Geodiversity

The Colca Canyon (Central Andes, Southern Peru), about 100 km long and 1–3 km deep, forms a magnificent cross section of the
Earth’s crust giving insight into mutual relations between lithostratigraphical units, and allowing relatively easy interpretation of
the fascinating geological history written in the rocky beds and relief. Current activity of tectonic processes related to the
subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate exposed the geological heritage within study area. Welldeveloped
tectonic structures present high scientific values. The volcanic landforms in the Valley of the Volcanoes and around
the Colca Canyon include lava flows, scoria cones and small lava domes. They represent natural phenomena which gained
recognition among tourists, scientists and local people. Studies performed by the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru since 2003
recognized in area of Colca Canyon and Valley of the Volcanoes high geodiversity, potential for geoturism but also requirements
for protectection. The idea of creating geopark gained recently the approval of regional and local authorities with support from the
local National Geological Survey (INGEMMET). The Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua would strengthen the relatively
poor system of the protected areas in the Arequipa department, increasing the touristic attractiveness and determine constraints
for sustained regional development.

V této studii jsme porovnávali biodiversitu vybraných skupin bezobratlých na pěti lokalitách v pískovně nedaleko Plané nad Lužnicí (Česká republika, jižní Čechy). Lokality se lišily ve vlhkosti, zrnitosti a penetrabilitě půdy a také v míře pokryvnosti vegetace. S pomocí našich výsledků jsme se pokusili vysvětlit rozdíly ve druhovém složení společenstev na lokalitách. Stanovili jsme biologickou hodnotu každé lokality a doporučili vhodný management. V naší studii jsme se zaměřili především na pavouky (Aranea), ploštice (Heteroptera), brouky (Coleoptera), blanokřídlé (Hymenoptera) a křísy (Auchenorrhyncha). Ostatní skupiny živočichů a rostlin byly zaznamenávány v rámci celkového faunistického průzkumu pískovny. Tento odhalil celkem 271 druhů terestrických bezobratlých, 74 druhů vodních bezobratlých a 30 druhů obratlovců, z nichž 43 je uvedeno na Červených seznamech ČR. Výsledky našich analýz naznačují, že pro jednotlivé skupiny bezobratlých jsou nejdůležitější různé faktory – pro blanokřídlé hrají klíčovou roli charakteristiky půdy (zrnitost, penetrabilita), zatímco pro ostatní druhy bezobratlých hraje roli především vlhkost (pavouci) či vegetační pokryv (křísi). Největší ochranářský potenciál mají podle nás suché lokality s jemným pískem, které poskytují náhradní biotopy pro druhy primárně vázané na písečné duny a jiné suché otevřené biotopy. Tyto biotopy již z naší krajiny téměř vymizely. Mezi další výstupy projektu patří především brožura „Geologie pískoven“, návrhy k rekultivaci pískovny Planá a návrh Edukačního biocentra pískovna Planá.
Postup práce a množství obrazových materiálů je umístěno na blogu psaném během výzkumu v rámci soutěže QuarryLife Award (https://www.quarrylifeaward.cz/node/56986).

This study is built around the triptych; Knowledge, Evaluation, and Valuation. The knowledge component (popularization of fundamental knowledge) remains the initial pillar on which we based our inventory of geosites and evaluate their scientific value, with the aim of enhancing their value in the service of teaching and learning earth sciences. The Jbilet massif is one of the Moroccan geological sites which is of particular importance for understanding the geological history of the Earth. It has been able to preserve its turbulent geological history, which has also enabled it to possess various landforms and varieties of geological formations that contribute to its geodiversity. Thus, we have chosen to study the Kettara sector, which is part of this massif and offers, on a national scale of a wide variety of geosites. In a bid to account for the geosites of scientific interest in Kettara, a bibliographical synthesis of the geological data and fundamental knowledge resulting from the scientific work carried out in the Central Jbilet massif was used, as well as an inventory sheet based on the work of several researchers using six (6) criteria. The selected geosites were then The Vulgarization for the Patrimonialization of the Kettara Geodiversity (Central Jbilet) Morocco http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 195 editor@iaeme.com evaluated according to the criteria of scientific value. This work has enabled us to identify three geosites in the Kettara sector that are of high scientific value. They are characterized by mineralogical, magmatic, petrographic, metamorphic and structural features, which can be used for scientific and educational purposes in the service of earth sciences. The popularization and evaluation of this geodiversity leads to the geoheritage presentation of these geosites.

