Diplomacy

The successful use of soft power tools creates a positive perception of the state, makes it attractive, and lays the foundation for its success in other areas. These soft power tools are expressed in the headlines of culture, political value, and foreign policy.
One of the most important tools of the soft power of states is the language that their people speak, which reflects the culture of society. Cultural activities conducted using soft power are an attractive method used to present the cultural wealth of nations to the people of other countries and language is used while performing these activities.
In the study, the role of language in expressing the soft power of states and as an instrument of soft power itself is discussed. Emphasis was placed on the importance of educational institutions that use language in transferring the major soft power tools of states to the international arena. These institutions have many activities including academic studies such as conferences, workshops, seminars, publications, library services, festivals, exhibitions, film and theater performances, arts and sports activities. The language used in all these activities is an important promotional task for the community to which it belongs.
In addition, in this study, it was confirmed that the Uzbek language, which is identified with Ali Şir Nevai, is an important soft force of Uzbekistan. The aim of the study is to explain the role of the Uzbek language in promoting the country, as well as the art, architecture, spiritual heritage, crafts, music, theater and cuisine of Uzbekistan. The study is a qualitative study based on document review. The data obtained from the research were analyzed by descriptive analysis method.

In Diplomacy and the Arctic Council, I offer insight into the way the council addresses daily internal and external challenges/pressures and international political events involving its core members, particularly the fallout of the Crimea conflict. What is evident is that there is a misalignment between what the book sets out to do and what Huebert would prefer that it did. Overall, there are many ways to approach research of the Arctic Council, which influence what is added and emphasized in any publication. Such decisions are ultimately influenced by the research focus, aims and writing styles of individual researchers, as well as the resources they have at their disposal.

By the seventeenth century, the Spanish court had developed a well-established practice of gift-giving to foreign representatives. The richness and variety of such gifts pretended to foster the hegemonic and prestigious image of the Catholic king. However, those agents not pertaining to the medieval framework of Christendom posed several challenges: how to compare and commensurate their rank and dignity with European examples? How to adapt (and to what extent) the local system to quite different tastes and cultural backgrounds?

If Byzantium was associated with violent acts of war – such as the blinding of Bulgarian prisoners of war in July 1014 by Basil II, the so-called ‘Bulgar slayer’ – some texts suggest that both the notion and reality of transgression were known by the Byzantines. The aim of this study is to give a first approach to this theme through three sets of situations during the mid-Byzantine period. At first the long confrontation of the Empire with its oriental neighbors, Persians, Arabs, and Turks, offers interesting cases to analyze. Without any doubt, the violence of some of the military confrontations opens the way to acts that could have been considered as forms of transgressions, including dismemberment or decapitation of prisoners, associated or not with the publicity or even propaganda made of these acts. To sap spirits of the enemy and ruin his economy was also the aim of destructions of crops and of animals. Finally, desecrating corpses was another red line that at times was crossed. This leads us to a second aspect, linked to transgressions of what was considered sacred. Attacks on priests or holy places appear sometimes, and are always condemned. A cross reading and interpretation of various texts describing the assault of heathen Rus’ against Constantinople in June 941 is instructing. The transgression could thus target not only isolated persons, but persons as representative of a group. As such, Greek and Latin testimonies reveal very detailed and enlightening perspectives to us concerning two other famous episodes of 1182 and 1185. The slaughter of Latins in Constantinople and the seizure of Thessaloniki by the Normans respectively offer other insights for this subject and close our article.

A más de 200 años de historia del reconocimiento de la Diplomacia como profesión (el servicio diplomático se reconoció como una profesión en el Congreso de Viena de 1815) y a pesar de que los intereses de los Estados para el bienestar común no han cambiado significativamente, es coyuntural en la era digital, una transformación de la política exterior, acorde a la agenda de desarrollo global que cada vez más prioriza temas ligados a la dinámica de la Industria 4.0 o Cuarta Revolución Industrial.

In this article, what is the definition of diplomacy known as the whole of the intergovernmental relations in the international conjecture, and the types of diplomacy used in order to regulate economic and cultural relations are compiled? In the article, the concept of diplomacy is clarified in the narrow sense of diplomacy and in the broad sense of diplomacy. The main purpose of the article, "The Types of Diplomacy Available in International Conjuncture" has been studied in detail by researching different sources. In the article, the history of diplomacy is compiled under two separate titles as the "Minus period" and "New period". Under the title of "Minus Period" diplomacy, Ancient Greek Diplomacy, Diplomacy in Ancient Rome, Diplomacy in Hittites and Ancient Egypt, Ad Hoc Diplomacy. It was discussed in the scope of "Preventive Diplomacy" within the Vienna Congress, The Hague Peace Conferences, which emerged after the French Revolution under the title of "New Period" diplomacy. Under the title of "Types of Diplomacy as a Result of Globalization", the types of diplomacy used today for certain features in many areas have been compiled in detail. The tracks of the traditional diplomacy Track One Diplomacy, Track Two Diplomacy, Track 1⁄2 Diplomacy are discussed in the last title of the
article and investigated in detail.