Early Modern History

From the Middle Ages, as part of the royal estate of Diósgyőr, the market town of Miskolc possessed several self-government privileges, including a freely elected leading body and leader, or in other words, a council and a chief judge, but at the end of the 14th century, the royal market town also had jus gladii, i.e. it had the right to execute any criminals arrested within its borders. At the end of the 17th century, this right was used by the city administration of Miskolc against its own chief judge who was beheaded on a scaffold erected in the centre of the town for a capital offence in 1698.

Coarse earthenware with a painted decor from the Toulouse region of France occur at the Fortress of Louisbourg, Canada, in contexts dating to 1713-1758. This paper compares pieces from Louisbourg to examples made at three pottery centres in the "Midi toulousain" region, namely Giroussens, Lomagne and Cox. Geochemical analysis shows that the type initially ascribed to Cox, then to "Cox-Lomagne", definitely derives from the Lomagne region near Auvillar on the Garonne River.

Des terres cuites communes peintes fabriquées dans la région de Toulouse surviennent au Canada, entre autres à la forteresse de Louisbourg entre 1713 et 1758. Ce travail compare des pièces de Louisbourg aux exemplaires fabriquées à trois centres potiers du «Midi toulousain», soit Giroussens, Lomagne et Cox. L'analyse géochimique démontre que les types attribués d'abord à Cox, puis à «Cox-Lomagne», proviennent définitivement de Lomagne, près d'Auvillar sur la Garonne.

The golden age of grand Lurianic ilanot (kabbalistic tree rotuli) was unquestionably “the long eighteenth century”—a British coinage for roughly 1660–1830—and thus coincided with the profound and pervasive absorption of Sabbatean elements in precisely those sectors that produced and consumed these artifacts, including nascent Hasidism.
The deceptively simple question at the heart of this article is this: What would it mean to diagram Sabbateanism? Or to put it another way, what would constitute a Sabbatean ilan?

The merits and intrigues of Gregorio Agdollo - an Armenian in service of Saxony.
This paper presents an Armenian merchant called Gregorio Agdollo (1707-1789) who served the Dresden Court for 50 years. By his activities will be shown how the Electorate of Saxony attempted to strengthen its trade relations with Italy in the midst of the 18 th century. Several agents were assigned to explore the possibilities for new markets and thereby to push the Saxon economy to a boom. As a consequence of the peace treaty of Aachen on 18 th October 1748 the Saxon commercial policy undertook a realignment of its economic strategies. New markets in Italy should offer an alternative to the trade routes crossing the Prussian and Austrian territories where high duties were charged. There is evidence that the main aim of the agents' efforts consisted in providing high credits and acquiring-also in illegal ways-art works for August III. The commercial negotiations served as an undercover action to permit long stays in Italy without arousing suspicion. Nevertheless, in one case the agents' proceedings resulted in a trade agreement. Gregorio Agdollo was an experienced dealer of luxury goods who firstly resided in Livorno and Florence. In 1740, he was appointed by August III court counsellor and residente in Tuscany. Even though he supplied the Dresden court with art works and other luxury goods and later on tried to obtain a credit for the king his principal task consisted in elaborating mercantile projects for increasing the sales of Saxon textile products. He was convinced that only an access to the Levantine trade as well as a technology transfer could replenish the treasury. Agdollo operated with ardent zeal, corruption and fraudulent practices. Moreover, he could rely on the infrastructure and contacts of a global trading network created by his relatives, the famous Sceriman family. The Sceriman were wealthy gem traders who had migrated from New Julfa to Venice in the 1690s. After failed attempts to promote trade agreements with Tuscany and Russia Agdollo became residente in Venice and moved to the lagoon in 1743. There, he struggled for a commercial treaty between Saxony and the Republic of Venice for years. Finally in 1756, a contract was signed by both the king and the republic. The tariff preferences of this agreement focused on wool and linen products on the part of Saxony and silk textiles on the Venetian side. During the Seven Years' War the exchange of goods was limited but from 1763 onwards the export of Saxon textiles continuously increased. The republic's expectations, on the contrary, were disappointed since there was only a very little demand for Venetian silk. Despite this commercial failure Agdollo succeeded in renewing the contract in 1769. In the 1780s, however, when he asked for a further extension the Venetians refused it. But it's due to Agdollo's special skills and efforts that the Saxon textile manufactures enjoyed an economic upswing in the second half of the 18 th century.

El mayorazgo fue un instrumento básico para el desarrollo de los linajes nobiliarios, la sucesión en el vínculo provocó altos niveles de conflictividad en los que tuvieron especial protagonismo las mujeres. En este trabajo analizamos el papel de las mujeres en un ámbito de poder como fue el mayorazgo. Veremos cómo las propias fundaciones de los vínculos como las cláusulas de exclusión impuestas por los fundadores fueron los primeros inconvenientes que tuvieron las mujeres para suceder en los mayorazgos. En este contexto, fue proliferando el discurso de la supremacía del varón, que en las defensas presentadas en los tribunales de justicia los litigantes varones no dudaron en hacer uso del discurso del androcentrismo para excluir a las mujeres que tenían derecho a la sucesión del mayorazgo.