O geopatrimónio inclui todos os elementos naturais abióticos (emersos ou submersos) que devem ser preservados devido ao seu valor patrimonial. O património hidrológico, pela sua enorme importância, não deve ser ignorado necessitando de mais investigação ao nível dos conceitos e da aplicação. Este capítulo pretende clarificar os conceitos relacionados com o geopatrimónio, o património hidrológico e o geoturismo, com vista a incentivar a sua pesquisa em ambientes rurais e urbanos. Só assim será possível caminhar na realização de um inventário do património hidrológico português.
O património hidrológico urbano tem vindo a suscitar o interesse dos investigadores em geopatrimónio e geoturismo, podendo oferecer roteiros turísticos urbanos que complementem outros valores abióticos e culturais procurados pelo crescente turismo nas cidades. Também a cidade de Lisboa possui interessante património hidrológico em vias de levantamento e publicação.

Geotourism consists of an activity that is located at the interface of nature tourism and cultural tourism, as it can develop in both natural and rural environments as well as in urban environments, disclosuring and promoting geodiversity and its geoheritage in a strict sense or its relationship with civilizations and cultures, in a lato sense. It consists of the addition of geodiversity and geoheritage to the tourist activity, focused on places of geotourism interest, benefiting the local communities and giving a new tourist experience to the visitors.
This thesis aims to fill a gap regarding the mapping, with subsequent disclosure, of the situ geodiversity in situ, geoheritage and geodiversity ex situ associated with the Cultural Heritage of João Pessoa (PB) and surroundings, through the union of the natural aspects, especially the abiotic ones to cultural aspects. In order to promote the dissemination of the valued abiotic environment and the Cultural Heritage of the area, products were developed, of which the geotouristic map with specific itineraries is highlighted, divided into three parts (Historic Center, Urban Coast and South Coast), also in the form of folders and three geointerpretative panels in emblematic places of geoturistic interest distributed in each one of these parts.
After an extensive collection of geoscientific information about the Paraíba Basin and a detailed analysis of historical documents about the Parahyba Capitany and its Cultural Heritage, 48 geotouristic interest locals were selected in the area, of which 35 were associated with the abiotic environment (Geodiversity and Geoheritage) and 13 to the Cultural Heritage. Initially, these locals were inventaried, by completing a record, in which aesthetic, scientific, cultural, functional (ecological) and economic values played a fundamental role.
Subsequently, the geotouristic interest locals associated with the abiotic environment were evaluated from a semiquantitative point of view, through a methodology proposed in this work, where aesthetic, cultural, scientific, functional (ecological) and use values were considered, where those with the highest geotouristic potentials were inserted in the route, resulting in 24 geotourism interest locals.
Considering the geoutourism activity, although sustainable, can cause damages where it is carried out, a semiquantitative evaluation of the ‘Imminent Risk Index’ of the geotourism sites associated to the abiotic environment was calculated, using as an indicator the ‘Need for Protection’ of each local, from 10 weighted parameters.
Concomitant with the evaluations carried out, it was analyzed the perception that travelers who were in the Parahyba Capitany during the colonial period had about the physical environment that was primordial for the consolidation and urban expansion of the capital, resulting in its cultural landscape in which the privileged nature, associated to the important cultural heritage, resulted in the appropriation of this coastal environment, with the consequent urban evolution dating from the sixteenth century. For this, it was used a large iconographic and textual documentation elaborated during the period, with the role of adding to the geotouristic route this information.
In this perspective, it is concluded that the area of the present thesis has potential for the insertion of the geotourism activity, since it presents undeniable historical and geoscientific importance, as, respectively João Pessoa is the fourth oldest city in the country and the Paraíba Basin was the last to detach itself from the African continent when the southern portion of the megacontinent Pangeia, denominated Gondwana, fragmented. In addition, a new meaning could be attributed to the landscape, ranging from the aesthetic-artistic to the functional-economic, and it was intentional to interlace the geoheritage elements to the cultural practices that forged the city and the identity of the people who settled on it, as well as interlace the geoheritage to the tourism in João Pessoa, so that another motivation awakens the interest of the tourists, now turned to the bias of the lithosphere and hydrosphere, allied to the local centennial culture.

