Geoheritage

Indonesia coal have the coal-forming material (plants) as well as the parameters that are relatively the same deposition conditions (tropical) although it is located in the sprawling region Indonesia with diverse geological conditions, hence Indonesia is one of the significant coal producer in the world. Research site located in Muara Wahau, East Kalimantan, including the Upper Kutai Basin. Coal bearing formation in the area of Muara Wahau is Wahau Formation Late Oligocene-Early Miocene age. Laboratory analyses was conducted using method coal microscopy observations to determine vitrinite reflectance random (Rr) and maceral composition as well as method of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine facies, organic compound (biomarker), maturity and precursor of plant Muara Wah au coal. Maceral composition of the Muara Wahau coal is dominated by vitrinite maceral group, ranging from 76% to 82.4.0%. Liptinite maceral group accounts 0.4%-1.8 %. The composition of inertinite maceral group ranges from 8% to 18.8%. Huminite reflectance of coal samples from Muara Wahau range from 0.44 to 0.45 Rr (%), according to huminite reflectance, all studied samples are low rank sub-bituminous coals. Maceral composition to detect coal bed methane potential. The presence of 2-series long chain n-alkane indicates the changes of peat forming facies condition from oxic condition (increasing odd carbon proportion) and anoxic condition (increasing even carbon proportion) Geological Outcrop along the Telen River and Wahau River, is the type local ity ofWahau Formations, should become a geology conservation area in Muara Wahau as Geoher itage and it is very interesting to study geology.

The objective of this paper is to present a view of the geoheritage of the Paraiba state south coast, northern Brazil, in order to insert potential sites in coastal geo touristic routes. For this, a mapping of this geoheritage was carried out through the inventory of sites with relevant value. This coast is part of a sedimentary basin that developed on a failed crystalline basement, whose Plio-Pleistocene reactivation resulted in a stepped substrate, and the terrain has coastal geo touristic potential from the point of view of its geoheritage. It was necessary a detailed study of the geoscientific literature of the area, besides a detailed field work, whose look about the physical substrate reflected the importance of this as a heritage element of space. The relief was fragmented into three major morpho sculptural units: coastal plains and tablelands, limited by the slopes, all with their potential sites, developed at various scales and presented herein. Coqueirinho Canyon, Tambaba Beach, Coqueirinho tombolo, the Coqueirinho cones of dejection and the Coqueirinho High Structural were identified as sites. It is therefore pertinent to interconnect this heritage to tourism in the area, so that more motivation arouses the interest of tourists, now turned to the bias of the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Slide 1 Title/Introduction
This is NGEN AST Cave Research (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
Hello everyone, my name is Stephen Daire, I am a Geographic Information Scientist & Technologist and an Underwater Evolutionary Anthropologist

Slide 2
I collaborate with Scouts, IIAS, 2G, NJSM, FUBAR, QRSS, IPA, and other groups on social & scientific developments promoting education, surveying, geoheritage awareness, & dive safety.
I aim to begin a PhD research fellowship in evolutionary anthropology, human factors, ocean engineering, quantum information, or astrobiology by 2020.
I enjoy hiking, producing fractal art, playing saxophone, harmonica, & bass.
Underwater caves provide unique research data & providing grounds to understand our planet through analogies
Between halocline (salt-fresh water mixing) & Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) effects on AST.
Subaquatic PSTAR is critical to HEDS AST for L2M success.
Science has observed:
1) 13.8 billion years Cosmic Background Radiation
2) 95% of Earth’s oceans remain unexplored
3) 99% of Earth’s caves remain unexplored.
4) 100% of extraplanetary caves remain unexplored.

Slide 3
We know too little about our own planet, we need to play catch up on the learning curve with immediate field research.
Global karst aquifers form 3D drainage systems underground as water dissolves minerals & stores in fractures.
The Yucatan Peninsula is a labyrinth of caves, to survey it all will take more than several human lifetimes of work & requires robotic assistance.
Researching & modeling the Chicxulub karst aquifer in situ informs climate resilience, promotes ‘Mothership’ Earth Systems Management, and promotes HEDS.
Regional remote sensing in terrestrial, karst, submarine, and aerial geophysical environmental analysis provided detailed reference for potential EVA discoveries on the Moon and Mars.
NGEN ULS PSTAR surveys on Earth provide references for field studies into conditions from impacts on the Moon and Mars.
This assists planning to locate natural resource, plan research features of interest, and improve HEDS and Earth's future.
GIST and PSTAR promotes procedures & new perspectives in environment-human-machine interactions for future AST R&D.

