Egypt

Using the 1789 French revolution as a blueprint, scholar Crane Brinton observed a pattern in four historic revolutions and identified four distinct phases: the rule of the moderates, the reign of terror and virtue, Thermidor, and the end of the revolution. This article tries to identify similarities between the French revolution and the Arab revolutions. Both were stemmed by a younger generation aspiring for more political freedom and rights and both proceeded in line with Brintons four phases.

In this paper the author will present 18 objects that are either of Egyptian provenance or were created under the influence of Egyptian cults. These objects are spread across three different collections of the Archeological Museum Osijek – the Egyptian Collection (16), Collection of Roman Gold Jewelry and Gemstones (1) and the Collection of Roman Stone Objects (1), bearing in mind that there are probably more objects in the latter collection. Some of these objects were found in Mursa (present-day Osijek), its surrounding area, Egypt or their origin is unknown. Most of these objects are amulets (10), while other types are featured less frequently. Perhaps the most interesting objects of the Egyptian Collection are a shabti figurine and Pedi-Hor-pa-Khered votive stele, as well as a gemstone featuring Harpocrates from the Collection of Roman Gold Jewelry and Gemstones, which were found in the Mursa area and are evidence of Egyptian and various syncretistic cults and religious worship in the period of Antiquity in this area.

At first sight, it seems that ancient Egyptian history and culture have no meaningful ties with present-day Croatia. However, when we scratch beneath the surface of the common idea of Egypt, that of a distant and ancient civilisation, we notice that its elements have been present in Croatia ever since antiquity. Egypt in Croatia provides a closer look at many aspects of the presence and fascination of ancient Egyptian culture in Croatia, from antiquity to the present. The topics explored are the artefacts discovered in present-day Croatia (mostly from the early 19th century), Croatian travellers to Egypt from the 16th to the middle of the 20th century, Egyptian collections in Croatia and early collectors from the 1820s until the 1950s, an overview of the development of Egyptology of study within Croatia as well as the various elements of ‘Egyptomania’ found in Croatia, mostly from the beginning of the 19th century.

The French invasion of Egypt sparked a national passion for all of Egypt's ancient Pharaonic history. Napoleon not only came to invade Egypt, but brought with him more than 150 scientists, cartographers, artists, naturalists and even musicians and painters; Observing the details of ancient sites and existing customs, the result was the huge work "Description of Egypt", published between 1809 and 1829, in twenty volumes, containing about 900 inscriptions.
The French scientist François Arago (1786 - 1853) regretted that photography had not been invented yet. As he announced in Paris on January 7, 1839, he invented the photographic design designed by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre to copy millions of hieroglyphs covering the exterior of the great monuments at Thebes, Memphis, Karnak, etc., you'll need decades of hordes of painters, but with the invention of Daguerre, one person is enough to do so.
In announcing the invention of photography, Arago pledged to harness this invention in the service of science - and was intended to replace the cartoons of the book Description of Egypt; The attention of photographers, they showed the beauty of the region, as well as recording the landmarks of this civilization. These early photographers also presented a series of unique images of Egypt, thereby deepening the French public's sense of the greatness of the Egyptian civilization, and the world in general, with the legacy they documented. Thousands of years ago, they have stimulated those who will come after them to see all these tourist places, and the interest in the region, which has already increased with the development in the process of photography, which contributed to the increase of desire and see those places and take pictures of them.

Research into mummification has been underway at the University of Manchester since the 1970s, leading to the development of an evolving best-practice methodology for the study of human and animal remains - The Manchester Methodology. A dedicated research project investigating animal mummies from ancient Egypt began in 2000 and was formally inaugurated in 2010 as the Ancient Egyptian Animal Bio Bank. The project aims to collate the disjointed and disparate information relating to this understudied body of material whilst adding valuable scientific data obtained through a programme of rigorous analysis. Analysis of a cross-species and cross-collection dataset has enabled existing theories about many specimens to be challenged.
The authors describe their programme of experimental mummification which aims to attempt to replicate bodily preservation using techniques witnessed through radiographic and microscopic analysis of ancient mummies in the Bio Bank. This experimental research aims to establish the accuracy of current identification methods and suggest ways in which improvements could be made.
The final section of the paper focuses on public engagement with animal mummies at The University of Manchester through an award-winning touring museum exhibition and accompanying outreach programme.

Egyptian schools of engineering (government faculties, private faculties and private higher engineering institutes) award degrees to 35000 graduates annually.  There have been concerns from the Egyptian Engineers Syndicate, experienced engineers, local & international employers, parents and other society stakeholders about the knowledge and skills gained by engineering graduates.  In this dissertation, first the institutions were analyzed from a fresh business perspective.  The analysis highlighted several constraints that hinder radical reforms. In part two of this dissertation the aspirations of stakeholders were collected and identified.  In part three, recommendations were made based on the experiences of engineering education providers worldwide.

