Conflict Resolution

Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasından sonra ortaya çıkan bölgesel sorunların en önemlilerin- den Dağlık Karabağ, Soğuk Savaş’ın bitimiyle devletlerarası bir sorun haline gelmiş ve bu dönemden itibaren Kafkasya, bölgesel güçlerin etki alanı olmuştur. Çalışmaya konu olan bu sorunun çözümsüzlüğü, birçok devletin konuyu kendi menfaatleri çerçevesinden yorumlamalarından dolayı sonuçsuz olarak süregelmiştir. Sorunun çözümü için kurulan AGİT - Minsk Grubu da pek çok barış görüşmeleri gerçekleştirmiş ancak istenen sonuca ulaşamamıştır. Çalışmanın ana temasını oluşturan Minsk Grubu’nun konumu pek çok defa arka planda kalmış, çatışmaya taraf olan devletler bölgesel güçler tarafından yönlendirilmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmada sorunun tarihi arka planı, Sovyetler Birliği döneminde izlenen politikalar ve Soğuk Savaş’ın bitimiyle ortaya çıkan durum ele alınmaktadır. Bugün Minsk Grubu eşbaşkanlık görevini yürüten ABD, Rusya ve Fransa soruna yönelik olarak tek taraflı politikalar üretmiştir. Diğer bölgesel aktörler Türkiye ve İran ise büyük devletlerin izlediği politikalardan dolayı sorunun çözümü için verimlilik sağlayamamışlardır. Çalışma genel olarak Minsk Grubu’nun 1992’den 2010’a kadar izlediği politikaları ve bölgesel güçlerin konuya olan yaklaşımlarını incelemektedir. SWOT Analizi ile de Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan’ın Karabağ sorunundan kaynaklanan güçlü ve zayıf yanları ile yine bu duruma ilişkin fırsat ve tehdit konumları ele alınmıştır. Çözümsüzlüğün devamını sağlayan unsurları vurgulayan bu çalışma muhtemel çözüm önerileri de sunmaktadır.

Agreement of the Forum of Dialogue on Gibraltar: Plans for Normalisation (ARI)
Alejandro del Valle Gálvez. ARI 107/2006 (Translated from Spanish) - 3/11/2006

http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari+107-2006#.VOxlt-aG914

Theme: The Cordoba Agreements in September 2006 of the Trilateral Dialogue on Gibraltar –concerning the fence/frontier, pensions, airport and telecommunications–are the solution to a number of obstacles to cross-border cooperation.

Summary: The 2006 Cordoba Agreements mark the end of the state of exception of Gibraltar in its neighbourly relationship with Spain. The trilateral backing for cross-border cooperation with Gibraltar is part of a new Spanish strategy, which structures the various areas of controversy into three steps or levels (Brussels Process, Forum of Dialogue and Joint Commission for local cooperation). This initiative opens other dimensions and imaginative future alternatives for the dispute, although its outcome may depend on the consequences of the new three-way dialogue and Gibraltar Constitution. Hereinafter, solutions to the dispute will necessarily entail agreement between Spain and Britain, but they will also require approval by the population of Gibraltar.

The artist and researcher Anat Litwin coined the term 'urban artist-run residencies' (UARRs) to introduce a new form of public art that benefits both artists and the local community for its specific social and collaborative qualities. Through an ethnographic account, I examine the possibility of developing UARRs in East Jerusalem, an urban area characterized by nationalist, ethnic and religious clashes. The paper points out from an anthropologist perspective how, in areas of conflict, where things become acutely political, it is crucial to a engage in a critical approach to what role art and artists may assume in a given social, cultural and political context.

The peace process between Armenia and Turkey may have hit a deadlock at the official level. Nonetheless, civil-society initiatives continue to exist between these societies. Some of these initiatives target the sphere of education. In this article, I will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of one of the education-focused initiatives which aim to create an alternative understanding of history instruction.
A network of history educators from Armenia and Turkey recently analysed history instruction and textbooks at the secondary and high school level in both respective countries and developed alternative principles for a more inclusive and conflict-sensitive history education. Based on a resulting agreement on joint conceptual principles, the network developed alternative history education materials.
The project is a successful example of the joint production of history education materials by educators from Armenia and Turkey. I was involved in the project and in this article, I examine the added value of this project and its associated challenges. Please note that this article reflects my personal opinions and observations and not those of the involved institutions or participants.

