Football Fan Behaviour

Se trata de una aproximación académica al fenómeno de los grupos radicales de hinchas organizados existentes en el Estado español. La obra se divide en tres capítulos que describen desde la implantación del fútbol hasta la creación y evolución de los colectivos de hinchas radicales existentes.  El libro concluye recopilando un conjunto de reflexiones sobre la violencia en este deporte.

El primer capítulo – “Los orígenes” – trata sobre la concreción de este deporte en Inglaterra en el siglo XIII hasta su consolidación como disciplina deportiva y reglamentación en el siglo XIX, cuando su pràctica se disoció del rugby definitivamente.  También se describe la creación de los primeros grupos de seguidores organizados tras la celebración en el país d la Copa del Mundo el año 1966, su desarrollo y los fenómenos derivados que emanaron a posteriori del llamado hooliganismo británico.

En el segundo – “Radicales en España” – se aborda la importación del fenómeno de los hinchas radicales al fútbol estatal. Tras una primera aproximación sobre como se implantó este deporte en la Península se expone el marco sociodeportivo que favoreció la aparición de los primeros grupos organizados de hinchas radicales coinicidiendo con el Mundial celebrado en 1982. Una taxonomía de los colectivos pioneros da paso a la descripción de las etapas del fenómeno en clave autóctona, citando las rivalidades ciudadanas extremas existentes y la incidencia de la violencia en la evolución de estos grupos.

El tercer capítulo – “¿Fútbol: deporte o política?” – expone las vinculaciones de algunos grupos de hinchas radicales con determinadas corrientes ideológicas. En esta línea se describe el caso barcelonés, concretado en la existencia de cabezas rapadas en los grupos radicales de los dos equipos de la ciudad. También se citan las relaciones existentes de otros colectivos y, finalmente, la concreción de Orgullo Nacional, el grupo ultra de la selección española.

El capítulo final de conclusiones recoge las reflexiones sobre la violencia en el fútbol español, los diversos programas de actuación que se han implantado desde las instituciones y las fuerzas de seguridad, así como la posible evolución del fenómeno y su más que probable equiparación a la realidad europea.

La obra adjunta diversos anexos que facilitan la comprensión del fenómeno, así como una cronología, no exhaustiva, de los casos violentos protagonizados por hinchas radicales en el fútbol español.

FC St. Pauli is a football club unlike any other. Encompassing music, sport and politics, its fans welcome refugees, fight fascists and take a stand against all forms of discrimination. This book goes behind the skull and crossbones emblem to tell the story of a football club rewriting the rulebook.

Since the club's beginnings in Hamburg's red-light district, the chants, banners and atmosphere of the stadium have been dictated by the politics of the streets. Promotions are celebrated and relegations commiserated alongside social struggles, workers' protests and resistance to Nazism. In recent years, people have flocked from all over the world to join the Black Bloc in the stands of the Millerntor Stadium and while in the 1980s the club had a small DIY punk following, now there are almost 30,000 in attendance at games with supporters across the world.

In a sporting landscape governed by corporate capitalism, driven by revenue and divorced from community, FC St. Pauli demonstrate that another football is possible.

Dieses Buch analysiert das gesellschaftlich weitverbreitete Ressentiment gegen RB Leipzig aus antisemitismuskritischer Perspektive. In einer empirisch fundierten theoretischen Auseinandersetzung stellt dieses Buch eine gleichermaßen innovative wie richtungsweisende Studie über die Fankultur der Ultras sowie die Artikulationsformen des Antisemitismus im 21. Jahrhundert vor. Brunssen legt eindrucksvoll dar, wie sich die Ablehnung RB Leipzigs aus einem jahrhundertealten Fundus antisemitischer Bilder speist.

Mit einem Vorwort von Andrei S. Markovits.

Fascism and other ultra-right viewpoints endanger the healthy existence of societies. Said ideologies get more or less traction depending on the specificities of a given situation. This article aims to provide a thorough account of how and why such ideas entered the football environment in Russia, infecting the minds of local fans.