Slide 4
Improving AST for long-term human development and exploration of the solar system through utilitarian extravehicular activities (EVAs).
Survey missions have paved the way for future missions, next generation systems will go longer, farther, and deeper than their ancestors and may soon locate life in the growing presence of water on the red planet.
Diving with diver propulsion vehicles reduces work fatigue to reach sites, setting up the ULS takes time & patience,  as surface teams are out of communication.
ULS modeling is equivalent to localizing the exact point of sound origin on a single vibrating string, as all the stings of an orchestra simultaneously play.
Divers movements, chemicals in the water, and the physics of the ULS itself all interact and change the environment as it is scanned.
By surveying these environments and producing digital terrain models (DTMs) new developments are forwarded in various fields of sciences.
Pause for ULS-200 set up & Start scanning
These star systems of silt have remained untouched by humankind for ten thousand years or more providing niches for evolution, geophysics, and exploration at the undefined edges of the map.

Slide 5
ULS Scan During film

Slide 6
These veins of the Earth hold clues to its patient history, current health, and future prognoses. Geophysical photoplethysmogram is a volumetric light measurements of a water filled cave cavity system flow based on changes in light detection.
New discoveries are related to unique relationships between photons (quanta of light) and the natural environment that have yet to be discovered and researched.
Measurements of pulse of the Earth via Underwater Laser Scanners (ULS) to measure the hydrological rate of flow, chemical content, and lifestyle factors effects from the Earth inside and out.

Slide 7
Paleoclimatology studies assist smart cities planning for climate change resilience by studying cycles, scales, & variables in modeling current & future probabilities & uncertainties.
My reports, cave surveys, thesis, & Handbook of LSS & Extraterrestrial Environments Chapter: Working Outside of a Space Craft or Space Habitat are producing methodology improvements in high-fidelity AST extravehicular activity (EVAs) simulations, and AST toolkit production via Protean GIST Solutions PSTAR course for IIAS - PoSSUM Academy Project OTTER.
PMCs are growing in range & altitude, are composed of micro-meteorites & their formation began to occur after the eruption of Krakatoa volcano in the 1800s providing a natural model for climate change. PMCs are obstacles to orbital & suborbital space operation on Earth & Mars.
Prepare PODER
Slide 8
Underwater speleology expedites HEDS R&D in extraplanetary city development, bioregenerative LSS, 3D printing for EVA tools, space habitat needs, & planetary protections etiquette (PPE)
Drive PODER through the crowd.

Slide 9
Special thanks to our families, friends, Uncle Bradford Designs for spatial marker consultation, to Under the Jungle Dive Shop for Mission Support, Diving Caves for Guidance, & 2G Robotics for research support with the ULS-200.

INTRODUÇÃO A temática acerca do Patrimônio Natural é relativamente nova nas Geociências e não há unanimidade em sua definição e caracterização. A partir da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente Humano, realizado nos mês de junho de 1972, em Estocolmo, os problemas ambientais passaram a ser discutidos em uma escala amplificada e adentrando personagens que até então estavam secundarizados nesta pauta de discussões. Assim, em outubro e novembro do mesmo ano, em Paris, a temática ambientalista foi inserida na visão patrimonial do espaço, através da Convenção para a Proteção do Patrimônio Mundial, Cultural e Natural, sob a égide da UNESCO, onde os aspectos da natureza foram separados dos humano-culturais, pelo menos na prática, pois sabe-se que o re-conhecimento e proteção de uma cultura nacional se dá pela "integração dos elementos naturais e sus processo com as ações humanas, devido à identidade, sensibilidade e significados (religiosos, míticos, históricos, simbólicos, afetivos, entre outros)" (PINTO e OLIVEIRA FILHO, 2014, p. 23), estabelecidos entre o ser humano e a natureza. O Geopatrimônio (do inglês, 'Geoheritage') corresponde à porção abiótica do Patrimônio Natural, podendo ser subdividido em Patrimônio Geológico, Geomor-fológico, Pedológico e Hidrológico (RODRIGUES, 2009). Assim, neste trabalho, foi dissociado do patrimônio geológico, que consideramos corresponder a concei-tos complementares, mas distintos, sendo ambos enquadrados no patrimônio natural abiótico, conjuntamente com os elementos do património hidrológico e pedológico. O termo sítio foi introduzido nas Geociências por Panizza (2001), consistindo em uma porção do geopatrimônio que possui uma importância

