Geoheritage

RESUMO: O crescente movimento de geoconservação tem, por um lado, o objetivo de salientar patrimônios geológicos pontuais, em geral em locais distantes das cidades, porém mostra-se, por outro, como uma metodologia de enculturação para os assuntos da Terra. O tema central deste trabalho aborda a possibilidade da conservação geológica em ambientes urbanos como método de enculturação. Salienta-se o papel da Geologia Urbana para a gestão ambiental das cidades, a qual está emoldurada pelo gigantismo urbano atual e suas relações com as esferas planetária e local. Dado o gigantismo urbano contemporâneo, coloca-se a necessidade de restabelecer-se elos cognitivos entre à dinâmica do planeta, da paisagem e dos cidadãos. Como as cidades capturam a atenção humana em demasia, cortando os elos com o ambiente natural, a possibilidade de se introduzir elementos das ciências da Terra no âmbito da cultura pode contribuir com a noção de que a civilização urbana contemporânea é parte do sistema Terra. ...

Chile posee características geológicas indiscutibles que sirven de ayuda y son un gran soporte en el conocimiento de la historia de nuestro país. Actualmente han emergido nuevos campos, como el Patrimonio Geológico, en donde además del valor económico de un recurso o lugar, se considera su valor científico y cultural.
De esta manera, el estudio y la iniciativa de la geoconservación surge como una necesidad de la sociedad por entender, proteger y preservar el patrimonio natural que nos rodea. En varios países se han logrado grandes avances en el reconocimiento del patrimonio geológico y en la divulgación de este a través de la creación de geoparques. Pese a esto, en Chile el estado es aún incipiente respecto al conocimiento del patrimonio geológico y su geoconservación.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en la elaboración de un catálogo de geositios (lugares de interés geológicos “LIG”), estos lugares son claves para descubrir y comprender la historia geológica de la zona, de la comuna de Romeral, sector Los Queñes. La elaboración de este catálogo es un paso fundamental en cualquier estrategia de geoconservación y en el establecimiento de prioridades en la gestión de los sitios de interés. De esta manera este estudio busca aportar al conocimiento del patrimonio geológico y geodiversidad de la Región del Maule.
La identificación de estos geositios se desarrolló a través de la búsqueda y reconocimiento de lugares de interés geológico a partir de su alto valor científico, ecológico, didáctico y estético, pudiendo identificar 15 LIG. Posteriormente, los LIG identificados se evaluarán a partir de su potencialidad de uso y necesidad de protección para determinar las estrategias a seguir en su posterior gestión.
De los 15 lugares identificados, 10 fueron seleccionados como potenciales geositios. Los 10 lugares fueron caracterizados y clasificados para precisar su valor patrimonial geológico. Luego se caracterizaron y se realizó un ranking con los resultados obtenido con el fin de identificar los geositios con mayor potencialidad de uso y a su vez vulnerables, de esta manera se propusieron estrategias de conservación, divulgación y monitoreo que se ajustan a las características y necesidades de los sitios escogidos.

O geopatrimónio inclui todos os elementos naturais abióticos (emersos ou submersos) que devem ser preservados devido ao seu valor patrimonial. O património hidrológico, pela sua enorme importância, não deve ser ignorado necessitando de mais investigação ao nível dos conceitos e da aplicação. Este capítulo pretende clarificar os conceitos relacionados com o geopatrimónio, o património hidrológico e o geoturismo, com vista a incentivar a sua pesquisa em ambientes rurais e urbanos. Só assim será possível caminhar na realização de um inventário do património hidrológico português.
O património hidrológico urbano tem vindo a suscitar o interesse dos investigadores em geopatrimónio e geoturismo, podendo oferecer roteiros turísticos urbanos que complementem outros valores abióticos e culturais procurados pelo crescente turismo nas cidades. Também a cidade de Lisboa possui interessante património hidrológico em vias de levantamento e publicação.