In Princess Town, on the coast of south-western Ghana, stand the ruins of an old fortress: Grossfriedrichsburg (also spelled Gross Friedrichsburg or Great Fredricksburg). Prof. Roberto Zaugg retraces the history of this Brandenburg-Prussian trading post, highlighting its role as hub of transnational entanglements and as infrastructure of the slave trade.

More information on Grossfriedrichsburg, on the relations between the Nzema and the Brandenburgers, and on the role of this fortress in German memorial culture, is available in the essay of Roberto Zaugg: «Grossfriedrichsburg, the first German colony in Africa? Brandenburg-Prussia, Atlantic entanglements and national memory», published in the book «Shadows of Empire in West Africa» (New York 2018, pp. 33-73).

The historical process that led to India’s Independence and Pakistan’s  creation was a long and complex one. Complicated negotiations were conducted between various leaders of British India and the British government at this time, and the shape of these negotiations changed repeatedly during this process. At the same time, a battle was fought between the All India National Congress and the All India Muslim League over a number of issues, the most central one being over the creation of a Muslim-majority state called Pakistan. The ideology of Pakistan spread among people, assuming varied interpretations as it did so.  The actual territory of Pakistan was made clear only soon after Independence Day.  It is indeed ironical that British rule in South Asia, which lasted over two hundred years, was terminated in hectic and relatively brief negotiations over territorial boundaries.

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: THE CABINET MISSION PLAN AND ALLIED EVENTS
CHAPTER 2: THE ROLE OF THE NATIVE PRESS IN THE FREEDOM-STRUGGLE: A CASE STUDY OF URDU NEWSPAPERS
CHAPTER 3: BECOMING THE MUSLIM REFUGEES
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY

CALL FOR PAPERS The purpose of this congress is to gather specialists interested in studying trade through its representation. Although the social valuation of trade has changed over time, its image has been generally profoundly negative in almost all traditional societies. In the Western world, Christianity morally stigmatized the profession of commerce, and the identification of commerce with certain social minorities favored its exclusion and self-marginalization. Since the discovery of the New World, however, commerce progressively became a relevant magnitude in interstate relations, and with it the commercial activity was changing its status; at the same time, the merchant improved his social image until he became even a model or example of behavior. This transformation makes the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries particularly relevant to study the complex dynamics of transformations in cultural perceptions about trade. On the other hand, Spain and Portugal appear in that period as powers in whose struggle for hegemony commerce occupied a prominent place from the beginning. The Iberian monarchies had to accommodate communities of merchants of very diverse origins and give them legal and institutional recognition, as well as relate to those of other cultures. In both monarchies, speeches also proliferated about the social, cultural and political status of the merchant, while the activity of the merchants helped to name and disseminate a whole series of raw materials converted into merchandise for the first global trade. Finally, both share an experience of imperial decline that was once largely interpreted in terms of trade decline, and for whose overcoming already in the eighteenth century, Portugal and Spain had to incorporate new ways of thinking and promote trade and merchants.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59TckNXHesU

Dynamics of cultural appropriation:
Exoticism, conspicuous consumption, social prestige. Criticism of luxury by moralists and mercantilists.
Cultural hybridity: appropriation through Sarmatian life-style. Synthesis of oriental carpets with Polish-Lithuanian coats-of-arms. Portraits with carpets. Oriental carpets donated to churches, used in the religious ceremonies, depicted on the frescoes.
Imitation, adaptation and amalgamation: the manufacturing of “oriental” carpets in Poland-Lithuania.
Denial and oblivion in the Enlightenment. New exoticism: Chinoiserie.
Reinvention of tapis Polonaise as lost glory of the golden age.
Reinterpretation as cultural heritage.

The Venetian patrician Vincenzo Querini (1478-1514) was one of the best diplomats of the Republic of Venice in the years preceding the war of the Cambrai League. However the attention of historiography has focused on his choice choice to leave Venice to enter as a hermit in the hermitage of Camaldoli ,together with his friend Tommaso Giustiniani, and in disagreement with his other brotherly friend Gasparo Contarini. This biographical entry follows his activity as a Catholic reformer, culminating in the drafting - together with Giustiniani - of a well-known proposal for the reform of the church, the Libellus ad Leonem X. The missionary impulse of this text in linked with the previous experiences of Querini in his diplomatic missions, where he had collected first-hand information on the geographical discoveries of the Portuguese and Spaniards.

The article analyses the origin and evolution of the “Early Modern Age” concept in world and Russian historiography. The author discovers to what extent the views regarding chronological frameworks and distinctive features of the Early Modern Age are associated with philosophical and sociological conceptions of the modernity of the XIX-XX centuries, traces evolution of the term meaning: from the “stage of social development” towards the “historical epoch” in broad understanding. The paper reveals specificity of the Early Modern Age interpretation in domestic historical science of the beginning of the XXI century.

В статье проанализированы происхождение и развитие понятия "раннее Новое время" в мировой и отечественной историографии. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь представлений о хронологических границах и отличительных чертах раннего Нового времени с различными философскими и социологическими концепциями модерна XIX-XX вв., показана эволюция этого термина от обозначения стадии социального развития к широко понимаемой исторической эпохе. В работе раскрыта специфика осмысления раннего Нового времени как периода российской истории в отечественной исторической науке начала XXI в.