Resumo: O Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, fundado em 1979 e sagrado Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO em 1991, foi demarcado com o intuito de proteger a biodiversidade local e o vasto patrimônio arqueológico, que oferece evidências da ocupação primitiva da América do Sul no Pleistoceno. A área, em clima semiárido e solo pouco propício para a agricultura, exibe índices de desenvolvimento social muito baixos. O turismo motivado pelo PNSC seria uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável, não fosse a falta de investimentos do governo em sua manutenção. Baseando-se essencialmente nos potenciais de uso turístico e educativo-sem, no entanto, olvidar o valor científico-, foi feito um inventário e análise de 30 sítios geológicos, localizados dentro e fora dos limites do parque. Espera-se que, aliados ao valor arqueológico do local, e devidamente valorizados e interpretados, esses sítios adicionem valor geológico à área, alavancando o geoturismo e auxiliando o desenvolvimento sustentável na região. Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento sustentável, geodiversidade, patrimônio geológico, Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, sítios geológicos. Abstract: The Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP) was founded in 1979 to protect the local biodiversity and archaeological heritage. Its archaeological sites, which provide evidence of the early human occupation of South America, motivated its status of UNESCO's World Heritage as of 1991. However, its establishment displaced families (many without compensation), and prevented them from the culturally-based use of the local natural resources. Under the semi-arid climate with long droughts and unfavorable soil for agriculture, the region exhibits low social development indices. Tourism motivated by SCNP could boost sustainable development, as much as deterioration of the park could be prevented, if the government invested more. In order to help boost tourism in the area with the addition of the geological value, an inventory of geological sites was carried out, resulting in a list of 30 sites, within and outside the limits of the park. The inventory mainly considered the tourist and educational potentials of the sites, but the scientific value was not neglected whenever it stood out. Provided the sites in the inventory are properly managed and promoted, they might provide a much-needed additional value that will help increase tourism in the region of Serra da Capivara, thus enhancing sustainable development there as well.

ABSTRACT Sasso di Castalda (20 km south of Potenza in the Southern Apennines thrust-belt) is a village situated on spectacular outcrops of Mesozoic rocks. In order to illustrate the peculiar stratigraphic and structural features of the area, a geological itinerary comprising 15 stops has been developed around the Sasso di Castalda village. The itinerary illustrates the Mesozoic stratigraphy of the deep-sea Lagonegro Basin in an area where the Triassic to Cretaceous evolution of the basin has been studied in great detail. Extensive exposure allows the observation of tectonic structures related to the Miocene to Pleistocene evolution of the Southern Apennine orogeny. The choice of Sasso di Castalda as the starting point for this itinerary is due to the following reasons: (1) the opportunity to observe the thick sedimentary infill of the Lagonegro Basin, within deeply incised natural sections where lithology, stratigraphical contacts and the geometry of the sedimentary bodies are magnificently exposed; (2) the opportunity to examine 3D-fold geometry at different scales; and (3) the opportunity to observe well-exposed post-orogenic faults crosscutting the earlier contractional structures. The itinerary can be used for school teaching purposes at different levels, as well as university courses. In addition, non-geologists frequently follow the itinerary, often guided by expert volunteers.

ABSTRACT Maars and tuff rings are some of the most common volcanic landforms on Earth. They are inferred to be the product of the explosive interaction between rising magma (mostly basaltic) and various groundwater sources or surface water bodies. Maar and tuff ring volcanoes are commonly associated with extensive scoria cone fields that are fed by dispersed volcanic vents, providing access to the surface for magma over a long period of time (thousands to millions of years’ timescale). The presence of maar and tuff ring volcanoes, therefore, is an important signifier of the availability of water from sub-surface and/or surface water sources. As environmental conditions change over time, the groundwater table, as well as surface water availability, can change dramatically and this is likely be reflected in the type of volcanoes formed on the surface. Such changes are the most graphic and visible in volcanic fields that are today located in arid environments, where the presence of young volcanoes formed through interactions with water demonstrates how the environment can change over geological timescales. Therefore, these areas have high geoeducational values and can contribute to our understanding of how external (water sources controlled by climatic factors) and internal (magmatic) forces can shape the style of volcanism of a volcanic field. Harrat Hutaymah is one of the excellent locations where there is great abundance of maars and tuff rings. They are located in an area dominated today by various types of deserts. Harrat Hutaymah, therefore, demonstrates the global geological changes that can affect the style of volcanism and hence the resulting volcanic landscape. The richness of the region in archaeological sites and early settlements indicates the importance of this region for the early evolution of civilizations in theMiddle East, which is likely to have been enhanced and/or modified by similar environmental changes over a much smaller timescale. Harrat Hutaymah provides a firm basis to demonstrate global changes through its volcanic heritage that are easily accessible and well exposed.

