Gender Discourse

Príspevok v interdisciplinárnom kontexte ponúka pohľad na vnímanie rodovej identity v súčasnom slovensom jazykovo-kultúrnom prostredí. Cieľom príspevku je na metodologickej báze kritickej diskurznej analýzy poukázať na prejavy moci, resp. (in-)-tolerancie voči transrodovým ľuďom. V rámci analýzy verejného a neverejného diskurzu sa snažím odkryť prejavy moci a nadvlády voči menšine, ktoré majú za následok diskrimináciu tejto minority. Zámerom tohto príspevku bolo tiež porozmýšlať, ako je možné meniť spôsob rozmýšľania majority smerom k pozitívnemu vo vnímaní transrodovej menšiny na Slovensku. Ako jeden zo spôsobov, ako meniť zmýšľanie ľudí smerom k väčšej slobode a tolerancii, sa ponúka zmena tradičného diskurzu o prístupe väčšiny k menšinám v rôznych zmysloch. V závere príspevku ponúkam návrhy na preferovaný diskurz v oblasti rodovej identity.

When we discuss violent acts committed by women, our responses are almost always rooted in deeply gendered assumptions about women. We express surprise and shock that a woman could be capable of such an act—a reaction that relies on a long history of unspoken assumptions about what is proper behavior for a woman.

With Beyond Mothers, Monsters, Whores, Caron Gentry and Laura Sjoberg apply the understanding afforded by that lens to individual violence in global politics. The authors begin by demonstrating the crucial interdependence of the individual and international levels of global politics in the lives of violent women—but they then show how this interdependence is inaccurately depicted, or ignored altogether, in public, political, or media discussions of women’s violence. An eye-opening exploration of a major topic in the study of global conflict and women’s lives, Beyond Mothers, Monsters, Whores will be essential for both scholars and activists.

The process children go through when learning about gender roles is an essential part of their knowledge construction. This acquired knowledge helps them learn about their roles in society. However, problems occur when children are presented with stereotypical ...

FORTHCOMING (Accepted September 5th 2019)

Abstract: This article discusses the emergence of ‘toxic’ and ‘healthy masculinity’ in public discourse in addressing gender inequalities. Toxic has emerged through greater awareness of men’s violence against women, and men’s high rates of health distress and lack of help-seeking. ‘Healthy’ is thus a response to ‘toxic masculinity’, attempting to encourage men to engage in expressions of masculinity that are not harmful to others, or themselves as a way to address gender inequalities. This article argues that in using a term like ‘toxic masculinity’, we continue to position men as victims of a broader vague entity, rather than highlighting their agency in the reproduction of masculinity. Equally, in using a term like ‘healthy masculinity’, we continue to set masculinity up as the only expression of gender that men can legitimately engage in, thus reinforcing the notion that femininity (and by extension, androgyny) remains a less valued, and less legitimate, expression of gender. In doing so, ‘toxic’ and ‘healthy masculinity’ continue to reproduce, rather than address gender inequalities, and do not support the breaking down of gender binaries.

The present research aims to do a critical discourse analysis of proverbs related to women in Oxford
English Dictionary of proverbs. The studied corpus consists of 42 proverbs. The theoretical framework of
analysis is Fairclough’s approach. In some cases, Halliday-Matthiessen’s functionalist approach
especially textual meta-function is also used. The method of the research consists of both qualitative
components and quantitative approach. Qualitative components are based on critical discourse analysis
mechanisms and its fundamental concepts.The quantitative approach is to figure out the frequency of
using these concepts and the statistical analysis of the corpus using Kruskal-Wallis Test. The results show
that: (1) The structure of proverbs in this dictionary is divided into same, similar-different and different
categories and there is a significant difference among types of structures. (p < 0/05). (2) Power relations
affect the discourse of proverbs and distribution of power not only between man and woman (in favor of
man), but also among women themselves (depend on their social status and role) is unequally distributed.
(3) The dominant ideology in the proverbial discourse is discrimination & gender inequality. (4) The
dominant order of discourse is kinship system and this system is rather limited and based on individual
relations. (5) The negative representation of woman is more frequent than the other ways of
representation (positive, positive-negative and negative). (6) The dominant social system in proverbial
discourse is the macrostructure of mencracy That is manifested in language.

