Cyprus

This article investigates the curious non-emergence of populism in contemporary Cyprus despite the deep financial crisis and profound political disillusionment-conditions that are treated as necessary and sufficient. Putting emphasis on Cyprus' key historical particularities, the article inquires into the ways Cyprus' political past, and the subsequent salient 'national question', produce ambiguous notions of 'the people' on the one hand, and impede the potentials for a 'populist moment' on the other hand. By assessing the performative dynamics of oppositional parties in Cyprus, the empirical analysis suggests that the absence of populism is rooted in the following factors: First, nationalist discourse prevails over, and significantly weakens, populist discourse. Second, self-proclaimed challenger parties served 'old wine in new bottles' further undermining their position and claims. The failure of populism to take root in Cyprus, brings to the fore important theoretical insights relevant to the non-emergence of populism even under favourable conditions.

The island of Cyprus and Nicosia, its capital, have been divided by a UN-controlled buffer zone since the 1974 war. The ease of movement restrictions in 2003 saw Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots crossing into each other's area after 30 years of complete separation and increased mobility, especially through the UN-controlled buffer zone at the Ledras street crossing-point in Nicosia, interjected a new dynamic in the area. The analysis of photographic data collected over a period of three years from the Linguistic Landscape of the buffer zone reveals that ephemeral signs in Greek, Turkish and English are used to establish connections and strengthen social ties between the former enemies and project ideologies that go against popular nationalist narratives. By adopting new conceptualisations of the term 'community' (Blokland, 2017), this study discusses how a new, imagined community can emerge in conflict-ridden contexts through the display of written public signs in the Linguistic Landscape.

On 25 March 1821, the Greek War of Independence - also known as the Greek Revolution - officially began. A decade later, in 1832, Greece became an independent state when the Ottoman Empire recognised it within officially demarcated borders. However, the boundaries of the new Kingdom of Greece were a mere fraction of the territory it claimed as its own. Over the next 120 years, Greece would undergo a series of five expansions resulting in the borders that we know today. So, how did Greece become independent? And how did it expand to its current size?

Many countries become independent within borders that don't meet their national aspirations. However, sometimes a country is able to unite many of the territories it claims. Greece is a very good example of irredentism - as the quest to claim national territory is known. Having become independent within boundaries that included just the Peloponnese in southern Greece and the islands of the western Aegean, it went through five expansions, including the Ionian Islands, Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Western Thrace, Crete and the Dodecanese Islands. However, the process of Greek expansion - a policy of expansion known as the Magali Idea (Great Idea) - was not without its costs. The disastrous campaign in 1922 saw Greece lose its chance ti take Asia Minor and Constantinople. Then, in 1960, Cyprus, the last major unredeemed territory became independent.

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France's Mediterranean policy can be analyzed from a historical perspective and through the actual conjuncture related to its geopolitical and geo-cultural elements, such as the West-East civilization dilemma and colonization background. Although these two elements are complementary to each other, they intersect with the political and economic interests of the Turkish state in the region. France's policy has become intertwined with its involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean dispute against Turkey as a result of the natural gas discovery in recent years in the region. France's identification of Turkey as an 'external enemy' reflects the former's political and economic concerns in regard to the Mediterranean gas reserves. Therefore, the envisaged French leadership in the region insists that the EU adopt an exclusionary political approach toward Turkey with the political and diplomatic support of France for Greece and Cyprus. The existing regional problems, however, need to be resolved on the basis of equity, not by ignoring the rights of the parties, but by integrating them. This is necessary for the peaceful resolution of these concerns.

Dear Colleagues,‎ 

We are proud to bring to you the latest edition of the FORTNIGHTLY, a review of Middle East ‎business, developments and news, for the period ending 3 March 2021.‎  Some highlights of this issue include the following:‎  ‎

1.3.‎  UAE Announces $10 Billion Investment Fund for Israel Across Multiple Sectors 
‎2.5.‎  Optibus Raises $107 Million to Help Cities Shape the Future of Urban Mobility 
‎3.4.‎  Pure Harvest Smart Farms Secures $60 Million in Growth Funding  ‎5.12.‎  Morocco Adopts Bill Legalizing Medical Production of Cannabis  ‎8.2.‎  Sanseera’s Blood Test Could Replace Cancer Biopsies  ‎
11.2.‎  SAUDI ARABIA:  Saudi Arabia’s Neom Diplomacy 

In addition, if you would like to bring to our attention any relevant Middle Eastern regional ‎development of interest, please notify me at: seth.vogelman@atid-edi.com.‎  We welcome your comments and suggestions. ‎ 

Sincerely,‎  Seth J. Vogelman Editor The FORTNIGHTLY

Obesity rates in Cyprus are very high and epidemiological information on type 2 diabetes mellitus is limited. The correlates of type 2 diabetes among adults remain unknown in the Cypriot population. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide the first national estimate of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and investigate its correlates. A randomly stratified nationally sample of 1001 adults aged 18-80 participated in the study. Only 950 subjects completed the study. All subjects were free of any diseases (known diabetes, kidney, liver), medication and supplementation. The overall prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes based on WHO criteria was 9.2% and 16.3%, respectively. After adjusting for age, energy intake, smoking and physical activity participants with obesity (BMI) (OR=2.00, P<0.001), waist circumference (WC) (OR=2.08, P<0.001), hypertension (HT) (OR=1.99, P<0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (HC) (OR=2.07, P<0.007) were most likely to develop T2DM compared with the normal ones. The odds of having diabetes were also found significant between subjects with high levels of triglycerides (TG) (OR=1.49, P<0.007), compared with the normal ones and between subjects with low levels of HDL (OR=1.44, P<0.008) compared with the ones with high levels of HDL. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Cyprus is relatively medium-high. However, the pre-diabetes rates are very high showing a promising increase toward total rates of type 2 diabetes. Obesity, HT, WC, TG, HC and low HDL are all strong correlates of type 2 diabetes. Healthy education programs should be initiated for young and older-aged people and those with described abnormal risk factors.

