Entropy

In this paper, we present a fast lossless compression scheme for digital map images, and chart and graph images in the raster image format. This work contains two main contributions. The first is centered around the creation of a codebook that is based on symbol entropy. The second contribution is the introduction of a new row-column reduction coding algorithm. This

In this paper, we present a fast lossless compression scheme for digital map images in the raster image format. This work contains two main contributions. The first is centered around the creation of a code book that is based on symbol-entropy. The second contribution is the introduction of a new row-column reduction algorithm. Our scheme proceeds as follows: we determine

In this paper, we present an innovative method for lossless compression of discrete-color images, such as map images, graphics, GIS, as well as binary images. This method comprises two main components. The first is a fixed-size codebook encompassing 8×8 bit blocks of two-tone data along with their corresponding Huffman codes and their relative probabilities of occurrence. The probabilities were obtained from a very large set of discrete color images which are also used for arithmetic coding. The second component is the row-column reduction coding, which will encode those blocks that are not in the codebook. The proposed method has been successfully applied on two major image categories: 1) images with a predetermined number of discrete colors, such as digital maps, graphs, and GIS images and 2) binary images. The results show that our method compresses images from both categories (discrete color and binary images) with 90% in most case and higher than the JBIG-2 by 5%-20% for binary images, and by 2%-6.3% for discrete color images on average.

Predicting the behavior of chaotic dynamical systems is difficult in general. It is important to study such systems since the existence of chaos implies potential short term predictability. Several methods exist to analyze time series, including correlation dimension and the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman-LeBaron (BDSL) test. Recently, a new tool, sample entropy (SampEn), has gained importance for data differentiation. We have applied these

Pengpeng Wang (pwangfOcs.sfu.ca) Kamd Gupta (kamalOcs.sfu.ca) ... Robotics Lab School of Engineering Science Simon hser University Burnaby, BC, Canada. V5A 1% ... Abstract The concept of C-space entropy was recently introduced in [l, 2, 31, as a mensure of ...

ABSTRACT ABSTRACTI investigated the two-dimensional magnetotelluric data inversion algorithms in studying two significant aspects within a linearized inversion approach. The first one is the method of minimization and second one is the type of stabilizing functional used in parametric functionals. The results of two well-known inversion algorithms, namely conjugate gradient and the least-squares solution with singular value decomposition, were compared in terms of accuracy and CPU time. In addition, magnetotelluric data inversion with various stabilizers, such as L2-norm, smoothing, minimum support, minimum gradient support and first-order minimum entropy, were examined.A new inversion algorithm named least-squares solution with singular value decomposition and conjugate gradient is suggested in seeing the outcomes of the comparisons carried out on least-squares solutions with singular value decomposition and conjugate gradient algorithms subject to a variety of stabilizers. Inversion results of synthetic data showed that the newly suggested algorithm yields better results than those of the individual implementations of conjugate gradient and least-squares solution with singular value decomposition algorithms. The suggested algorithm and the above-mentioned algorithms inversion results for the field data collected along a line crossing the North Anatolian Fault zone were also compared each other and results are discussed.

La somiglianza dell'Universo osservabile con un buco nero, data dal comune possesso di un orizzonte, può essere utilizzata sia per ricavare con un metodo non dimensionale i valori delle unità di Planck, sia per calcolare alcuni parametri caratteristici dell'Universo (entropia, temperatura, densità) nelle varie fasi della sua evoluzione; inoltre essa fornisce una stima indipendente per l'attuale densità numerica dei fotoni della radiazione di fondo a microonde, e una spiegazione per la notevole differenza tra il valore della costante cosmologica previsto dalle teorie di grande unificazione e quello risultante dalle osservazioni. Infine, dal fatto che la densità dell'Universo, considerato come un grande buco nero, sia uguale al valore critico (universo piatto) discende che esso ha energia ed entropia totali nulle.

The paper presents a fingertip photoplethysmography (PPG) based technique to estimate the pulse rate of the subject. The PPG signal obtained from a pulse oximeter is used for the analysis. The input samples are corrupted with motion artifacts due to minor motion of the subjects. Entropy measure of the input samples is used to detect the motion artifacts and estimate the pulse rate. A three step methodology is adapted to identify and classify signal peaks as true systolic peaks or artifact. CapnoBase database and CSL Benchmark database are used to analyze the technique and pulse rate estimation was performed with positive predictive value and sensitivity figures of 99.84% and 99.32% respectively for CapnoBase and 98.83% and 98.84% for CSL database respectively.