بعد تكرار عمليات الخطف والذبح للمصريين في ليبيا، مع وجود أزمة انقسام حاد في الداخل المصري ومع مسارعة مصر مع بعض دول الجوار الليبي لتشكيل مجموعة دول الجوار في محاولة لإيجاد إطار جديد للتعامل مع الأزمة الليبية، وقد عقدت مجموعة دول الجوار الليبي أكثر من خمس اجتماعات على مستويات رفيعة، دون قدر على التوافق على حل للأزمة الليبية أو حتى بوادر لهذا الحل، ومع تعثر هذه الجهود وجنوح القيادة السياسية المصرية إلى القيام بعمل عسكري منفرد في ليبيا في السادس عشر من فبراير يبدو السؤال عن أفق هذه التدخلات وإطارها الدولي أكثر إلحاحا

The researcher tries through this paper, theorizing her educational experience and the steps she has taken on scientific, technical and psychological grounds ... to finally reap a group of high-level artworks of her students that were displayed in a special exhibition at the Cairo Atelier Gallery in June 2019 titled "Graffiti..no FGM", Where the exhibition received a good media coverage, and most importantly, it was to achieve the goal of research in breaking the barrier of fear and shame among young artists, especially female ones, to address sensitive issues in artistic works that offer aesthetics of a special kind and the ability to address public masses through awareness-raising and cultural indirect methods to address them with moral and humanitarian awareness, even religious.

Znaleziska archeologiczne nie pozwalają na uchwycenie wydarzeń związanych z dziejami patriarchów i pobytem Izraelitów w Egipcie.
W Medinet Habu, w pobliżu Luksoru, odkryto domostwa robotników z okresu XX dynastii, byç może wzniesione przez Izraelitów. Mogą to być pierwsze materialne
ślady obecności Żydów w Egipcie.
Znalezisko to pozwala przyjąć, że „niewola egipska” Narodu Wybranego przypadała na panowanie XIX lub XX dynastii, a exodus mógł się rozpocząć najwcześniej za faraona Ramzesa IV, przynajmniej 100 lat później, niż dotychczas zakładano.
Archeologia nie potwierdza triumfalnego zajęcia Ziemi Obiecanej przez Izraelitów. Zmiany ludnościowe w Kanaanie z końca II tys. p.n.e. prawdopodobnie następowały powoli i nie były tak drastyczne.
Pojawienie się narodu Izraela było długim, złożonym procesem konsolidacji rozmaitych grup w okresie zmian społeczno-ekonomicznych. Na pewno głównym spoiwem
nowego narodu stała się wiara w jedynego Boga, Jahwe, dzięki której rozwinęła się świadomość odrębności religijnej, kulturowej i etnicznej Izraela.

Peter Dils, Gunnar Sperveslage (2019): Forschungsgeschichtliche Beobachtungen zur Erschließung der hieroglyphischen Lautwerte am Beispiel des Braunen Sichlers (G28, gm). In: Marc Brose, Peter Dils, Franziska Naether, Lutz Popko, Dietrich Raue (Eds.), En détail – Philologie und Archäologie im Diskurs: Festschrift für Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, S. 261-296

Bei Goschen handelt es sich um das Gebiet im östlichen Nildelta, das den Hebräern nach der Darstellung der Josefserzählung vom damaligen Pharao als Siedlungs- und Weideland gegeben wurde. Des Weiteren bezeichnet Goschen eine Landschaft und eine Stadt im Gebiet des Südreichs Juda.

The concept of democracy in political science is one of the most discussed concepts in the 20th century. Yet it was a form of government in the nineteenth century, it became a compulsory management approach rather than a political choice in the last century. Therefore, this has led to a series of forced political transformations. It can be seen as a result of this forced story of democratization in the Middle East. At this point, it should be argued that democracy is not the best form of governance. Naturally, democracy is a desirable system for every nation. The question is how democracy should be, rather than whether it should be. Because modern democracy has emerged as a political culture as a result of socioeconomic and political organizations in western Europe. What needs to be done here is not to perceive democracy as an absolute formula or method, but as a political understanding or culture whose essence must be understood. In this context, the first chapter focuses on five basic concepts that lead to democracy and ensure its sustainability. Reasoning rationality, equality, liberties, laws and political legitimacy.The emergence or creation of the values discussed in the first chapter is important for a healthy democracy in any society. In the second part, the evolution of the institutional side of democracy in Egypt has been emphasized. Indeed, this example illustrates that democratic institutions show how they can be manipulated by political actors. In this respect, one of the most important deficits of democracies is the faulty institutionalization made by ignoring the values of democracy. Because in such a case, the problem is not the absence of democracy, but the wrong being of democracy.

Colonialism is a historical phenomenon that has profoundly influenced all fields of social sciences. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of colonialism and successive structures in reading, understanding, explaining, or analyzing studies in international relations and political science. In this respect, the effects of the colonial period cannot be disregarded for those countries that have not achieved political and social stability such as the Middle East. Egypt has older experiences than other Middle Eastern countries in terms of the emergence of modern nation-state and modern social mechanisms. However, this political experience of Egypt also means the experience of colonialism. Therefore, since the beginning of the twentieth century in Egyptian political culture, concepts such as modernization, institutionalization, liberalization and democratization have come to negative meanings due to its relationship with colonialism. On the other hand, being Egyptian also recognized as Egyptian national identity in Egypt, has also emerged in colonial relations in political literature such as self-determination. Therefore, Egypt's relationship with colonialism led to the emergence of contradictory discourses and relations. Colonialism is a multidimensional process involving political, sociological, psychological, cultural, identity and intellectual relations as well as economic and military relations. In this regard, postcolonialism problematizes the results of this multidimensional structure left behind by the colonial order and tries to understand the political, social, economic and cultural problems of the country in question. Therefore, in this book, in order to understand the problems in the Egyptian democratic structure, the structure constructed by colonialism and its effect will be evaluated in the context of postcolonialism.