Para penggemar tersebut seringkali mengidentikan diri memakai jersey, t-shirt, dan pernak-pernik semacamnya untuk menujukkan "aku fans MU, fans Barca, fans Inter dan fans-fans klub besar lainnya. Mereka tidak segan membeli jersey asli klub kebanggaannya walaupun merogoh kocek dalam, nonton bareng di cafe-cafe bila klubnya bertanding, dan tidak segan menulis di status facebook, men-retweed segala hal dari akun klub kesayangan mengenai apa saja, googling dan men-download foto-foto atau wallpaper klub kebanggaannya untuk dipajang di gadget mereka atau ditaruh di instagram

Od samog nastanka navijačkih grupa, svuda u svetu, muzika i navijačke prakse su nerazdvojno povezani. U ovom izlaganju biće osvetljen značaj pank muzike i ostalih sadržaja koji oličavaju ovu specifičnu urbanu subkulturu za određenu grupu Grobara, odnosno navijača JSD Partizan. Istraživanje je inspirisano pojavom pank rok benda Grupa JNA, čija je muzika isključivo posvećena Partizanu i Grobarima, ali i sada već razvijenom tradicijom pravljenja fanzina i crtanja grafita koje su poslednjih nekoliko godina doživele ponovni procvat, pre svega zahvaljujući multimedijalnoj gru-pi Grobarski trash romantizam. Pokušaćemo da dođemo do odgovora na koji način se pank kao ideja i praksa uklapa u apstraktnu ideju o Partizanu kao nečemu što tako čvrsto povezuje veliki broj pojedinaca i među njima iznova izaziva tu ne-navijačima nepoznatu "uzvišenu emociju".
Ključne reči: pank, muzika, navijači, fudbal, Grobari, Partizan

This paper aims to analyse the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) regime’s desire to control the public discourse about violence in GDR (German Democratic Republic) football and its wilful downplay as a non-political matter. The TV film Abseits (Offside), episode of the very popular series Der Staatsanwalt hat das Wort (The Prosecutor has the Floor) presented by state prosecutor Dr. Peter Przybilski and broadcast in prime time on DDR1 in December 1981, shall serve as example of this ideologized fiction building. Violence in GDR football was represented as a societal problem caused by adolescents and young adults with excessive alcohol consumption or psychological predisposition. Abseits/Offside confronts its audience with a filmic narrative centred around a non-football specific Rowdytum resulting of a love rivalry. Violence only erupts on the fringes of the stadium and Abseits (Offside) at least offers a fictional ellipsis and euphemism of reality in GDR football.

In the 1980s, in the period before the collapse of Yugoslavia, football stadiums became one of the most important public spaces in
which forbidden and suppressed discourses were exposed.
Correspondingly, it has been widely accepted that the state
repressive apparatus perceived football supporter groups as an
exceptionally dangerous political opponent to the socialist system. However, according to the analysis of archival materials from
the Yugoslav secret service Croatian supporters per se were not
perceived as such. Supporter groups were approached primarily
as subculture actors with a special system of social norms and
values. This is evident from a 1989 operative investigation codenamed ‘Stadion’, the purpose of which was to surveil four of the
largest Croatian supporter groups. The surveillance of supporters
began mainly as a consequence of the foundation of the first
opposition political parties. This increased the possibility that supporter groups would be instrumentalized, which was a real potential danger from the perspective of the secret service.

In 1933 the first women's football team in Italy was founded by some men's football female fans, eager to transform their passive fan supporting faith to more active sporting activity.
Female fandom was a sociological fact, during the Fascist Ventennio (1922-1943): the regime didn't ban the entrance to the Italian stadiums, so girls were free to attend the male football's matches, and they did it, above all in the more developed and open-minded cities such as Milan, Turin, Bologna, Naples. Fighting against a lot of prejudices, they thought they had the right to support their football idols such as Giuseppe Meazza and Angelo Schiavio: they depicted themselves as expert, enthusiastic, ladylike female fans. They were the umpteenth incarnation of the donna nuova 'new women' of the Fascist ideology, different both from the last generation of Italian women (who didn't attend the football stadiums) and from the decadent 1920s' model coming from abroad.
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Nel 1933 alcune tifose di squadre maschili di calcio fondarono la prima squadra di calcio femminile in Italia: la loro intenzione era quella di far evolvere la loro fede calcistica passiva in qualcosa di più attivo.
La presenza di tifose era una realtà sociologica radicata, durante il Ventennio: dal momento che il regime non glielo impediva, le ragazze erano libere di andare alle partite delle squadre maschili, e in effetti lo facevano, soprattutto nei centri urbani dalla mentalità più aperta, come Milano, Torino, Bologna, Napoli. Lottando strenuamente contro moltissimi pregiudizi, le tifose ritenevano di avere il diritto di tifare i loro beniamini calcistici come Giuseppe Meazza e Angelo Schiavio: si autorappresentavano come supporters esperte, passionali e femminili. Erano insomma l’ennesima incarnazione della donna nuova desiderata dal Fascismo, diversa sia dalla generazione delle madri (che non usavano andare allo stadio), sia dal modello decadente e importato dall’estero della donna degli Anni Venti.

