Geoparks

Este trabalho apresenta o projecto de doutoramento em que se pretende analisar a importância dos serviços ecossistémicos , em especial dos geossistémicos, relacionados com o património geomorfológic o, os geoparques e o geoturismo, procurando comparar casos nas realidades portuguesa e brasileira. Assim, os principais objetivos deste doutoramento serão a identificação dos Serviços Ecossistémicos dos Geoparques Arouca (Portugal) e Araripe (Brasil ), bem como a avaliação dos benefícios que proporcionam em termos de desenvolvimento local. Os Serviços Ecossistemicos são agrupados de acordo com a sua contribuição para o bem-estar humano em Serviços de Provis ão, Regulação, Culturais e de Suporte com base na Avaliação Ecossistémica do Milênio, marco histórico nos estudos referente ao tema, sendo esta classificação aceite e utilizada pela maioria dos pesquisadores quando se trata de Serviços Ecossistemicos. Outros autores, em especial Gray (2013), traz outra categoria de serviços denominada de Serviço de Conhecimento e que também tem sido bastante utilizado, principalmente , nos estudos relacionados aos serviços geossistemicos. Os Geoparques , são espaços geograficamente delimitados com geoatributos de grande valor internacional e que, além da conservação dos seus geossítios, têm a função de promoção do desenvolvimento local sustentável das comunidades envolvidas. Estas áreas oferecem uma grande variedade de serviços Ecossistemicos, sendo os culturais, de regulação e do conhecimento os mais expressivos. De acordo com a classificação Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services ( CICES) e com o método de valoração da chamada "Disposição A Pagar" (DAP) pelos serviços Ecossistémicos fornecidos, procurar-se-á não só identificar , como também, avaliar estes serviços. Para este efeito, além de dados retirados da bibliografia, será realizado trabalho de campo e serão feitos inquéritos aos utilizadores dos Geoparques (Geoturismo), assim como entrevistas ao stakeholders regionais e locais. Serão considerados dois grupos de stakeholders para melhor eficiência da metodologia adotada: o dos dirigentes locais e os representantes do governo, para o qual se optou por entrevistas semiestruturadas, e o de representantes locais associados a diferentes setores de atividades voltadas aos parques, personalidades locais, formadores de opinião e representantes de ONGs, no qual a metodologia consistirá em Workshop participativo. Indiferentemente da metodologia usada, as seguintes questões deverão ser respondidas: quais dados socioeconómicos dos entrevistados? Quais os Serviços Ecossistémicos ofertados pelos geoparques e a ordem de relevância destes para o bem-estar dos participantes? Qual a disposição a pagar por estes serviços? Quais os benefícios promovidos pelos geoparques no desenvolvimento local? E quais os principais beneficiários dos Serviços Ecossistémicos ofertados? Entre outras a serem definidas. Será feita uma análise comparativa entre os geoparques nos dois países, no sentido de perceber se os benefícios oferecidos são influenciados por diferenças geográficas, políticas , de gestão ou outras. Também serão elaborados mapas temáticos para um melhor entendimento dos resultados. Espera-se com a pesquisa discutir os aspectos teórico-metodológicos da relação entre património geomorfológico e Serviços Ecossistémicos e, particularmente, um melhor conhecimento dos valores que a sociedade está disposta a pagar por estes serviços quando oferecidos pelos geoparques. Para além do interesse teórico inerente ao desenvolvimento da tese de douto ramento, pretende­ se também um trabalho aplicado, ou seja, oferecer suporte às políticas de ordenamento do território, gestão do turismo e conservação da diversidade natural das regiões de estudo.

UNESCO promotes geoconservation through various programs intended to establish an inventory of geologically and geomorphologically significant features worldwide that can serve as an important database to understand the Earth’s global geoheritage. An ultimate goal of such projects globally is to establish geoparks that represent
an integrated network of knowledge transfer opportunities, based on a specific array of geological and geomorphological sites able to graphically demonstrate how the Earth works to the general public. In these complex geoconservation and geoeducational programs, the identification of significant geological and geomorphological features is very important. These are commonly referred to as ‘geosites’ or ‘geomorphosites’, depending on whether the feature or processes the site demonstrates is more geological or geomorphological, respectively. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an extraordinary place due to its arid climate and therefore perfect exposures of rock formations. The Kingdom is also home to extensive volcanic fields, named “harrats” in Arabic, referring particularly to the black, basaltic lava fields that dominate the desert landscape. Current efforts to increase awareness of the importance of these volcanic fields in the geological landscape of Arabia culminated in the first proposal to incorporate the superbly exposed volcanic features into an integrated geoconservation and geoeducation program that will hopefully lead to the development of a geopark named, “The Harrat Al Madinah Volcanic Geopark”.
Here we describe one of the extraordinary features of the proposed Harrat Al Madinah Volcanic Geopark, namely a steep lava spatter cone formed during a historical eruption in 1256 AD.

