Estrogen

Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of mortality due to gynecological tumors. Estrogen receptors (ERs) seem to participate in tumor progression even in the absence of estrogens. Twenty years after the cloning of the second estrogen receptor, a wide spectrum of studies have shown its implication in both physiologic and pathologic pathways. ERβ, being the predominant type of ER in normal ovary tissue, has not only been linked with pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, but also with response to treatment. Unlike ERα, which is primarily linked with cell growth, ERβ presence is prominent in signaling pathways, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Literature review of relevant published material (from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases) was conducted. Polymorphisms in the respective ESR2 gene, epigenetic modifications and isoforms of the receptor have been extensively studied to assess potential correlations with responsiveness to treatment and tumor behavior. Studies on the exact role...

This article compared the effects of spontaneous obesity on the daily profile in the relative amount of the leptin receptor (LepRb), and its output. That is the precursor Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) over a 24-hour period and compared with differences in locomotion and food intake in periods of artificial light. Differences between lean and obese mice were examined, as were sex differences. Body weight, food intake and locomotor activity were monitored in freely moving lean and obese mice. Hypothalamic tissue was collected at 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, 19 h and 24 h. Samples were analyzed by western blotting to determine the relative presence of protein for LepRb, STAT3 phosphorylation (by pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio) and POMC. Obese mice were 60% less active in locomotion than lean mice during the night. While both locomotor activity and food intake were noticeably greater during the day in obese mice than in lean mice, the hypothalamus in obese mice showed a lower relative abundance of POMC and reduc...

Sekilas mengenai anemia selama kehamilan dan prevalensinya Anemia selama kehamilan merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat terutama di negara berkembang. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) menyatakan anemia pada kehamilan terjadi jika konsentrasi hemoglobin (Hb) kurang dari 11 g/dL darah. Data global menunjukkan bahwa 56% ibu hamil di negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah menderita anemia. Prevalensi anemia tertinggi pada wanita hamil yaitu di Afrika Sub-Sahara (57%), diikuti oleh Asia Tenggara (48%), dan Amerika Selatan (24,1%). Di Indonesia, di daerah perkotaan memiliki prevalensi anemia selama kehamilan sebesar 36,4%, sedangkan di pedesaan sebesar 37,8%. Penyebab anemia selama kehamilan di negara berkembang adalah melibatkan banyak faktor. Faktor-faktor tersebut meliputi defisiensi mikronutrien zat besi, folat, vitamin B12, homeostasis kalsium, infeksi parasit atau infeksi kronis seperti TBC dan HIV. Untuk lebih jelasnya mengenai peran faktor-faktor tersebut terhadap munculnya anemia pada ibu hamil, berikut penjelasannya: 1. Ferritin Ferritin adalah protein penyimpan zat besi yang diekspresikan di seluruh bagian tubuh. Struktur molekul ferritin terdiri dari 24 subunit, biasanya terdiri dari rasio yang berbeda-beda dari subunit rantai H dan L. Subunit H-ferritin menggunakan aktivitas ferroxidase yang diperlukan untuk oksidasi ferro (Fe 2+) menjadi ferri (Fe 3+), sedangkan subunit L-ferritin mengandung residu asam yang memfasilitasi pergantian ferroxidase. Sekresi feritin dilakukan oleh berbagai jenis sel, seperti makrofag, hepatosit, dan sel Kupffer hati. Ferritin banyak ditemukan pada sitosol. Selain di sitosol, protein ini juga dijumpai di mitokondria, plastida , nukleus, serum ekstraseluler dan cairan serebrospinal. Fungsi utama dari ferritin serupa engan transferin, yaitu mengangkut dan mengakumulasi besi. Perbedaan kedua protein tersebut terletak pada kemampuan ferritin yang dapat mengangkut dan mengakumulasi 4.500 atom besi, sedangkan transferin hanya dua atom saja. Ferritin dapat menyediakan zat besi untuk proses seluler penting sekaligus mampu melindungi lipid, DNA, dan protein dari serangan zat besi toksik. Perubahan kadar feritin sering digunakan praktek klinis untuk mendeteksi gangguan homeostasis besi atau metabolisme, inflamasi, neurodegeneratif, dan penyakit ganas. 2. Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 atau kobalamin adalah vitamin larut dalam air yang berasal dari produk hewani seperti daging merah, susu, dan telur. Faktor intrinsik (IF) adalah glikoprotein yang diproduksi oleh sel parietal di lambung dan diperlukan untuk penyerapan B12 di ileum