The inclusion of elements of the natural landscape, particularly abiotic heritage, and cultural heritage, to touristic activity as a result of a more demanding market ultimately provides the rise of geotourism, an integrated activity between geosciences, culture, and history of the place in which they operate. The cemeterial tourism is a part of the urban geotourism now rising in Brazil, wherein observation and analysis of the esthetics and of the georesources used in tombs make many tourists and scholars start to patronize this new touristic niche. Thus, this paper proposes a geotouristic trail in Senhor da Boa Sentença Cemetery, the oldest at the Paraiba capital, northeastern Brazil, inaugurated in 1856, by mapping the stone materials used in the gravestones, which serve as tools for sociological, architectural, and geosciences studies. Thirteen different types of granites, as well as other types of rocks, have been identified, as well as various architectural styles; the trail can thus be used both by geotourists and scholars from various fields, being the cemetery an open-air museum.

The objective of this paper is to present a view of the geoheritage of the Paraiba state south coast, northern Brazil, in order to insert potential sites in coastal geo touristic routes. For this, a mapping of this geoheritage was carried out through the inventory of sites with relevant value. This coast is part of a sedimentary basin that developed on a failed crystalline basement, whose Plio-Pleistocene reactivation resulted in a stepped substrate, and the terrain has coastal geo touristic potential from the point of view of its geoheritage. It was necessary a detailed study of the geoscientific literature of the area, besides a detailed field work, whose look about the physical substrate reflected the importance of this as a heritage element of space. The relief was fragmented into three major morpho sculptural units: coastal plains and tablelands, limited by the slopes, all with their potential sites, developed at various scales and presented herein. Coqueirinho Canyon, Tambaba Beach, Coqueirinho tombolo, the Coqueirinho cones of dejection and the Coqueirinho High Structural were identified as sites. It is therefore pertinent to interconnect this heritage to tourism in the area, so that more motivation arouses the interest of tourists, now turned to the bias of the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

INTRODUÇÃO A temática acerca do Patrimônio Natural é relativamente nova nas Geociências e não há unanimidade em sua definição e caracterização. A partir da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente Humano, realizado nos mês de junho de 1972, em Estocolmo, os problemas ambientais passaram a ser discutidos em uma escala amplificada e adentrando personagens que até então estavam secundarizados nesta pauta de discussões. Assim, em outubro e novembro do mesmo ano, em Paris, a temática ambientalista foi inserida na visão patrimonial do espaço, através da Convenção para a Proteção do Patrimônio Mundial, Cultural e Natural, sob a égide da UNESCO, onde os aspectos da natureza foram separados dos humano-culturais, pelo menos na prática, pois sabe-se que o re-conhecimento e proteção de uma cultura nacional se dá pela "integração dos elementos naturais e sus processo com as ações humanas, devido à identidade, sensibilidade e significados (religiosos, míticos, históricos, simbólicos, afetivos, entre outros)" (PINTO e OLIVEIRA FILHO, 2014, p. 23), estabelecidos entre o ser humano e a natureza. O Geopatrimônio (do inglês, 'Geoheritage') corresponde à porção abiótica do Patrimônio Natural, podendo ser subdividido em Patrimônio Geológico, Geomor-fológico, Pedológico e Hidrológico (RODRIGUES, 2009). Assim, neste trabalho, foi dissociado do patrimônio geológico, que consideramos corresponder a concei-tos complementares, mas distintos, sendo ambos enquadrados no patrimônio natural abiótico, conjuntamente com os elementos do património hidrológico e pedológico. O termo sítio foi introduzido nas Geociências por Panizza (2001), consistindo em uma porção do geopatrimônio que possui uma importância

Santana do Cariri, at Ceará, has rose as an appropriated case for discussing the relations existing between geodiversity and heritage, through an integral approach, where it is considered the people’s perception about their local geological richness. The analysis allowed supporting a conceptual approach that originate a proposal for defining the term geoheritage. It becomes essential to know the reality
and consider the traditions of local people to define, promote, and manage conflicts that may lead to heritage loss, by integrating the population in the process that drives to geoconservation.

The municipality of João Pessoa and the south coast of Paraíba, admittedly, is a tourist destination for 3S (sand, sea and sun) market. It has a geomorphological, geological, pedological and hidrological heritage still little studied for geotourism purposes, whose contribution of this paper is to encourage discussions about this niche, yet incomplete, tourism, notably in the Paraíba State. The preliminary aim is to suggest potential sites that reflect the geodiversity of the area, with the aim of mapping the future of it, resulting the elaboration of a Geoturistic Guide of this coastal area. The geosedimentary history of the urban site of area dates back to the late moments of the separation of the supercontinent Pangea, forming the Paraiba basin. The urban development of geotourism in João Pessoa and surrondings is a dynamic way to publicize their geoheritage to a greater number of people, whether tourists or not, for it geoconservation. This practice still keeps its infancy, and the inventory of this geoheritage, as well as biotic and geomorphological heritage, with the intention of spreading the geosciences, it is necessary and is of huge importance to urban planning and management.