Kula Volcanic Geopark is the one of the areas that are rarely seen in Turkey’s young volcanics. Kula Volcanic Geopark is distinguished from other areas in the geopark nature in Turkey with its membership of the Global Geoparks Network. Although the geopark has a global visibility on the World, it isn’t well known in Turkey. The
lack of a legislation covering the entire area and a planning work to provide field management have prevented the sustainable use of Kula Volcanic Geopark. The geo-park, which is in a position to provide the conditions required for the network to become a member of the Global Geoparks Network, will be able to fulfill these requirements with this planned management. In this study, some proposals will be brought in order to ensure the planned management and sustainability of the Kula Volcanic Geopark’s in protection-use balance.

Contemporary tourism development shows a shift of tourism demand towards highly specialized and sustainable tourism forms. This arises from the expanding environmental awareness among tourists and providers of tourism services during the last decade. Tourism destinations become more and more oriented towards attracting tourists who pursuit services and products of higher quality. On the other hand, destinations tend to facilitate the protection of natural and cultural tourism resources from excessive exploitation and devastation that arises from the saturation during a concentrated and relatively short tourism season. That can only be achieved through diverting the strategic developmental directions of tourism from the traditional "mass-tourism" forms towards new and more sustainable types of tourism. Such an example is the region of the National Park "Galicica" in the Ohrid area in the Republic of Macedonia. This region represents the most developed tourism region in the country with numerous quality natural and cultural resources concentrated on a relatively small area as well as the highest number of registered tourists' visits. Therefore, a real threat exists from the tourists that visit the region themselves, as well as the actions from the tourism offer to satisfy their needs. One of these tourism types that are based on sustainable development and that show great potential for development in this region represents geo-tourism. This type of tourism can be a great opportunity for developing a quality tourism brand.

En el estado de Hidalgo se ubica la Comarca Minera, región geográfica de
gran importancia social y cultural, célebre por su riqueza geológica, minera y belleza natural que, desde por lo menos hace cuatro siglos, ha cautivado a sus visitantes e inspirado descripciones y representaciones en los ámbitos científico, literario, económico y artístico. Históricamente es una de las regiones más representativas de la cultura minera nacional que se ha mantenido activa desde hace 600 años, primero en la producción de la obsidiana y más tarde de metales, como el oro y la plata.

Ciletuh National Geopark region which administratively located in the District of Ciemas and Ciracap, Sukabumi, West Java province has a unique geodiversity and showed the oldest rocks in West Java. This area is the result of a collision of two different plates, namely: the Eurasian Plate (continental shelf) which is composed of granite (acidic), and the Indo-Australian Plate (oceanic plate) which is composed of basal (basaltic), which produces deep ocean sedimentary rocks (pelagic sediment), metamorphic rocks and alkaline igneous rocks up to ultramafic rocks. Because the geological characteristic that is not found in other places makes Ciletuh as National Geopark in Indonesia. In carrying out of the Geopark concept, supporting activities needed to operate sustainable economic activity in the form of Geotourism. Geotourism is a concept of special interest tours that focus on geological education.
The method used in this study were divided into three processes: starting with a literature study of research areas and conduct field research as a step inventory of geological sites (geosites), followed by data analysis to identify and classify the geological heritage sites by scoring techniques. The results of the analysis are used for making geotrek line in the Ciletuh region and Geotourism activities ratings that had implemented. A total of 29 geosites identified and classified with geoheritage value in low quality to outstanding. This assessment based on the aspect of scientific records and special geological phenomena or landform features for the purpose of education and research.
Furthermore, geosites are grouped in accordance with the meaning and morphology, namely: old rocks, geomorphology, fossils, sea caves, unique rock formations, waterfalls, and sedimentary structures as a basic substance in the manufacture of geotrek line. There are 3 Geotrek lines which has been adapted to the type of trip and geosites that have relevance, namely: The Magical of Ciletuh Amphitheater (The trip focuses on enjoying the morphology of Mega Amphitheatre Ciletuh), The Ciletuh Melange's Journey (The trip to learn about the oldest rocks in West Java) and the Spectacular of Ciletuh Bay (Sea lanes journey for enjoying a variety of different shapes of rocks in the Ciletuh Bay). In addition to the proposed geotrek activities, other activities supporting Geotourism has been run in this Geopark is: Geo sight-seeing activities on the geosites which focus on geomorphology activities (Panenjoan and Puncak Darma), Geosport activities such as parasailing and snorkeling, as well as Geofestival. Rate of Geotourism that has implemented in Ciletuh Geopark produce numbers 19-35 which showed moderate to good value for Geotourism activities and should be improved better for the future.


Keywords: Geoheritage, Geotourism, Geotrek, Ciletuh Geopark, West Java

El vulcanismo ha configurado los continentes del presente; asimismo, ha contribuido - durante las épocas geológicas - al cambio climático. El Parque Nacional Somma-Vesubio, al sur de Italia, integra la red de Reservas de Biosfera; es un laboratorio abierto donde se genera conocimiento y cuyos fines es lograr la conciliación entre el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y la conservación de la biodiversidad. El Vesubio es un volcán en actividad permanente, su erupción más conocida es aquella que sepultó - debajo toneladas de ceniza y lodo - a las ciudades de Pompeya y Herculano en el año 79 de nuestra era. El siguiente artículo trata, en términos generales, de los procesos naturales y culturales que motivan la visita del cráter del Vesubio y su entorno.