Gender normative and non-normative morphemes usages study: preference, tolerance and refuse on autoidentification

Resumen Este estudio plantea el empleo de la metodología sociopragmática para el estudio de fenómenos morfológicos. En este caso, el estudio parte de la constatación de nuevos usos de morfemas de género no normativos cuyo supuesto objetivo es visibilizar una parte de la sociedad que, de acuerdo con la crítica de la lingüística feminista a los usos normativos, excluye en su representación a parte de la sociedad por razón de género. De este modo, el punto de partida del estudio es considerar una percepción asociada de dos fenómenos: género gramatical y género sociocultural. Esta premisa, cuya problemática es tratada con detalle, es recogida para el estudio como condicionamiento sociocultural del que partir para implementar las herramientas propias de la sociopragmática. El estudio se completa publicando parte de los datos obtenidos en un trabajo de campo para probar la utilidad de la herramienta y que corresponden con los datos recogidos en cuanto a la autodesignación. Así, la herramienta diseñada ha posibilitado determinar los grados de preferencia, tolerancia y rechazo a estos nuevos usos de morfemas de género en un segmento poblacional, avalando las herramientas sociopragmáticas para el estudio de fenómenos morfológicos.

Abstract This study focuses on the use of a sociopragmatic methodology to research morphological phenomena. In particular, the study starts from the verification of new non-normative gender morphemes uses to make visible a part of the society that, according to the criticism of feminist linguistics to its normative usages, excludes them in its representation. So, the starting point of this study is to consider an associated perception of two phenomena: grammatical gender and (sociocultural) gender. This premise is treated as a sociocultural conditioning that enables the implementation of sociopragmatic research tools. The designed tool has enabled to determinate, on a scale of degrees, the preference, tolerance and refusal to these new gender morpheme uses in a given population segment, supporting the validity of sociopragmatic tools to study morphological phenomena.

LGBTIQ+ Cyberactivism in the Arab World: strategic use of dialectal Arabic or linguistic policy as an element of identity

Abstract: El ciberactivismo es un elemento clave en la conformación de movimientos sociales LGBTIQ+ en el mundo árabe, lo que viene reforzado por un contexto sociocultural y una legislación adversos. Pese a la reciente conformación de estos movimientos, sus discursos cibernéticos en defensa de los derechos de esta población son una fuente de primer orden para el estudio de ellos. En este trabajo se analizan los discursos producidos en Túnez y en el Líbano por asociaciones en defensa de los derechos del colectivo LGBTIQ+ entre los años 2014 y 2018. Así, a través de un análisis multimodal que integre una perspectiva sociolingüística, con especial atención a la dialectología árabe, es posible evidenciar unas redes discursivas políglotas (lenguas extranjeras, árabe moderno estándar y árabe dialectal) que reflejan una diferente finalidad discursiva en función de la variedad empleada. De este modo, el empleo de la variedad dialectal se revela estratégico para la encarnación de un discurso identitario LGBTIQ+ autóctono, que busca visibilizarse y legitimarse en el medio social propio. Es por ello por lo que los estudios discursivos locales, sus mecanismos de producción y reproducción discursiva son necesarios para poder analizar el género y la diversidad sexual en otras sociedades árabes. Palabras clave: análisis del discurso, árabe dialectal, movimientos sociales, ciberactivismo, LGBTIQ+. Abstract Cyberactivism is a key element in the conformation of LGBTIQ+ social movements in the Arabic World, wich is itself reinforced by an adverse sociocultural context and legislation. In spite of its recent conformation, these cybernetic discourses supporting LGBTIQ+ rights are a first class source in the study of these movements. In this work, it have been analysed discourses produced mainly in Tunisia and to a lesser extent in Lebanon by associations in defense of LGBTIQ+rights between 2014 and 2018. Therefore, a multimodal analysis with a sociolinguistic perspective, focusing on Arabic dialectology, reveals some multilingual discursive networks (foreign languages, Modern Standard Arabic and Arabic dialects) which reflects a different discursive purpouse depending on the variety employed. Thusly, the use of an Arabic dialectal variety is shown to be key for the embodiment of a local identitarian LGBTIQ+ discourse, which seeks to gain visibility and legitimisation in its own social environment. For this reason, the study of local discourses and their discursive production and reproduction should be integrated in any gender study focused in the Arab World.
Sumario 1. Introducción | 1.1. Ciberactivismo en el Mundo árabe | 1.2. Movimiento LGBTIQ+ en el Mundo Árabe | 1.3. Restricciones para la enunciación del discurso: la legalidad del colectivo LGBTIQ+ | 1.4. Procesos de escrituralización del árabe dialectal | 2. Metodología | 3. Prácticas discursivas que emplean la variedad dialectal | 3.1. Prácticas monolingües | 3.2. Prácticas discursivas en árabe dialectal publicadas a la par en otras lenguas | 3.3. Prácticas multilingües | 4. El empleo del árabe en dialectal en los discursos LGBTIQ+ | 5. Política lingüística: la red discursiva políglota | 5.1 Empleos y finalidades discursivas | 5.2. El uso estratégico de la variedad dialectal dentro de la red discursiva políglota | 6. Conclusiones | Referencias bibliográficas.