Geotourism consists of an activity that is located at the interface of nature tourism and cultural tourism, as it can develop in both natural and rural environments as well as in urban environments, disclosuring and promoting geodiversity and its geoheritage in a strict sense or its relationship with civilizations and cultures, in a lato sense. It consists of the addition of geodiversity and geoheritage to the tourist activity, focused on places of geotourism interest, benefiting the local communities and giving a new tourist experience to the visitors.
This thesis aims to fill a gap regarding the mapping, with subsequent disclosure, of the situ geodiversity in situ, geoheritage and geodiversity ex situ associated with the Cultural Heritage of João Pessoa (PB) and surroundings, through the union of the natural aspects, especially the abiotic ones to cultural aspects. In order to promote the dissemination of the valued abiotic environment and the Cultural Heritage of the area, products were developed, of which the geotouristic map with specific itineraries is highlighted, divided into three parts (Historic Center, Urban Coast and South Coast), also in the form of folders and three geointerpretative panels in emblematic places of geoturistic interest distributed in each one of these parts.
After an extensive collection of geoscientific information about the Paraíba Basin and a detailed analysis of historical documents about the Parahyba Capitany and its Cultural Heritage, 48 geotouristic interest locals were selected in the area, of which 35 were associated with the abiotic environment (Geodiversity and Geoheritage) and 13 to the Cultural Heritage. Initially, these locals were inventaried, by completing a record, in which aesthetic, scientific, cultural, functional (ecological) and economic values played a fundamental role.
Subsequently, the geotouristic interest locals associated with the abiotic environment were evaluated from a semiquantitative point of view, through a methodology proposed in this work, where aesthetic, cultural, scientific, functional (ecological) and use values were considered, where those with the highest geotouristic potentials were inserted in the route, resulting in 24 geotourism interest locals.
Considering the geoutourism activity, although sustainable, can cause damages where it is carried out, a semiquantitative evaluation of the ‘Imminent Risk Index’ of the geotourism sites associated to the abiotic environment was calculated, using as an indicator the ‘Need for Protection’ of each local, from 10 weighted parameters.
Concomitant with the evaluations carried out, it was analyzed the perception that travelers who were in the Parahyba Capitany during the colonial period had about the physical environment that was primordial for the consolidation and urban expansion of the capital, resulting in its cultural landscape in which the privileged nature, associated to the important cultural heritage, resulted in the appropriation of this coastal environment, with the consequent urban evolution dating from the sixteenth century. For this, it was used a large iconographic and textual documentation elaborated during the period, with the role of adding to the geotouristic route this information.
In this perspective, it is concluded that the area of the present thesis has potential for the insertion of the geotourism activity, since it presents undeniable historical and geoscientific importance, as, respectively João Pessoa is the fourth oldest city in the country and the Paraíba Basin was the last to detach itself from the African continent when the southern portion of the megacontinent Pangeia, denominated Gondwana, fragmented. In addition, a new meaning could be attributed to the landscape, ranging from the aesthetic-artistic to the functional-economic, and it was intentional to interlace the geoheritage elements to the cultural practices that forged the city and the identity of the people who settled on it, as well as interlace the geoheritage to the tourism in João Pessoa, so that another motivation awakens the interest of the tourists, now turned to the bias of the lithosphere and hydrosphere, allied to the local centennial culture.

Al Wahbah Crater is one of the largest and deepest Quaternary maar craters in the Arabian Peninsula. It is NW-SE-elongated, 2.3 km wide, 250 m deep and surrounded by an irregular near-perpendicular crater wall cut deeply into the Proterozoic diorite basement. Very few scientific studies have been conducted on this unique site, especially in respect to understanding the associated volcanic eruption processes. Al Wahbah and adjacent large explosion craters are currently a research subject in an international project, Volcanic Risk in Saudi Arabia (VORiSA). The focus of VORiSA is to characterise the volcanic hazards and eruption mechanisms of the vast
volcanic fields in Western Saudi Arabia, while also defining the unique volcanic features of this region for use in future geoconservation, geoeducation and geotourism projects. Al Wahbah is inferred to be a maar crater that formed due to an explosive interaction of magma and water. The crater is surrounded by a tephra ring that consists predominantly of base surge deposits accumulated over a pre-maar scoria cone and underlying multiple lava flow units. The tephra ring acted as an obstacle against younger lava flows that were diverted along the margin of the
tephra ring creating unique lava flow surface textures that recorded inflation and deflation processes along the margin of the post-maar lava flow. Al Wahbah is a unique geological feature that is not only a dramatic landform but also a site that can promote our understanding of complex phreatomagmatic monogenetic volcanism. The complex geological features perfectly preserved at Al Wahbah makes this site as an excellent geotope and a potential centre of geoeducation programs that could lead to the establishment of a geopark in the broader area at the Kishb Volcanic Field.