We report for the first time kinetic and thermodynamic properties of soluble acid invertase (SAI) of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) salt sensitive local cultivar CP 77-400 (CP-77). The SAI was purified to apparent homogeneity on FPLC system. The crude enzyme was about 13 fold purified and recovery of SAI was 35%. The invertase was monomeric in nature and its native molecular mass on gel filtration and subunit mass on SDS-PAGE was 28 kDa. SAI was highly acidic having an optimum pH lower than 2. The acidic limb was missing. Proton transfer (donation and receiving) during catalysis was controlled by the basic limb having a pKa of 2.4. Carboxyl groups were involved in proton transfer during catalysis. The kinetic constants for sucrose hydrolysis by SAI were determined to be: k(m)=55 mg ml(-1), k(cat)=21s(-1), k(cat)/k(m)=0.38, while the thermodynamic parameters were: DeltaH*=52.6 kJ mol(-1), DeltaG*=71.2 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS*=-57 J mol(-1) K(-1), DeltaG*(E-S)=10.8 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaG*(E-T)=2.6 kJ mol(-1). The kinetics and thermodynamics of irreversible thermal denaturation at various temperatures 53-63 degrees C were also determined. The half -life of SAI at 53 and 63 degrees C was 112 and 10 min, respectively. At 55 degrees C, surprisingly the half -life increased to twice that at 53 degrees C. DeltaG*, DeltaH* and DeltaS* of irreversible thermal stability of SAI at 55 degrees C were 107.7 kJ mol(-1), 276.04 kJ mol(-1) and 513 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a prevalent vector-borne disease in the Golestan province of Iran, with Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) serving as the main vector. The aim of this study was to model the probability of presence of this species in the study area, and to determine the underlying factors affecting its distribution. Three villages were selected from each county of the province and visited monthly for investigating ZCL. Sticky paper traps were used for collecting the sand flies to determine the species present. The presence of Ph. papatasi was modeled using genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) techniques. Both models showed the central and northern parts of the province with lowland areas were more vulnerable to Ph. papatasi propagation, in comparison with the southern parts with mountainous and forest areas. The area under curve (AUC) of MaxEnt model for the training points was calculated as 0.90, indicating excellent performance of the model in predicting Ph. papatasi distribution. Jackknife test showed that the factors with the greatest influence in vector distribution were slope, vegetation cover, annual mean temperature, and altitude. By using ecological niche models, it is possible to identify areas with higher probability of presence of Ph. papatasi, which guides public health policy makers for planning better vector control interventions.

The study estimates the unpredictable disorder (chaos) within the 24 h pattern of sinus R-R intervals (SRRI) in clinically healthy pregnant women (CHPW) and clinically healthy non-pregnant women (CHNPW), in order to evaluate the early gestational changes in neurovegetative cardiac pacing. SRRI were provided by the 24-h Holter ECG of 10 CHPW and 10 CHNPW. SRRI were investigated by descriptive conventional statistics by means of the Time and Frequency Domain Analysis, and subsequently, in their chaotic component by means of entropy analysis. Both the SRRI and entropy were tested via the Cosinor method to better decipher whether or not the periodic disorder in heart rate variability is modified in pregnancy as a result of a gestational tonic resetting of the cardiac sympatho-vagal regulation. Cosinor analysis documented that the circadian rhythm of both the SRRI and entropy were preserved in CHNPW and CHPW. However, the circadian rhythm of SRRI and entropy in CHPW exhibited a significantly decreased 24 h mean. Via the analysis of the rhythmicity of entropy, this study has documented that the chaos in the 24 h pattern of SRRI is less prominent in CHPW than in CHNPW. Such a reduction of level in the deterministic periodic chaos of heart rate variability provides evidence that, in early pregnancy, a tonic elevation of the sympathetic activity regulates cardiac pacing.

Interactions of Cu(II) ions with clays (kaolinite, montmorillonite and their acid-activated forms) were studied in an equilibrium batch process. The experiments were conducted with pH, interaction time, concentration of Cu(II) ions, amount of clay and temperature as the variables. More and more Cu(II) ions were held at the clay surface till precipitation occurred at pH>6.0. The interactions were rapid at