Fertilitas dalam ilmu biologi berarti kemampuan untuk menyebabkan kehamilan dan menghasilkan keturunan. Infertilitas adalah ketidakmampuan individu untuk menyebabkan kehamilan secara alami dalam satu tahun percobaan. Istilah subfertilitas juga sering digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan kemungkinan kehamilan terjadi, tetapi membutuhkan waktu lebih lama.
Terdapat sekitar 186 juta orang di dunia mengalami infertilitas yang mayoritas berasal negara berkembang. Di Indonesia, fertilitas penduduk terbilang tinggi dan angka kelahiran menempati peringkat populasi terbanyak keempat setelah Cina, India, dan Amerika Serikat. Tingginya angka kelahiran di negara ini menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan antara laju perekonomian yang lambat dengan laju kelahiran yang tinggi.
Kemajuan sains dan teknologi saat ini telah dirancang dan disesuaikan untuk dapat mengontrol, mendeteksi, bahkan mengeliminasi fertilitas. Dalam perkembangannya, teknologi diagnosis fertilitas menggunakan marker biomolekuler telah dilakukan dan selalu diperbaharui demi mendapatkan diagnosa yang lebih cepat dan akurat. Selain mendeteksi fertilitas, marker biomolekul juga sering digunakan untuk gangguan yang berhubungan gangguan sistem reproduksi.

Citation: Reis de Assis, D.; Szabo, A.; Requena Osete, J.; Puppo, F.; O'Connell, K.S.; A. Akkouh, I.; Hughes, T.; Frei, E.; A. Andreassen, O.; Djurovic, S. Using iPSC Models to Understand the Role of Estrogen in Neuron-Glia Interactions in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.

Both estrogen (E2) and nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to affect motor function, in part, through regulation of dopamine (DA) release, transporter function, and the elicitation of neuroprotection / neurodegeneration of healthy neurons, as well as in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Currently, the “gold standard” treatment for PD is the use of levodopa (l-DOPA). However, patients who experience long-term l-DOPA and a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) treatment may develop unwanted side effects such as hyperkinesia which can be exacerbated by female Parkinsonian patients also on E2 replacement therapy. The current study was designed to determine whether embryonic zebrafish treated with either E2 or l-DOPA/MAOI develop a de novo-induced hyperkinetic movement disorder that relies on the NO pathway to elicit this hyperkinetic phenotype. Results from this study indicate that 5 days post-fertilization (dpf), fish treated with an l-DOPA + MAOI co-treatment or E2 elicited the development of a de novo hyperkinetic phenotype. In addition, the de novo l-DOPA + MAOI- and E2-induced hyperkinetic phenotypes are dependent on NO and E2 for its initiation and recovery. In conclusion, these findings point to the central role both NO and E2 play in the facilitation of de novo hyperkinesia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating and costly diseases, and prevalence of AD increases with age. Furthermore, females are twice as likely to suffer from AD compared to males. The cessation of reproductive steroid hormone production during menopause is hypothesized to cause this difference. Two rodent AD models, APP21 and APP+PS1, and wild type (WT) rats underwent an ovariectomy or sham surgery. Changes in learning and memory, brain histology, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, levels of mRNAs involved in Aβ production and clearance, and synaptic and cognitive function were determined. Barnes maze results showed that regardless of ovariectomy status, APP+PS1 rats learned slower and had poor memory retention. Ovariectomy caused learning impairment only in the APP21 rats. High levels of Aβ 42 and very low levels of Aβ 40 were observed in the brain cortices of APP+PS1 rats indicating limited endogenous PS1. The APP+PS1 rats had 43-fold greater formic acid soluble Aβ 42 than Aβ 40 at 17 months. Furthermore, levels of formic acid soluble Aβ 42 increased 57-fold in ovariectomized APP+PS1 rats between 12 and 17 months of age. The mRNA encoding Grin1 significantly decreased due to ovariectomy whereas levels of Bace1, Chat, and Prkcb all decreased with age. The expression levels of mRNAs involved in Aβ degradation and AβPP cleavage (Neprilysin, Ide, Adam9, and Psenen) were found to be highly correlated with each other as well as hippocampal Aβ deposition. Taken together, these results indicate that both ovariectomy and genotype influence AD markers in a complex manner.