UNESCO promotes geoconservation through various programs intended to establish an inventory of geologically and geomorphologically significant features worldwide that can serve as an important database to understand the Earth’s global geoheritage. An ultimate goal of such projects globally is to establish geoparks that represent
an integrated network of knowledge transfer opportunities, based on a specific array of geological and geomorphological sites able to graphically demonstrate how the Earth works to the general public. In these complex geoconservation and geoeducational programs, the identification of significant geological and geomorphological features is very important. These are commonly referred to as ‘geosites’ or ‘geomorphosites’, depending on whether the feature or processes the site demonstrates is more geological or geomorphological, respectively. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an extraordinary place due to its arid climate and therefore perfect exposures of rock formations. The Kingdom is also home to extensive volcanic fields, named “harrats” in Arabic, referring particularly to the black, basaltic lava fields that dominate the desert landscape. Current efforts to increase awareness of the importance of these volcanic fields in the geological landscape of Arabia culminated in the first proposal to incorporate the superbly exposed volcanic features into an integrated geoconservation and geoeducation program that will hopefully lead to the development of a geopark named, “The Harrat Al Madinah Volcanic Geopark”.
Here we describe one of the extraordinary features of the proposed Harrat Al Madinah Volcanic Geopark, namely a steep lava spatter cone formed during a historical eruption in 1256 AD.

ABSTRACT
Penanggungan Volcano (7.615°N, 112.62°E), located at Mojokerto and Pasuruan districts, East Java Province. G. Penanggungan expressed as Penanggungan Volcanics and pyroclastics Unit Guarantee, in Upper Quaternary age. More detailed studies indicate that consists of diverse volcanic lithology, as lavas, pyroclastic flows and lahars, which confirmed his status as gunugapi Strato. In Penanggungan there are about 120 sites heritage of Mataram Kuno until the Majapahit (10 to 14 century). Until now this sites colected such as temples, baths / petirtaan, punden, cave hermitage, fences, and roads. These sites are scattered at the foot of the highest peaks. This paper argues about the geological conditions greatly affect the determination of the location of the site, the architecture and the material forming the temple. This peculiarity allows this area developed as a geopark.

ABSTRAK
Kawasan Karst Biduk-biduk merupakan sisi Timur Kawasan Karst Sangkulirang- Mangkalihat. Di tempat ini tinggal masyarakat Dayak Lebo, dan masyarakat Bugis. Masyarakat Dayak Lebo tinggal di pegunungan dan masyarakat Bugis tinggal di pantai. Nama Biduk-biduk berasal dari bahasa Bugis yang berarti tempat yang banyak disinggahi oleh kapal-kapal nelayan. Potensi wisata geologi yang terdapat di kawasan kars ini terdiri dari beranekaragam komponen ekosistem karst, berupa eksokarst, indokarst dan perikars. Indokars terbaik dalam bentuk sistem sungai bawah tanah dan keluar sebagai mata air di Labuhan Cermin dan Labuhan Kelambu. Eksokarst terdapat dalam bentuk morfologi kars. Perikars dalam bentuk pantai, pesisir, hutan mangrove. Dalam 6 bulan terakhir, wisatawan yang mengunjungi mencapai 26.000 orang. Jumlah ini berpotensi bertambah. Penguatan kapasitas warga dalam geowisata ini akan memastikan nilai wisata komunitas dapat melampaui nilai pemanfaatan karst untuk kegiatan ekstraktif.
Kata kunci: Geopark, Kars Biduk-biduk, Geowisata