The municipality of João Pessoa and the south coast of Paraíba, admittedly, is a tourist destination for 3S (sand, sea and sun) market. It has a geomorphological, geological, pedological and hidrological heritage still little studied for geotourism purposes, whose contribution of this paper is to encourage discussions about this niche, yet incomplete, tourism, notably in the Paraíba State. The preliminary aim is to suggest potential sites that reflect the geodiversity of the area, with the aim of mapping the future of it, resulting the elaboration of a Geoturistic Guide of this coastal area. The geosedimentary history of the urban site of area dates back to the late moments of the separation of the supercontinent Pangea, forming the Paraiba basin. The urban development of geotourism in João Pessoa and surrondings is a dynamic way to publicize their geoheritage to a greater number of people, whether tourists or not, for it geoconservation. This practice still keeps its infancy, and the inventory of this geoheritage, as well as biotic and geomorphological heritage, with the intention of spreading the geosciences, it is necessary and is of huge importance to urban planning and management.

A relação entre o homem e o substrato geológico pode ser observada na paisagem que pode revelar as diferentes maneiras de apropriação cultural dos elementos da geodiversidade. Os produtos dessa relação registram, em alguns casos, trechos importantes da história humana, tornando-os patrimônios geoculturais de grande valor histórico, científico e turístico. O processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil colonial e imperial teve papel preponderante na produção do patrimônio geocultural de Minas Gerais, guardando traços de um período em que a geodiversidade ocupou função relevante para o crescimento econômico regional. Este período, conhecido como ciclo do ouro, deixou na paisagem vestígios da mineração de metais preciosos e da metalurgia em ruínas de construções rudimentares e coloniais. Estes vestígios integram significativamente a paisagem da Serra da Calçada, localizada na porção noroeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, importante pólo minerário nacional. A fim de compreender melhor o potencial geoturístico destas áreas, foi proposto um método de quantificação desses elementos que integram o patrimônio geoculturalbuscando auxiliar na tomada de decisões relacionada à sua valorização e à geoconservação. I ntr odução O desenvolvimento da humanidade foi responsável pela produção de uma paisagem cultural que, ao longo da evolução humana na Terra, deixou vestígios da apropriação de elementos da natureza para construção de bens culturais de variados períodos históricos. Estas impressões culturais, que segundo Santos (1978, 2004), compõe a morfologia da paisagem, onde os produtos de diferentes momentos históricos se cristalizam no espaço geográfico criando formas-objeto ou rugosidades. O evidente aspecto da ação humana sobre a crosta terrestre é principalmente a modificação do relevo. Peloggia (2005) apud Pereira (2010) aponta que as intervenções na paisagem natural tiveram início com o domínio do fogo e se intensificaram com o surgirmento das civilizações, provenientes da Revolução Neolítica. Na geologia esta ocasião marca o início do Tecnógeno, período em que o homem passou a exercer forte influência na dinâmica externa do planeta. Para Pereira (2010) no Tecnógeno a espécie humana passa a ser um agente geológico, disseminando um estilo de vida urbanizado, construindo paisagens com significativas transformações na superfície terrestre. Assim como ressaltam Nascimento e Scifoni (2010) & Bento (2012), a relação sociedade-natureza é responsável pela produção de dois tipos de objetos culturais que se expressam na paisagem: os materiais, que constituem as cidades, as edificações e as plantações; e os imateriais, correspondentes às festividades, crenças, lendas, tradições, aos símbolos, entre outros, sendo ambos concebidos por meio de uma construção social e histórica. Destarte, no contexto do processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil colonial e imperial, a paisagem teve forte influência da ação minerária no período conhecido como Ciclo do Ouro, deixando vestígios relevantes para se compreender a história do país. Este período histórico teve