History of Anthropology

Western socio-cultural anthropologists ventured into European lands in different periods of time. This 'expansion' started in the Mediterranean and Alpine regions. Central and Eastern European socialist countries represent another 'time zone' in this kind of research interests. For political reasons fieldwork there was possible later, first in Yugoslavia, later on in Romania and then in Hungary and Poland. Anthropologists encountered local ethnologists and exchange of ideas between these two groups of scholars started practically after the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Presently intensified collaborations generate various forms of research activities, which are presented with reference to Poland.

Beginning with observations of the photographic material of the Čipaya of Carangas, published by Alfred Métraux, this paper is concerned with the temporal dimension conveyed in one of the first ethnographies of this indigenous population inhabiting the highlands of Bolivia. In recent years, it has been stated that Métraux’s engagement with the Andes acted out on two different levels, oscillating between love and hate. Reappraisal of the various ethnographic writings he devoted to the Čipaya in relation with other works, early and more recent, questions the existence of such a distinction, allowing us to transcend the dichotomy between “past” and “present”, that dilemma faced by all ethnographies.

Zora Hurston tornou-se amplamente conhecida na literatura norte-americana como romancista. Seus personagens, principalmente os femininos, opunham-se diretamente às representações estereotipadas de afro-americanos. Contudo, poucos sabem que a aclamada escritora também se graduou e realizou pesquisas de campo em antropologia, sob a orientação de Franz Boas. Este ensaio bibliográfico apresenta uma síntese da vida e da obra de Zora Hurston, a partir da análise de seu primeiro manuscrito, datado de 1931. Por quase noventa anos, Barracoon permaneceu inédito. Assim como a originalidade e o pioneirismo de Zora Neale Hurston, cuja obra ainda é pouco conhecida entre os antropólogos brasileiros.

In 1947, a small unite for ethnographic research (sektori i etnografisë) was established within the newly founded Institute of Science in post-WWII Albania. Over time, ethnography was established as a scientific discipline producing its own discourses on the material and non-material culture of the Albanians. Within the historical context defined by one of the harshest dictatorships installed under the banner of communist ideology of Eastern Europe, Albanian ethnographers continuously created and shaped their own research topics to respond accordingly to the totalitarian state understanding of culture and society's past, present and future. After the fall of communism, Albanian ethnology articulated "itself" through freedoms and uncertainties. The latter context engenders a dual nature. Uncertainty, on one hand, seems to reflected on a "paradigmatic" level as a result of (a)the critical re-evaluations of the ethnological knowledge produced during communism; (b) the widening of both theoretical questions and research issues; (c) the opening of ethnological knowledge to national and international audiences. While this

The dawn of Polish relations and work dedicated to the cultures of the New World dates back to the 17th century. Despite being few and far between, they have been recorded forever in the bibliography of the Americanists. We can mention here Krzysztof Arciszewski and his letters or reports on the Tapuja Indians from the Amazon. The history of Poland from the 18th through the 19th centuries witnessed several waves of emigration and individual "travels" to the Americas. Among the numerous emigrants were many scientists and intellectuals. Some of them undoubtedly contributed to the development of American studies in the field of archaeology and anthropology. Ignacy Domeyko, Paweł E. Strzelecki or Władyslaw Kluger, among others, should be mentioned here. From the 19th and in the 20th centuries, the Polish played an active role in the development of modern science and the contemporary methodologies of American studies. Some primary examples include works by Józef Siemiradzki or Jerzy Loth. With the 20th century, Polish contributions to the archaeology and anthropology of the Americas grew steadily. Today, despite several objective obstacles, the Polish are conducting more and more independent and cooperative scientific projects in the New World. The publications have drawn the attention of the scientific community and have aroused public interest (for example, National Geographic grants in Peru and Guatemala). It should be underlined that the additional growing interest in American studies among Polish students provides an optimistic outlook for the future. Resumen Los primeros relatos y trabajos polacos dedicados a las culturas del Nuevo Mundo datan del siglo XVII. Pese a que al principio eran más bien escasos, dejaron una huella indeleble en la historia de los estudios latinoamericanos mundiales. A modo de ejemplo puede mencionarse la figura de Krzysztof Arciszewski y sus cartas-relatos sobre los indios del grupo Tapuja de la Amazonia. La suerte de la Polonia de los siglos XVIII a XIX fue origen de varias olas de emigración y muchas "salidas" particulares con destino, entre otros, a ambas Américas. Entre los emigrantes había numerosos investigadores e intelectuales, una parte de ellos contribuyó indudablemente al desarrollo de los estudios americanos por lo que se refiere a la antropología y arqueología. En este sentido merece la pena recordar, por ejemplo, a Ignacio Domeyko, Paweł E. Strzelecki, o Władysław Kluger. A caballo de los siglos XIX y XX muchos polacos participaron en la definición de los fundamentos científicos y la metodología de los estudios americanos. A este respecto deben recordarse las figuras y los trabajos de Józef Siemiradzki y Jerzy Loth. El siglo XX es la época de un interés y participación creciente de los polacos en los proyectos de investigación desarrollados en el Nuevo Mundo. Hoy día, a pesar de múltiples obstáculos objetivos, los polacos realizan más de una decena de proyectos arqueológicos, bien de manera autónoma, bien en colaboración con investigadores de otros países. Las publicaciones basadas en los resultados conseguidos alcanzan un reconocimiento cada vez mayor por parte del mundo universitario y el público general. Un ejemplo de ello puede ser el Grant NG concedido para los proyectos de investigación en Peru y Guatemala. Al mismo tiempo en Polonia se observa un aumento del número de estudiantes que acceden a la titulación de arqueológia del Nuevo Mundo, lo cual abre excelentes perspectivas para el futuro.