Alluvial plains represent preferable areas for human settling for their suitability to agriculture activities, and many studies strengthen the interpretation of floodplains as complex human–water systems. The Late Holocene development of the Central Po Plain has a long-lasting connection with anthropogenic activities. In the study area, human land and water management, in association with different Late Holocene climate phases, deeply affected the geomorphological evolution of the Central Po Plain. The geomorphological and archaeomorphological features detected in this study represent valuable datasets of information about the evolution of this portion of the Po Plain in the Late Holocene. This paper aims to quantify the potential of archaeological and historical data in contextualising the anthropogenic geomorphological features and reconstructing how man affected the natural geomorphological processes. Through a multi-disciplinary approach that combines archaeomorphological and geomorphological investigations, we identify visible and invisible landforms developed in four different historical periods, and that corresponds to potential “geoarchaeomorphosites”. In the study area, the modern landscape consists of a cultural palimpsest of four different palaeolandscape layers characterised by peculiar landforms. After an in-depth analysis of present and past geomorphic features deriving from the reciprocal interaction between human and floodplain dynamics since Prehistory, this study suggests geoconservation and valorisation practices. Finally, starting from potential geoarchaeomorphosites, four geo-educational itineraries are proposed to promote future geotourism projects of the area.

The subject of this study is a new geotourism area of Emirhan cliffs, which is located in Sivas city boundaries of the Middle Anatolia Region. It is altitude 1780 metres above sea level and 13 km from Sivas. Emirhan cliffs is a natural geosites, which was overturned of sandstones in the horizontal position in Eocene - Miocene periods due to tectonic and occurred giant layer vertical structures with 90°, covering an area of approximately 15.68 km2 . This geosites area has natural scenery with temporarily waterfalls, differ forms as tafone, wild goat and rock partridge and endemic species on gypsum rocks. At the same time, it has cultural values such as church, protect towers. Emirhan cliffs are new tourism areas to be visiting of hundreds of people to see natural and cultural values every year. In
general framework that geoheritage is a part of Upper Kızılırmak Culture and Natural Way and an ever-increasing important. In this study is addressed on importance related to geotourism of this geoheritage.

Indonesia coal have the coal-forming material (plants) as well as the parameters that are relatively the same deposition conditions (tropical) although it is located in the sprawling region Indonesia with diverse geological conditions, hence Indonesia is one of the significant coal producer in the world. Research site located in Muara Wahau, East Kalimantan, including the Upper Kutai Basin. Coal bearing formation in the area of Muara Wahau is Wahau Formation Late Oligocene-Early Miocene age. Laboratory analyses was conducted using method coal microscopy observations to determine vitrinite reflectance random (Rr) and maceral composition as well as method of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine facies, organic compound (biomarker), maturity and precursor of plant Muara Wah au coal. Maceral composition of the Muara Wahau coal is dominated by vitrinite maceral group, ranging from 76% to 82.4.0%. Liptinite maceral group accounts 0.4%-1.8 %. The composition of inertinite maceral group ranges from 8% to 18.8%. Huminite reflectance of coal samples from Muara Wahau range from 0.44 to 0.45 Rr (%), according to huminite reflectance, all studied samples are low rank sub-bituminous coals. Maceral composition to detect coal bed methane potential. The presence of 2-series long chain n-alkane indicates the changes of peat forming facies condition from oxic condition (increasing odd carbon proportion) and anoxic condition (increasing even carbon proportion) Geological Outcrop along the Telen River and Wahau River, is the type local ity ofWahau Formations, should become a geology conservation area in Muara Wahau as Geoher itage and it is very interesting to study geology.

The objective of this paper is to present a view of the geoheritage of the Paraiba state south coast, northern Brazil, in order to insert potential sites in coastal geo touristic routes. For this, a mapping of this geoheritage was carried out through the inventory of sites with relevant value. This coast is part of a sedimentary basin that developed on a failed crystalline basement, whose Plio-Pleistocene reactivation resulted in a stepped substrate, and the terrain has coastal geo touristic potential from the point of view of its geoheritage. It was necessary a detailed study of the geoscientific literature of the area, besides a detailed field work, whose look about the physical substrate reflected the importance of this as a heritage element of space. The relief was fragmented into three major morpho sculptural units: coastal plains and tablelands, limited by the slopes, all with their potential sites, developed at various scales and presented herein. Coqueirinho Canyon, Tambaba Beach, Coqueirinho tombolo, the Coqueirinho cones of dejection and the Coqueirinho High Structural were identified as sites. It is therefore pertinent to interconnect this heritage to tourism in the area, so that more motivation arouses the interest of tourists, now turned to the bias of the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