I described how estrogen is related with CoVid 19 and how it helps us to fight against Covid 19 .I also mentioned about phyto estrogen , which act like  estrogen therapy , if some are contraindications to it ( breast cancer , prostate cancer etc.).
Hopefully you will love it because I made very short brief note only.
I will make update on my research soon .

I also described

Background and objective: Aging and menopause are associated with decreased antioxidant function, however, the role of exercise and estrogen consumption in the health of these people has been shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interactive effect of aerobic training (AT) and estrogen (Es) on serum levels of catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) enzymes in ovariectomized rats.

Background:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been shown to have broad effects on development, but their mutagenic actions that can lead to cancer have been less clearly demonstrated. Physiological levels of estrogen have been shown to stimulate DNA damage in breast epithelial cells through mechanisms mediated by estrogen-receptor alpha (ERα). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and propylparaben (PP) are xenoestrogens found in the urine of >96% of U.S. population.

Objectives:
We investigated the effect of BP-3 and PP on estrogen receptor–dependent transactivation and DNA damage at concentrations relevant to exposures in humans.

Methods:
In human breast epithelial cells, DNA damage following treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2), BP-3, and PP was determined by immunostaining with antibodies against γ-H2AX and 53BP1. Estrogenic responses were determined using luciferase reporter assays and gene expression. Formation of R-loops was determined with DNA: RNA hybrid–specific S9.6 antibody. Short-term exposure to the chemicals was also studied in ovariectomized mice. Immunostaining of mouse mammary epithelium was performed to quantify R-loops and DNA damage in vivo.

Results:
Concentrations of 1μM and 5μM BP-3 or PP increased DNA damage similar to that of E2 treatment in a ERα-dependent manner. However, BP-3 and PP had limited transactivation of target genes at 1μM and 5μM concentrations. BP-3 and PP exposure caused R-loop formation in a normal human breast epithelial cell line when ERα was introduced. R-loops and DNA damage were also detected in mammary epithelial cells of mice treated with BP-3 and PP.

Conclusions:
Acute exposure to xenoestrogens (PP and BP-3) in mice induce DNA damage mediated by formation of ERα-dependent R-loops at concentrations 10-fold lower than those required for transactivation. Exposure to these xenoestrogens may cause deleterious estrogenic responses, such as DNA damage, in susceptible individuals.

Exposure to estrogen is strongly associated with increased breast cancer risk. While all women are exposed to estrogen, only 12% are expected to develop breast cancer during their lifetime. These women may be more sensitive to estrogen, as rodent models have demonstrated variability in estrogen sensitivity. Our objective was to determine individual variation in expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen-induced responses in the normal human breast. Human breast tissue from female donors undergoing reduction mammoplasty surgery were collected for microarray analysis of ER expression. To examine estrogen-induced responses, breast tissue from 23 female donors were cultured ex- vivo in basal or 10 nM 17β-estradiol (E2) media for 4 days. Expression of ER genes (ESR1 and ESR2) increased significantly with age. E2 induced consistent increases in global gene transcription, but expression of target genes AREG, PGR, and TGFβ2 increased significantly only in explants from nulliparous women. E2-treatment did not induce consistent changes in proliferation or radiation induced apoptosis. Responses to estrogen are highly variable among women and not associated with levels of ER expression, suggesting differences in intracellular signaling among individuals. The differences in sensitivity to E2-stimulated responses may contribute to variation in risk of breast cancer.