Si, en Belgique, la médiation est le mode de règlement du conflit familial le moins prisé par les francophones, elle a fait des petits dans les prétoires : méthode de consensus dirigé à Dinant (2012) et chambre de règlement à l’amiable au sein du nouveau tribunal de la famille (2014). Appréciés des parents, vantés par les juges qui s’y épanouissent, ces modes de règlement pacifique du contentieux font bouger les lignes de la pratique du droit familial et de l’idée de justice elle-même. Dialogue à distance entre Myriam de Hemptinne, Conseillère à la Cour d’appel de Bruxelles, membre du Bureau permanent de la Conférence de droit international privé de La Haye et Bee Marique, acocate et médiatrice, fondatrice de "Parent&Com", deux professionnelles de l’humaine empathie.

Dialogue between Myriam de Hemptinne, Judge at the Brussels Court of Appeals, member of the Permanent Bureau of the Conference on Private International Law in The Hague and Bee Marique, lawyer and mediator, founder of "Parent & Com", two professionals of the human empathy.

This study sought to investigate the Anglophone crises on internally displaced persons in Fako-Buea. Displacement is a new phenomenon in Cameroon. The manifestations of physical movements seriously implicate the affected individuals. IDPs major problem is economic vulnerability. They are unable to meet up with their basic requirements. They also have to cope with physical, social, socio-economic, mental and emotional problems which affects them psychologically. Host communities such as Fako-Division, which happens to be the center of this work, encounter challenges in accommodating IDPs and expanding basic infrastructures and this affects the budgets of local authorities and humanitarian agencies. The conflict has fundamentally changed the regions physical, economic and social landscape, which from the onset looked much more hopeful. The research design adopted for this study was the survey research design. A sample of 100 was used. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires and interviews. Data was analyzed using the SPPS software. The findings revealed that the crises have a psychological effect on IDPs and also endangering the stability of region. Recommendations were made to NGOs, Government and other stakeholders.

Pastoralists-farmers’ conflicts in Nigeria have grown, spread and intensified over the past decade and today poses a threat to national survival. Thousands of people have been killed, communities have been destroyed and so many farmers and pastoralists have lost their lives and property in an orgy of killings and destruction that is not only destroying livelihoods but also affecting national cohesion. Nigeria has about 19 million cattle much of it in the hands of pastoralists and we need to seek solutions to the problem of pastoralism while resolving the problem of insecurity that has arisen

In this article, I describe some of my research on caring, helping, active bystandership, and the origins of genocide and collective violence, as a background to interventions in real-world settings aimed to create positive change. They include working with teachers to create classrooms that promote caring and helping; training police to prevent or stop unnecessary harmful actions by fellow officers, and similarly students in schools to prevent harmful actions; promoting reconciliation, using trainings and workshops, and educational radio programs in Rwanda, Burundi, and the Congo; working to improve Dutch-Muslim relations in Amsterdam after violence; and a number of other projects. In these projects, information and participants' experiences combined to create "experiential understanding." Evaluation studies showed positive effects. These projects and their evaluation show that research-and theory-based interventions can be effective. An initial motivation for this work was my early childhood experience during the Holocaust in Hungary and receiving help from bystanders. Public Significance Statement This review of research, interventions, and applications in real-world settings shows that research on helping behavior and on the origins of great violence by groups can be applied to prevent violence, for example, by police or by students who would bully, and to help groups reconcile after great violence, for example, the genocide in Rwanda. It shows that knowledge gained in research can be used to make a difference in the world. Keywords: evolution of violence and of helping, passive and active bystanders, the roots of genocide, promoting reconciliation in Rwanda, preventing police violence and bullying by students I spent almost all of my professional life, starting in the mid-1960s, studying the roots of goodness (helping, caring about other people's welfare, moral courage, and active bystandership) and the roots of evil (the influences leading to genocide and mass killing, and, to a lesser extent, violent conflict and terrorism). I also engaged in activities both to increase caring, helping, and active bystandership, and to prevent harm and violence and promote reconciliation after great violence. This article is primarily about the applications of research and theory, mainly my own but also others', to real-world settings. It originates from a talk I gave at the National Summit on Violence in November 2016 at the American Psychological Association offices in Washington, D.C. The editor of this journal was present and invited me to write an article describing the "interventions" my associates and I have conducted in varied settings, my experiences along the way, and the lessons I learned, in the hope that it would help others doing similar work. He suggested that I could do this in an autobiographical manner. I begin by considering the roots in my early experience of my lifelong commitment to such work. Next, I briefly describe some of my research and theory, which guided the applications. The applications range from working with teachers to create class-Editor's Note. Continue the conversation by submitting your comments and questions about this article/book review to PeacePsychology.org/ peaceconflict. (The Editor of PeacePsychology.org reserves the right to exclude material that fails to contribute to constructive discussion.) ERVIN STAUB holds a PhD from Stanford, taught and Harvard and is Professor Emeritus and Founding Director of the PhD program in the Psychology of Peace and Violence, Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He is former President of the International Society for Political Psychology and of the Peace Psychology Division of APA. He has studied the origins of and ways to increase caring, helping, moral courage, active bystandership and altruism born of suffering, and the roots of, or societal, cultural and psychological influences leading to genocide, mass killing and intractable violent conflict and ways to prevent these. In addition to studying these he worked in many real world settings, for example to promote reconciliation after a genocide in Rwanda, improve Dutch Muslim relations in the Netherlands after violence there, training police in active bystandership to prevent fellow officers from doing unnecessary harm, and creating classrooms that promote caring. CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THIS ARTICLE should be addressed to Ervin Staub,