Slide 1 Title/Introduction
This is NGEN AST Cave Research (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
Hello everyone, my name is Stephen Daire, I am a Geographic Information Scientist & Technologist and an Underwater Evolutionary Anthropologist

Slide 2
I collaborate with Scouts, IIAS, 2G, NJSM, FUBAR, QRSS, IPA, and other groups on social & scientific developments promoting education, surveying, geoheritage awareness, & dive safety.
I aim to begin a PhD research fellowship in evolutionary anthropology, human factors, ocean engineering, quantum information, or astrobiology by 2020.
I enjoy hiking, producing fractal art, playing saxophone, harmonica, & bass.
Underwater caves provide unique research data & providing grounds to understand our planet through analogies
Between halocline (salt-fresh water mixing) & Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) effects on AST.
Subaquatic PSTAR is critical to HEDS AST for L2M success.
Science has observed:
1) 13.8 billion years Cosmic Background Radiation
2) 95% of Earth’s oceans remain unexplored
3) 99% of Earth’s caves remain unexplored.
4) 100% of extraplanetary caves remain unexplored.

Slide 3
We know too little about our own planet, we need to play catch up on the learning curve with immediate field research.
Global karst aquifers form 3D drainage systems underground as water dissolves minerals & stores in fractures.
The Yucatan Peninsula is a labyrinth of caves, to survey it all will take more than several human lifetimes of work & requires robotic assistance.
Researching & modeling the Chicxulub karst aquifer in situ informs climate resilience, promotes ‘Mothership’ Earth Systems Management, and promotes HEDS.
Regional remote sensing in terrestrial, karst, submarine, and aerial geophysical environmental analysis provided detailed reference for potential EVA discoveries on the Moon and Mars.
NGEN ULS PSTAR surveys on Earth provide references for field studies into conditions from impacts on the Moon and Mars.
This assists planning to locate natural resource, plan research features of interest, and improve HEDS and Earth's future.
GIST and PSTAR promotes procedures & new perspectives in environment-human-machine interactions for future AST R&D.

Slide 4
Improving AST for long-term human development and exploration of the solar system through utilitarian extravehicular activities (EVAs).
Survey missions have paved the way for future missions, next generation systems will go longer, farther, and deeper than their ancestors and may soon locate life in the growing presence of water on the red planet.
Diving with diver propulsion vehicles reduces work fatigue to reach sites, setting up the ULS takes time & patience,  as surface teams are out of communication.
ULS modeling is equivalent to localizing the exact point of sound origin on a single vibrating string, as all the stings of an orchestra simultaneously play.
Divers movements, chemicals in the water, and the physics of the ULS itself all interact and change the environment as it is scanned.
By surveying these environments and producing digital terrain models (DTMs) new developments are forwarded in various fields of sciences.
Pause for ULS-200 set up & Start scanning
These star systems of silt have remained untouched by humankind for ten thousand years or more providing niches for evolution, geophysics, and exploration at the undefined edges of the map.

Slide 5
ULS Scan During film

Slide 6
These veins of the Earth hold clues to its patient history, current health, and future prognoses. Geophysical photoplethysmogram is a volumetric light measurements of a water filled cave cavity system flow based on changes in light detection.
New discoveries are related to unique relationships between photons (quanta of light) and the natural environment that have yet to be discovered and researched.
Measurements of pulse of the Earth via Underwater Laser Scanners (ULS) to measure the hydrological rate of flow, chemical content, and lifestyle factors effects from the Earth inside and out.

Slide 7
Paleoclimatology studies assist smart cities planning for climate change resilience by studying cycles, scales, & variables in modeling current & future probabilities & uncertainties.
My reports, cave surveys, thesis, & Handbook of LSS & Extraterrestrial Environments Chapter: Working Outside of a Space Craft or Space Habitat are producing methodology improvements in high-fidelity AST extravehicular activity (EVAs) simulations, and AST toolkit production via Protean GIST Solutions PSTAR course for IIAS - PoSSUM Academy Project OTTER.
PMCs are growing in range & altitude, are composed of micro-meteorites & their formation began to occur after the eruption of Krakatoa volcano in the 1800s providing a natural model for climate change. PMCs are obstacles to orbital & suborbital space operation on Earth & Mars.
Prepare PODER
Slide 8
Underwater speleology expedites HEDS R&D in extraplanetary city development, bioregenerative LSS, 3D printing for EVA tools, space habitat needs, & planetary protections etiquette (PPE)
Drive PODER through the crowd.