Objective: To determine the frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia among the general population of District Khuzdar, Baluchistan Pakistan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and the data was collected on "World Osteoporosis Day" 20 th October 2019 during an awareness session arranged by Shaheed Baz Muhammad Kakar Foundation at Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences Khuzdar Campus. The bone mineral density of all participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria was determined with DMS PEGASUS SMART Bone Densitometer. The T-scores were measured based on the readings of each individual and further characterized as Normal (+1 to-1 Standard Deviations), Osteopenia (-1 to-2.5 Standard Deviations), and Osteoporosis (<-2.5 SD). Results: The total participants screened were 246 including 169(68.7%) males and 77(31.3%) females. The mean age was 37±7. Most(49.2%, n=121) participants were in the age range of 15 to 25 years. Majority (75.6%,n=186) of the participants had normal bone mineral density. Osteopenia was detected in 47(19.1%) and Osteoporosis in 13(5.3%) participants. Conclusion: Majority of our study participants had normal bone mineral density. However, osteopenia and osteoporosis was detected in good proportion of our study sample. Proper treatment can prevent insufficiency fractures in this osteoporotic fraction of our population.

Cancer is uncontrolled and/or abnormal cell growth and proliferation as a result of DNA damage. When the normal cells are exposed to DNA damage, they try to prevent this damage through various mechanisms. But in cancer, repair mechanisms of the cell are disrupted. Cells grow excessively and abnormally, and this threatens the life of organism. There are many factors that lead to carcinogenesis. One of these factors is endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors can damage the body mechanisms to mimic certain hormones in the body. Bisphenol-A (BPA), which is one of the endocrine disrupting substances, is found in many products, such as plastic bottles, including primarily packaged foods. Exposure to BPA causes estrogen-mimetic feature which may lead to carcinogenesis through estro-gen metabolism in cells. Phenolic compounds are widely present in plants which had beneficial effects on the body, and generally considered as health nutrients for human. We think, the phenolic compounds could have some positive effects on estrogen metabolism against BPA. To demonstrate that gallic acid (GA)-which is a prototype of phenolic compounds-, BPA and pure estrogen receptor blocker [fulvestrant (FV)] were applied to DU-145 (malign prostatic cancer cell) and HGF-1 (human gingival fibroblast cell) cell lines. FV was used to detect estrogen receptors related efficacy. We used 3-(4,5-dimeth-ylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test to measure the cytotoxicity of chemical substances that we used. Effects of BPA and GA on estrogen metabolism were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. In our study, MTT test showed that the GA decreased the cytotoxicity of BPA in cells. Using FV in combination with GA or BPA, also changed the percent of cell viability in MTT test, but these changes were negligible amount. Therefore, it could be considered that BPA and GA related effects are not only via estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta. As a result of studies conducted by RT-PCR, we determined that GA and BPA had effects on enzymes of intracellular estrogen metabolism. FV caused changes on the effects of GA and BPA. This shows us that the these substances may show their effects via estro-gen receptors. One of the most promising results of this study was: GA increased the expression of mRNA expression of glutathione S-transferase enzyme which increases detoxification and quinone reductase enzyme that decreases the DNA adducts. This showed us GA can also do protective effects to carcinogenic properties as well as endo-crine disrupting effects of chemicals like BPA. GA also increased the expression of mRNA expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme in benign cells, but not in malign cells specifically, which is an important step in DNA repair mechanism. We planned a new RT-PCR and Western Blot study in order to determine the possible role of estrogen receptors and estrogen metabolism related enzymes in the mechanism of the preventive effect of phenolic compounds against endocrine disrupters more precisely, in over cancer, mammary cancer and prostate cancer cell lines, and we believed that this would be very informative for the understanding the underlying mechanism of endocrine dis-rupters and cancer. ARTICLE HISTORY This is the fulltext article of Meeting Abstract which was published in J Contemp Med Edu. 2016; 4(1): 39-39

Objective: The objective of this research work is to know the productive and reproductive performances and problems of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows in selected study areas in Bangladesh.

Methodology: A total of 1,241 local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows were surveyed in the selected areas with a pre-set questionnaire. Among 1,241 buffalo cows, 112 buffalo cows were randomly selected at day 0 of the estrus cycle for studying ovarian features.