There is growing evidence that excess body weight and body fat levels may lead to various diseases. A low-calorie diet has been found to reduce body weight and fat; however, 95% of patients regain the weight within a short period of time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a reduced-calorie diet with and without exercise on body composition profile as well as to evaluate maintenance of weight loss 18 weeks after the intervention had concluded. Two hundred and six overweight and/or obese women were randomized by a computer to either diet only (DO) or diet and exercise (DE) for an 18-week intervention period and 18 weeks of maintenance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Body mass index (BMI) was reduced by 5.1 in the DE group compared to 3.2 in the DO group 18 weeks after the intervention period had ended; waist circumference (WC) was 14.2 cm lower in the exercise group and 8 cm lower in the diet alone group, and body fat was reduced by 15.5% in the DE group, while no changes were observed in the DO group. A combination of a reduced-calorie diet with exercise may successfully reduce weight, BMI, WC and body fat levels.

Descriptions of the land of Cyprus or simple references to it (usually as the birthplace of Aphrodite) appear in a series of early Greek epic compositions. The aim of this article is to examine the spatial and temporal dimensions of these descriptions of Cyprus. I also try to explain what are the narratives which lie behind Cyprus’ conception as a place and what are the ideological stories behind the construction of this place. I suggest that Cyprus operates as a heterotopia of crisis within the context of early Greek epic poetry. This heterotopia demonstrates certain knowledge of the cultural particularity of the island concerning the cult of Aphrodite. The composers of early Greek epic poetry, seem to have kept the memory of certain characteristics of the cult of Aphrodite in Cyprus and they let them resonate through the epic compositions they create by constructing an image of Cyprus as a heterotopia.

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This thesis studies the dynamics of the existence and expansion of MNCs and TNCs, as the representatives of global capital, in the TRNC within the context of embargoes and non-recognition in the international area. By this way, a better understanding will be provided on what mechanisms the MNCs/TNCs use to expand their operations all over the world. In this regard, the main research questions of this thesis are; ‘What are the dynamics of the existence and expansion of global capital in the forms of MNCs and TNCs in the TRNC as an unrecognized state?’ and ‘How, and by using which tools and mechanisms do the MNCs and the TNCs exist, evolve, operate, and expand their capital in the TRNC market?’. By using a Marxist theoretical framework, this thesis hypothesizes that global capital would expand to any territory, including unrecognized, quasi-legal states, to overcome its crisis. Therefore, the mechanisms, tools, and processes used by the MNCs/TNCs in their operating processes within the TRNC, and the dynamics and the forces behind investing in the TRNC despite the risks of illegality were investigated by conducting a field study. The field study was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews and cross-sectional surveys based on a sampling that consists of nine 
participants who are representing thirteen establishments of thirteen different MNCs/TNCs operating in the TRNC. The findings of this research support the hypothesis and show that the MNCs and the TNCs use extraordinary tools and mechanisms in order to expand and legalize their investments in the TRNC.

Keywords: Crises of Capital, Globalization, Multinational and Transnational Corporations, Quasi-States / Unrecognized States, Capital Expansion

This article examines the impact of immigration on the religiosity of four immigrant groups in the Republic of Cyprus. It attempts to shed light on the various factors that impact the religiosity of immigrants in Cyprus and on whether migration has a theologizing or alienating effect, i.e., whether it affects the religiosity of immigrants positively or negatively. It concludes that immigrants’ religious identities are being negotiated and transformed largely by their interplay with the local population, thus moving the focus beyond the theologizing/alienating dichotomy and beyond the religion as a bridge or barrier debate.

Going back to her ancestral homeland, a Greek American girl discovers she is a lesbian in love with God, so her questions about home and belonging will not be easily answered.

This Way Back dramatizes a childhood split between Queens, New York, and Cyprus, an island nation with a long colonial history and a culture to which Joanna Eleftheriou could never quite adjust. The book avows a Greek-Cypriot-American lesbian’s existence by documenting its scenes: reenacting an 1829 mass suicide by jumping off a school stage onto gym mats at St. Nicholas, harvesting carobs on ancestral land, purchasing UNESCO-protected lace, marching in the island’s first gay pride parade, visiting Cyprus’s occupied north against a dying father’s wish, and pruning geraniums, cypress trees, and jasmine after her father grew too weak to lift the shears. While the author’s life binds the essays in This Way Back into what reads like a memoir, the book questions memoir’s conventional boundaries between the individual and her community, and between political and personal loss, the human and the environment, and the living and the dead.