Resumen. Este artículo analiza las inscripciones visuales de las alteridades históricas, abordando los modos en que los indígenas latinoamericanos han sido representados por medio de la cámara fotográfica en diferentes momentos del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Es un estudio teórico donde se analizan los retratos de los "botocudos" en el Museo de Historia Natural de París (1844) a la luz del paradigma raciológico. Se exploran los criterios de cientificidad del retrato etnológico y sus formas de convivencia con el retrato costumbrista de fines comerciales, presentando las discusiones de los etnólogos en torno a la fotografía y los métodos etnográficos. Asimismo, se revisan las imágenes de los "fundadores" de la fotografía mapuche en Chile (1886, 1890), y se contrastan con otras formas de inscripción y codificación visual: la de los vencidos en el Museo de La Plata (1885) y la de una raza que se moderniza en el proyecto mapuche anglicano (1903). Se da cuenta de múltiples y diferentes miradas coloniales en las que, sin embargo, subsisten dos categorías como sustrato iconográfico, la de raza y etnia en tanto que marcaciones de alteridad. Dichas categorías constituyeron el fundamento epistemológico para este tipo de fotografías.

Abstract. This article analyzes the visual inscriptions of historical alterities, approaching the ways in which the indigenous peoples of Latin America have been represented through the camera at different times in 19th and early 20th centuries. It is a theoretical study that explores "botocudos's" portraits by E. Thiesson (1844) and the racial paradigm by Étienne Serres in National Museum of Natural History (Paris); the ethnological portrait's scientific standards and the "costumbrist" and commercial's portrait, presenting the discussions of the ethnologists about photography and ethnographic methods. Likewise, the images of the "Founders" of Mapuche's photography in Chile (1886, 1890) are reviewed and contrasted with other forms of visual inscription, those of the vanquished at La Plata Museum (1885) and the Anglican-Mapuche project (1903) as modernization of a race. There are many and different colonial perspectives in which, but nevertheless, two categories subsist as an iconographic substratum, race and ethnicity as markers of alterity. Both categories were the epistemological bases for those types of photography.

Christian Bromberger, professore emerito di etnologia presso l’Università di Aix-Marsiglia, dalle sue ampie e prolungate inchieste etnografiche tra le coste del Mediterraneo e l’Iran ha elaborato teorie sul trattamento della pelosità, sulle società mediterranee e sulla passione popolare per il calcio. Leggendo una campionatura della sua produzione – oltre 200 tra saggi e volumi – è possibile farsi un’idea del suo approccio ‘di scala’ che può indicare nuove strade e soluzioni ermeneutiche. Ispirato da Leroi-Gourhan, Lévi-Strauss e Germaine Tillion, egli ambisce a comprendere passato e futuro da un punto di osservazione ‘stretto’, che però contiene un’apertura orizzontale, comprensiva delle interazioni tra paesi e città, tra regioni e nazioni, tra il tempo e le generazioni, tra il cambiamento degli stili di vita, delle case e dei mezzi di locomozione, dei modi di presentarsi in pubblico e in privato. L’osservazione è restituita attraverso una molteplicità di dati e di descrizioni miste (emiche ed etiche) che rappresentano la complessità culturale in modo ampio e stratificato. Come fanno i folkloristi, Bromberger esamina le ‘passioni ordinarie’ (superstizioni, regimi corporei e alimentari, forme dell’abitare, modi festivi); ma, a differenza dei folkloristi, la dimensione considerata da Bromberger è ampia, e realizza un’antropologia dei mondi contemporanei.

This essay, while not a “fine chapter of patriotic service," does contribute toward an anthropological history of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW; also known officially as Carnegie Institution or CI). The CIW (also referred to here as "the Carnegie") was founded, with a deed of $IO million in steel stock in I902, as a research institute during the formative period of US science.1 The CIW participated in the general emergence of a public sphere that was driven by the great philanthropic foundations and initiatives of the first decades of the 20th century. It was part of the ...