This chapter studies the negotiation between remembering and forgetting in post-war contexts.  Since memory has spatial dimensions and can be stimulated by visual clues, it is clear that memorials may play a highly important role within such processes. Fieldwork carried out in Mostar, Bosnia Herzegovina, and on the Kosovo Field between 2015 and 2016 in the aftermath of the ethno-religious wars that touched both these regions during the 1990s, helps to illuminate the negotiation. On the basis of the fieldwork carried out, this chapter aims to challenge routinely made assumptions about positive and negative valuations of remembering and forgetting.

ISIS weakening position in Syria and Iraq due to increasing military attacks and pressures of the US-led and the Russian, Iran and Al-Assad coalitions forces has pushed the formation of the ISIS Caliphate in Southeast Asia, as an option and new basis to continue its struggle for a formation of a global Islamic Caliphate. This research reveals whether an ISIS Caliphate in Southeast Asia is still a discourse or reality. Field research conducted one year, from May 2016 until mid-2017, with field observations in Indonesian border territories with South Philippines, namely Miangas, Sebatik and Nunukan, where the pro-ISIS Abu Sayyaf and other terrorist groups organize their attacks. Applying a qualitative method, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with various experts, state apparatus, law enforcers, police and military officers. Research Findings disclose that An ISIS Caliphate in Southeast Asia is no longer a discourse, but it is a reality today, and continuing its struggle to form its global caliphate by waging war at its opponents --the nation states and their apparatus-- from inside and outside region.

The problem of Timor-Leste and eye inflation which is an old problem that might be interesting to discuss in our discussion this time. As a scholar, Habibie is a patriot who is very meritorious. All his efforts deserve a thumbs up. Therefore, in Indonesia the foreign policy in Habibie's towards Timor-Leste will discuss; How Habibie's Strategy handled the East Timor case amid the '98 crisis and Why were the steps taken by Habibie during his reign referred to as 'The Real Democracy'.

Keywords: Habibie, Timor-Timor, Foreign Policy, Indonesia.

A notable feature of nationalism's contemporary resurgence is the increasing eagerness of governments to support and shape the political causes of populations living abroad that are viewed as ethnic kindred. However, global criteria for judging when such kin state activism is and is not acceptable have so far remained elusive, as the objectionable instances of the practice tend to overshadow the legally and morally consistent ones. I argue that the analysis of world affairs and promotion of global justice would benefit from an ethic of transnational conduct that has a rightful place for kin states. I defend a set of cosmopolitan criteria for this purpose, outlining how they enable us to recognize and combat the dangers posed by certain forms of kin state mobilization without forgoing the opportunities presented by certain other forms to overcome minority repression and enhance regional security.