L a « théorie du genre », une dangereuse idéologie menaçant les fondements de nos sociétés humaines ? Banderoles « On veut du sexe, pas du genre » dans les manifestations contre la loi du « mariage pour tous », demande expresse de deux députés UMP d'enquêter sur la « pénétration de cette théorie » dans la société : les polémiques et les attaques médiatiques contre la notion de genre se sont multipliées ces dernières années. Déjà présente sur la scène publique à l'époque du Pacs, cette notion est devenue une cible médiatique récurrente, ses détracteurs dénonçant une « théorie niant les différences physiologiques entre hommes et femmes », qui attaque ainsi les « fondements de notre société ». Rien de moins. « Un discours apocalyptique qui conforte le sens commun le plus obtus et le repli sur des normes figées », s'agace Sylvia Duverger, doctorante à Paris-VIII et administratrice du blog « Féministes en tous genres ». Entre le discours des « anti » et l'objet de leur opprobre, il y a pourtant un monde. Car « il n'y a pas "une" théorie du genre », rappelle Églantine Jamet-Moreau, maîtresse de conférences à Paris-X, mais « "des" études de genre ». En aucun cas un complot visant à détruire famille et société, ces études sont au contraire un outil d'analyse des discriminations. C'est peut-être là ce qui dérange. « S'il existe bien des différences physiologiques et anatomiques entre ce qu'on appelle un homme et ce qu'on appelle une femme, ces différences n'entraînent pas l'ensemble des distinctions que l'on peut constater dans une société entre ces identités », explique la sociologue Christine Delphy. Grossièrement, être pourvue d'un vagin ne donne pas nécessairement une aptitude parfaite à cuisiner ou à tenir en équilibre sur des talons hauts, tout comme l'attribut pénis ne détermine pas spécifiquement la réflexion politique ou le bon usage du crochet du droit. « Le genre, c'est le système hiérarchique qui divise la population en deux groupes et utilise, pour les distinguer, la forme des parties génitales,

What, if any, is the relationship between ritual transvestism of the early modern period, roughly the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries, and contemporary transgendered identities in island Southeast Asia? In asking this question, I do not assume any necessary connection between past and present practices enacted by gender transgressive females (and males). I am not tracing the “history” of transgendered
females, nor am I suggesting the existence of a transgendered identity that transcends time and place, appearing in different guises. Rather, I am examining the cultural discourses and narratives that produce particular gendered practices deemed outside and therefore
transgressive of normative gender in various time periods. I argue that these gendered practices are differently produced, understood, and interiorized in relation to the dominant religious, cultural, and social discourses of particular historical eras.

“The Second Glance” is a new exhibition series that provides a multi-perspective engagement with the permanent collection of the Bode Museum through current socially relevant themes. Following thematic paths, visitors will be encouraged to discover the art treasures of the Sculpture Collection and the Museum for Byzantine Art in new and different ways. “All Forms of Love”, the first in the series, facilitates a second look at works that, in a variety of ways, provide access to the theme of the diversity of sexual identities. In order to make the content of this project accessible to all those interested, the exhibition catalogue is available for free online in both German and English. www.smb.museum/derzweiteblick

„Der zweite Blick“ ist eine neue integrierte Ausstellungsreihe, die sich anhand aktueller gesellschaftsrelevanter Themen multiperspektivisch mit der Dauerausstellung des Bode-Museums auseinandersetzt. „Spielarten der Liebe“, die neue LGBTIQ*-Narration des Bode-Museums, ist der erste in Kooperation mit dem Schwulen Museum entwickelte Teil der Reihe und ermöglicht einen zweiten Blick auf Werke, die auf unterschiedliche Arten einen Zugang zum Thema der Vielfalt sexueller Identitäten bieten. Mit dem Ziel, die Inhalte dieses Projektes allen Interessierten zugänglich zu machen, steht der Ausstellungskatalog in Deutsch und Englisch online und kostenfrei zur Verfügung. www.smb.museum/derzweiteblick