A relação entre o homem e o substrato geológico pode ser observada na paisagem que pode revelar as diferentes maneiras de apropriação cultural dos elementos da geodiversidade. Os produtos dessa relação registram, em alguns casos, trechos importantes da história humana, tornando-os patrimônios geoculturais de grande valor histórico, científico e turístico. O processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil colonial e imperial teve papel preponderante na produção do patrimônio geocultural de Minas Gerais, guardando traços de um período em que a geodiversidade ocupou função relevante para o crescimento econômico regional. Este período, conhecido como ciclo do ouro, deixou na paisagem vestígios da mineração de metais preciosos e da metalurgia em ruínas de construções rudimentares e coloniais. Estes vestígios integram significativamente a paisagem da Serra da Calçada, localizada na porção noroeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, importante pólo minerário nacional. A fim de compreender melhor o potencial geoturístico destas áreas, foi proposto um método de quantificação desses elementos que integram o patrimônio geoculturalbuscando auxiliar na tomada de decisões relacionada à sua valorização e à geoconservação. I ntr odução O desenvolvimento da humanidade foi responsável pela produção de uma paisagem cultural que, ao longo da evolução humana na Terra, deixou vestígios da apropriação de elementos da natureza para construção de bens culturais de variados períodos históricos. Estas impressões culturais, que segundo Santos (1978, 2004), compõe a morfologia da paisagem, onde os produtos de diferentes momentos históricos se cristalizam no espaço geográfico criando formas-objeto ou rugosidades. O evidente aspecto da ação humana sobre a crosta terrestre é principalmente a modificação do relevo. Peloggia (2005) apud Pereira (2010) aponta que as intervenções na paisagem natural tiveram início com o domínio do fogo e se intensificaram com o surgirmento das civilizações, provenientes da Revolução Neolítica. Na geologia esta ocasião marca o início do Tecnógeno, período em que o homem passou a exercer forte influência na dinâmica externa do planeta. Para Pereira (2010) no Tecnógeno a espécie humana passa a ser um agente geológico, disseminando um estilo de vida urbanizado, construindo paisagens com significativas transformações na superfície terrestre. Assim como ressaltam Nascimento e Scifoni (2010) & Bento (2012), a relação sociedade-natureza é responsável pela produção de dois tipos de objetos culturais que se expressam na paisagem: os materiais, que constituem as cidades, as edificações e as plantações; e os imateriais, correspondentes às festividades, crenças, lendas, tradições, aos símbolos, entre outros, sendo ambos concebidos por meio de uma construção social e histórica. Destarte, no contexto do processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil colonial e imperial, a paisagem teve forte influência da ação minerária no período conhecido como Ciclo do Ouro, deixando vestígios relevantes para se compreender a história do país. Este período histórico teve

This dissertation proposes that the current legal definition of springs, veredas and wetlands should be revised. The existing concepts applied to these hydrological systems are controversial, but at the same time have important legal implications. According to Law 12.651/2012 (Brazil 2012), marginal zones, as well as their surroundings, are entitled to protection as ‘Areas of Permanent Preservation’ - APP. Being defined as an APP area allows a differentiated protection regime, such as maintenance or restoration of the local vegetation. Intervention in APP areas, or the suppression of the local vegetation, is only possible in exceptional circumstances determined by the law. Brazil’s environmental legal framework has many different approaches and many different instruments, all of which aim to restrict the impacts on bodies of water and guide the reasonable use of these vital resources. However, there needs to be improvement in the application of these legal standards, better integration between national laws, and improved interaction between Brazil’s national laws and international treaties, such as the
Ramsar Convention. Springs, veredas and wetlands need to be better conceptualized in the law, which would help to inform decisions on human settlement and alternative land use. This paper proposes a revision of the concepts for springs, veredas and wetlands, as well as a methodology for their future definition, based on a case study of the Ecological Monitoring Station in Águas Emendadas (ESEC-AE) in Brazil’s Federal District. ESEC-AE is particularly relevant for this study, given its role as a meeting point between the Escudo Central hydrogeological system and the Tocantins and Paraná Basins surface hydrology network. ESEC-AE’s hydrological and ecological attributes, combined with its environmental functions, indicate its potential to be recognized as a Ramsar Site. Nevertheless, there are indications that the ESEC-AE wetlands are reducing in size. Further studies are required to determine the factors influencing the shrinkage and any possible mitigation / recovery measures. The reduction in the ESEC-AE wetlands is particularly concerning, given their hydrological importance.