Results: Results showed that the average age, body condition score, and body weight were significantly (p < 0.05) different among the studied breeds. Milk production in Murrah and lactation length in Nilli cows were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than indigenous, crossbred, Nilli, and indigenous , crossbred, Murrah buffalo cows, respectively. Results also illustrated that sexual maturity, estrus cycle length, insemination time after the onset of estrus, and gestation length insignificantly (p > 0.05) varied among the surveyed breed. But, the fallout of the study denoted that estrus duration, first calving age, parity number, number of service per conception, calving interval , and voluntary waiting period varied significantly (p < 0.05) in different breeds. Ovarian physiological characteristics such as vaginal electrical resistance, average number of follicles in two ovaries, and largest follicular diameter, estrogen, and progesterone at day 0 of the estrus cycle of local, crossbred, Nilli, and Murrah buffalo cows showed insignificantly (p > 0.05) differences.

Conclusion: The study will help the veterinarian and researcher to identify the constraints for the reproductive efficiency of buffalo in Bangladesh.

Sự rối loạn nội tiết tố nữ ngày càng phổ biến trong xã hội hiện nay, một số dấu hiệu nhận biết như nám sạm, cáu gắt, bốc hỏa, khô âm đạo,... Sự mất cân bằng làm ảnh hưởng rất nhiều đến cuộc sống, sinh hoạt và hạnh phúc của người phụ nữ. Bài viết dưới đây sẽ giúp các bạn được hiểu rõ hơn về nguyên nhân, triệu trứng và cách bổ sung làm sao cho hiệu quả. Nội tiết tố nữ là gì? Nguồn gốc và bản chất hóa học Như bạn đã biết thì Nội tiết tố nữ estrogen là một trong những hormone quan trọng của phụ nữ được tiết ra từ trong buồng trứng. Là một trong những nhân tố chính giúp các chị em hình thành "đặc trưng phái nữ" có được ngực nở eo thon và thân hình quyến rũ. Estrogen là một loại hormon do một số cơ quan sinh dục nữ tiết ra. Đó là từ tế bào vỏ trong và tế bào hạt của nang noãn (hay nang trứng), thể vàng (hay còn gọi là hoàng thể) và nhau thai. Các thành phần này đều nằm ở buồng trứng, riêng nhau thai có ở tử cung trong thời kỳ mang thai. Estrogen tồn tại tự nhiên trong cơ thể ở 3 dạng: 17β-estradiol, estron và estriol. Trong đó 17β-estradiol là estrogen được bài tiết nhiều nhất và có tác dụng sinh học mạnh nhất. Còn estriol là estrogen yếu nhất, nó là dạng chuyển hóa của 17β-estradiol và estrone. Theo wikipedia.org Nội tiết tố nữ đóng vai trò rất quan trọng đối với chị em Bạn có thể nhận biết nồng độ estrogen như thế nào là bình thường bằng cách khi thiếu hụt khi bạn đang có nồng độ dưới 100 pg/ml còn bạn bị dư thừa trên 400 pg/ml.
Xem thêm: https://maithanhxuan.com/thong-tin-ve-noi-tiet-to-nu/

Hormone replacement therapies have massively increased in popularity in recent years, both for women and for men, and are recommended by paleo proponents, self-hackers, sex educators, and prescribed by doctors, psychiatrists and gynecologists. But scientific research on HRT remains divided on the question of its potential health risks, while ideal ‘normal’ hormone levels assumed in the notion of it as ‘therapeutic’ remain dubious. From a historical perspective, such therapies represent a far more aggressive manipulation of the endocrine system than the botanical and gonadal tissues used across time and place to support vigor, cognition, fertility, athleticism or libido. But equally historically novel are the stressors of modern affluent urban lives on the endocrine system of aging bodies. This paper does not argue for or against HRT but instead attempts to map a wide set of biomedical and historical considerations for an informed and integrative consideration it.

Follow the link to watch the Youtube video of my talk on this theme at the Ancestral Health Symposium in San Diego, August 2019: https://youtu.be/dextYgwan18