Women representation in the media has attracted a lot of attention from scholars in different countries. Existing literature overwhelmingly focuses on media representation of women in the political sphere, with greater consideration for women who contested for or held political offices. At a time when the crisis of self-determination raging through many countries coincides with increasing women visibility in politics, this study examines the visibility of women in newspaper discourse of contested nationhood using the case of Nigeria. The current focus is important as women bear a great part of the brunt of crisis of contested nationhood. In content and critical discourse analyses of two-year straight news reportage of the debate over the negotiability of Nigeria’s unity in four newspapers, it was found that social actors from the establishment are more than twice as visible in the discourse as those from the civil society, with women from both sides excluded. It was concluded that the increased visibility, though marginal, that women are achieving in Nigerian politics does not result in them becoming visible in the country’s newspaper discourse of contested nationhood.

Azadeh Moaveni"s two memoirs, Lipstick Jihad: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America and American in Iran (2005) and Honeymoon in Tehran: Two Years of Love and Danger in Iran (2010), have been praised for offering an objective picture of contemporary Iran, especially due to the fact that they are written by a professional journalist who is also a native informant. The present article argues that these memoirs, in spite of different claims about their authenticity, embody the orientalist discourse of ineptness and backwardness of Iranian people. The article, drawing on theories from Said, Genette, Barth, and Alcoff, among others, maintains that the paratexts and texts of the memoirs, confirm the expectations of many of their western readers and introduce Iranian people as pathetic beings in need of a savior, obsessed with the gratification of their sexual desires with the ultimate dream of living in the West. It is finally concluded that the memoirs can be considered reductionist as they propose some generalizations which do not apply to all sections of Iranian society and their orientalist confirmation can be strongly challenged for the dual reasons that they deny the dynamic nature of Iranian society and reflect only part of the truth about Iran, not all of it.

Intertextuality is related to the ways whereby new meanings are created from the old ones and deals with how newly-constructed discourse can incorporate previous texts by adapting and transforming them into new ones (Johnstone, 2008). The present study, using a (critical) discourse analytic framework and some systematic procedures, attempted to identify, qualitatively analyze and reflect upon the instances of intertextuality elements in the argumentative essays written by a group of advanced proficiency level M.A students of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) and English Literature in a State university in Iran. Some representative instances of macro-and micro-level intertextuality (Ahmadian & Yazdani, 2013) are cited, compared and further discussed based on the structural conventions of the argumentative essay writing subgenre, the general knowledge and personal, academic and world experiences of the individuals and the social and ideological context in which the study was conducted.

Considering the efforts to resolve the widespread societal phenomenon of violence against women, awareness-raising and the role of the media comprise one of the key targets by the most important international agreements to combat it. The women's anti-violence movement since the 1970s has made essential contributions to the recognition of violence against women as a human rights violation and is a crucial player in the field of violence prevention. Its anti-violence initiatives are of major importance. Looking at the media in general, we can observe how different programmes and formats depict similar (visual) narratives of clichéd imagination on intimate partner violence, whereas the sys-temic nature of the problem mostly remains hidden (Bonilla Campos, 2008; Boyle, 2005; Geiger, 2008; López Díez, 2005; Taylor, 2009; Wolf, 2013a, b). This lack of clarity is hindering the comprehension of gender-based violence as a societal phenomenon. The imagery disseminated by the women's anti-violence movement and institution-alised entities constitutes the core subject of this article, in order to obtain insights into the supposed alternative representations appropriate to contrast the 'malestream' media on the subject. Their contributions to visual discourse through European-wide, Spanish and Austrian anti-violence initiatives are analysed from 2007 to 2011-before the Istan-bul Convention came into force. As the social roots and the transposition of the complexity of gender-based violence constitute a rather ambiguous undertaking, the analysis aims to disclose how anti-violence initiatives shape the social accounts of male-to-female partner violence, identifying good practice examples and underlying ideological concepts.
Keywords: audio-visual media; visual discourse; violence against women; gender-based
violence; prevention; campaigns