Nowadays, many sports organisations including football clubs have started a new trend to survive in competitive market conditions on the internet; online football marketing. Online football marketing has become a significant topic to consider for all major football clubs, in another saying, for all football companies in the world. Since the internet has a crucial part in people’s lives, football related companies have found a quite useful way to gain supporters, who turn into customers by making digital marketing involve in individuals' lives.

Liverpool Football Club is one of those professional football clubs with a worldwide fan base and seeks new markets to enhance its digital marketing touchpoints as well as maximise profits. Therefore, the aim of this study is to prepare a research project that observes in what manner LFC Social Media affects LFC supporters’ perception and their purchase intention by reviewing the previous researches and testing particular hypotheses.

In the first chapter, the researcher provides an introduction about the motivations and research objectives behind the subject. In the second chapter, the researcher reviews the literature for the concept of football fans’ customer behaviour and the theory behind this subject. Further, the third section of the text puts words together about the research methods and the philosophy of this study. In the fourth chapter, several analyses are carried out and each hypothesis is tested. In the final chapter, the researcher provides a conclusion and the findings that were made.

Sepak Bola merupakan olahraga yang paling popular di dunia setidaknya sampai saat ini. Dari ratusan cabang olahraga, sepakbola selalu menempati posisi pertama dalam segi fanatisme supporternya, kompleksitas permasalahannya, pendapatannya bahkan berbagai konspirasinya. Sepak bola selalu menarik dibahas dari berbagai prespektif, termasuk dari sudut pandang budaya. Olahraga ini memiliki daya tarik global. Tidak ada bentuk budaya populer lain yang dapat menimbulkan gairah kebersamaan dalam perjalanan sejarah olahraga dunia kecuali sepak bola. Serupa dengan negara lain, Indonesia pun tidak luput dari serangan "virus" sepak bola ini. Olahraga ini diperkenalkan kepada penduduk Indonesia oleh orang-orang Eropa yang menguasai Indonesia (Hindia-Belanda) pada masa itu. Perkembangan sepak bola di Hindia-Belanda sendiri dimulai dari dekade awal abad ke-20. Pada perkembangannya setelah Indonesia merdeka, Indonesia memiliki federasi sepakbola-nya sendiri yaitu PSSI. Dengan adanya PSSI akhirnya Indonesia memiliki kompetisi sepakbola yang membuat indonesia diakui sebagai bagian dari FIFA. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi fenomenologi, dan pendekatan ilmu sosial lainnya dengan metode kualitatif.

Live text commentary has, in recent years, emerged as a prominent mode of reporting sports actions to an online audience in real time. Prior studies have mainly adopted a textual analysis approach in examining this written genre of sports commentary. Working within a media multitasking and technology acceptance paradigm, this study investigated the patterns of, perceptions, and motivations that drive online consumption of live text commentary among football fans. Data were obtained from a survey of 312 Nigerian football fans. Findings showed that Nigerian fans access live text commentary in a supplementary and contemporaneous fashion with television and radio live football broadcasts. It was revealed that fans were more likely to access live text commentary to follow European football league matches than those of the domestic league. However, the local–foreign spectatorship preference margin was found to be minimal when fans follow country-based football matches. Results also established that fans' motivations and perceptions, which were found to be more utilitarian than hedonic in direction, significantly mediate the relationship between actual consumption and intention for future consumption of live text commentary. Implications and contributions of the study's findings were discussed.

Over the last 20 years or so there has been a proliferation of anti-racist organisations, campaigns and interventions across football at all levels, allied to broader social, cultural and political shifts in late modern digital societies. Indeed, relying on certain statistical data, which reports a decline in racist incidents in stadia, might lead many anti-racist policy-makers to champion liberal doctrines and to proclaim football fan cultures as quantitatively 'less racist'. However, in this article, using Critical Race Theory as a guiding theoretical framework, throughout, we foreground the qualitative experiences and stories of BAME football fans to understand why football fandom and spectatorship remain predominantly 'White' activities. Using semi-tructured interviews and observational techniques, we explore critically the continued significance of 'race' as a mediating actor in football fandom, how BAME football fans negotiate-resist belonging in football fandom cultures and the implications for BAME fans' testimonies for policymakers. We conclude by arguing for an increase in intersectional research across football/football fan studies, to understand better the racialised aspects of football fandom, and we also urge scholars and policymakers, alike, to place greater emphasis on 'trust building' innovations, as opposed to 'diversity', given the latter has taken on a commercial value of late.