cognitive abilities mentioned above because, like a human, from the moment of its "birth" it learns a natural language, first and foremost such as the names of objects and phenomena it sees and recognises. It is proposed that an ARb will be taught, including language teaching, in a group of both fellow robots and humans, under the tutelage of a teacher. The growth of the cognitive abilities of an ARb is also achieved thanks to the evolution of a "population of reproducing agents" (our article [1]). For "reproduction", it is proposed that we should separate the "private life" of an ARb from its operating functions ("service"), i.e. to separate the "private" and the "service" spheres in the ARb software. KEYWORDS agent robot, "making sense", learning in a group, the ability to "read and write", "reflections", "private life"

Artykuł jest zapisem wywiadu, jaki dla czytelników czasopisma o nazwie SMS (Stylowy Magazyn Studencki) przeprowadziła red. Justyna Sapeta (chyba też studentka). W zmierzeniu była to próba zaprezentowania autora w kontekście prywatnym (rodzina, wycieczki itp.), ale w tekście znalazło się też sporo uwag dotyczących pracy naukowej, radości dokonywania odkryć i konieczności stawiania sobie coraz bardziej ambitnych zadań.

The appearance of portrait miniature is traditionally dated back to the 16th century, though the background for this specific type of portrait can be found both in the history of medal-making and in the medieval illuminated manuscripts. But it was the 16th century which saw the flowering of miniature as a portrait genre, caused mainly by the strengthening of secularism in art. The Reformation processes occurring in Europe at the time also influenced the genesis of forms, techniques, and styles of portrait miniatures. This paper focuses on the factors (related to the Reformation) which affected the formation of the miniature, the English miniature in particular. New images and new perspectives of a model were embodied in the works of such artists as Hans Holbein and Nicholas Hilliard. The rise of the portrait miniature as a new type of portrait, its features, and uniqueness of its properties are explained through the study and analysis of certain political, social, and cultural aspects of the Reformation movement, their contradictions, and combinations in the art of the Early Modern England.

Master thesis in Libraries and Patrimonial Collections (UB) about the catalan artist Apeles Mestres and his eighteen sketchbooks guarded by the Historical City Archive of Barcelona. It has been determined an analysis of their archival treatment and also the contents. Finally, through an historical perspective, tries to explain the results of the analysis relating the personal experiences of the artist towards the pairing private life - public life.

Стамбена архитектура представља значајан извор за анализу развоја модерног друштва и архитектуре у међуратном Београду. Специфичан тип просторне организације станова и уређења ентеријера током треће и четврте деценије двадесетог века у великој мери одсликава свакодневни грађански живот. Централну просторију у ентеријеру чинио је салон, који је служио за примање гос-тију, представљајући јавни репрезентативни одељак у оквиру приватног животног простора. Салон, заједно с трпезаријом, често је био опремљен луксузним намештајем и предметима чија је сврха била да укажу на интелектуални и материјални статус власни-ка. Салони су били места окупљања интелектуалне елите Београда и одржавања бројних културних догађаја, попут књижевних и музичких вечери. Ово истраживање јавности приватног простора представља допринос разумевању развоја стамбене архитектуре, ентеријера и намештаја у Београду током међуратног периода. кључне речи: ентеријер, архитектура, Београд, 1918–1941, приватност, јавност
abstract: The residential architecture is an important source for the study of the development of modern society and architecture in interwar Belgrade. A specific way of spatial organization of the apartments and their interior design in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century essentially reflect the everyday life. The central room was the lounge where guests were received, serving as a representative public space within the private living one. The lounge, together with the dining room, was often equipped with luxurious furniture and items intended to display the intellectual and social status of the owner. In these lounges Belgrade's intellectual elite gathered; numerous cultural events were organized there, like literary and music evenings. Research on turning private space into a public one represents a contribution to the understanding of the development of residential architecture, interior and furniture in Belgrade during the interwar period.

This article takes into consideration the notion of history as a social construct and interprets (oral) epic poetry as a historical narrative, i.e. a manner in which collective experience and identity are constituted narratively. After a brief review of the relation between oral epic poetry and national history (especially concerning the classical corpus of Serbian oral epic poetry), the attention centers on an analysis of post-folklore (author) epic chronicles, which are shown to be created (thematically, and at the level of the past’s conceptualization) as narratives between “small” and “large” histories. Some of the represented subjects can be interpreted as “canonical” for epic poetry (wars, battles etc.), and thus, unsurprisingly, they project the (collective/national/trans-national) history as heroic (also reflecting the interaction of the domains of communicative and cultural memory). In such a context, as the author shows, the individual, subjective experience does not remain independent from the introduced broader historical-ideological framework, and is constructed both paradigmatically on the synchronous level (one in a series of similar ones) and on the level of linking with the paradigmatic chain of tradition (through direct references to the layers of the epic symbol fund and the epically projected mythical history, or implicitly, through a repetition of situational models). Various types of chronicles that share an orientation towards the interpretation of the past (whether relevant for the broader or the narrower collective, family, or even merely for the individual) also display intersections of the individual and the collective memory. The final part of the text indicates the consequences of shits in the transmission and reception manner in the age of medial culture, which enables those texts that are primarily linked to the domain of family traditions to achieve relevance for a broader circle of bearers of the epic tradition. his phenomenon is also illuminated by the introduction of the recipients’ perspective (via the transcripts of field work conversations) which shows the complexity of the text decoding and reception processes (including various levels of context: author-performer-text and its performance, broader ideological context).

THE ENGLISH CLOSET took on many new shapes and functions as it proliferated in the long eighteenth century. It had origins in sixteenth-century palace apartments designed in enfilade: the lockable room at the end of a series of adjoining chambers had been crucial to the performance and consolidation of absolute power in the Tudor and early Stuart courts. In these secluded places, kings and queens could store valuables and special documents, read, write, or pray alone, and exchange confidences with their most trusted courtiers. Yet closets proved remarkably resilient over the next two centuries, even as power drifted away from the court. In the houses of people of quality and, increasingly, those of the middling sort, private rooms served as prayer closets, cabinets of curiosity, dressing rooms, libraries, art galleries, and impromptu bedrooms; and merging with the bath or privy, closets were transformed into bathing closets, closets of ease, outdoor privies known as earth closets and, eventually, water closets. While multiplying and morphing in material culture, these intimate spaces also made significant appearances in all kinds of writing. The closet was, for example, a metaphor for the space of the mind in empirical philosophy, a symbol of female vanity in satirical poetry, and a setting for introspection, sexual intrigue, and letter writing in fiction. Along with its close cousin, the cabinet, the closet also gave a name and an implicit structure to hundreds of miscellanies or anthologies in eighteenth-century England, from how-to books like The Golden Cabinet of Useful Knowledge to recipe and remedy books like The Queen-Like Closet. Eighteenth-Century Literature and the Culture of the Closet is a course that I developed to explore the functional, narrative, and symbolic roles closets played in eighteenth-century life and literature. Focusing on discourses and practices of the closet especially helps to illuminate the changing parameters of privacy in the period and the centrality of this category to concurrent developments in politics, religion,