Slide 9
Special thanks to our families, friends, Uncle Bradford Designs for spatial marker consultation, to Under the Jungle Dive Shop for Mission Support, Diving Caves for Guidance, & 2G Robotics for research support with the ULS-200.

INTRODUÇÃO A temática acerca do Patrimônio Natural é relativamente nova nas Geociências e não há unanimidade em sua definição e caracterização. A partir da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente Humano, realizado nos mês de junho de 1972, em Estocolmo, os problemas ambientais passaram a ser discutidos em uma escala amplificada e adentrando personagens que até então estavam secundarizados nesta pauta de discussões. Assim, em outubro e novembro do mesmo ano, em Paris, a temática ambientalista foi inserida na visão patrimonial do espaço, através da Convenção para a Proteção do Patrimônio Mundial, Cultural e Natural, sob a égide da UNESCO, onde os aspectos da natureza foram separados dos humano-culturais, pelo menos na prática, pois sabe-se que o re-conhecimento e proteção de uma cultura nacional se dá pela "integração dos elementos naturais e sus processo com as ações humanas, devido à identidade, sensibilidade e significados (religiosos, míticos, históricos, simbólicos, afetivos, entre outros)" (PINTO e OLIVEIRA FILHO, 2014, p. 23), estabelecidos entre o ser humano e a natureza. O Geopatrimônio (do inglês, 'Geoheritage') corresponde à porção abiótica do Patrimônio Natural, podendo ser subdividido em Patrimônio Geológico, Geomor-fológico, Pedológico e Hidrológico (RODRIGUES, 2009). Assim, neste trabalho, foi dissociado do patrimônio geológico, que consideramos corresponder a concei-tos complementares, mas distintos, sendo ambos enquadrados no patrimônio natural abiótico, conjuntamente com os elementos do património hidrológico e pedológico. O termo sítio foi introduzido nas Geociências por Panizza (2001), consistindo em uma porção do geopatrimônio que possui uma importância

Resumo: O Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, fundado em 1979 e sagrado Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO em 1991, foi demarcado com o intuito de proteger a biodiversidade local e o vasto patrimônio arqueológico, que oferece evidências da ocupação primitiva da América do Sul no Pleistoceno. A área, em clima semiárido e solo pouco propício para a agricultura, exibe índices de desenvolvimento social muito baixos. O turismo motivado pelo PNSC seria uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável, não fosse a falta de investimentos do governo em sua manutenção. Baseando-se essencialmente nos potenciais de uso turístico e educativo-sem, no entanto, olvidar o valor científico-, foi feito um inventário e análise de 30 sítios geológicos, localizados dentro e fora dos limites do parque. Espera-se que, aliados ao valor arqueológico do local, e devidamente valorizados e interpretados, esses sítios adicionem valor geológico à área, alavancando o geoturismo e auxiliando o desenvolvimento sustentável na região. Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento sustentável, geodiversidade, patrimônio geológico, Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, sítios geológicos. Abstract: The Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP) was founded in 1979 to protect the local biodiversity and archaeological heritage. Its archaeological sites, which provide evidence of the early human occupation of South America, motivated its status of UNESCO's World Heritage as of 1991. However, its establishment displaced families (many without compensation), and prevented them from the culturally-based use of the local natural resources. Under the semi-arid climate with long droughts and unfavorable soil for agriculture, the region exhibits low social development indices. Tourism motivated by SCNP could boost sustainable development, as much as deterioration of the park could be prevented, if the government invested more. In order to help boost tourism in the area with the addition of the geological value, an inventory of geological sites was carried out, resulting in a list of 30 sites, within and outside the limits of the park. The inventory mainly considered the tourist and educational potentials of the sites, but the scientific value was not neglected whenever it stood out. Provided the sites in the inventory are properly managed and promoted, they might provide a much-needed additional value that will help increase tourism in the region of Serra da Capivara, thus enhancing sustainable development there as well.