Conflict Analysis

Η ολοκληρωμένη αποτίμηση των γεγονότων και συνεπειών της διένεξης είναι εξαιρετικά δυσχερής λόγω ενός πραγματικού lockdown που επέβαλε η αιθιοπική κυβέρνηση στις επικοινωνίες, τη δημοσιογραφική παρουσία και την ανθρωπιστική αρωγή στην περιοχή. Κάτι λιγότερο από έναν χρόνο μετά την περσινή βράβευσή του με το Νόμπελ Ειρήνης, ο πρωθυπουργός της Αιθιοπίας Αμπι Αχμεντ διέταξε τις ένοπλες δυνάμεις να καταστείλουν την ένοπλη εξέγερση στην περιφέρεια Τιγκράι, η κυβέρνηση της οποίας ελεγχόταν από το κόμμα TPLF.

"For in so far as we are intelligent beings, we cannot desire anything save that which is necessary, nor yield absolute acquiescence to anything, save to that which is true, wherefore, in so far as we have a right understanding of these things, the endeavor of the better part of ourselves is in harmony with the order of nature as a whole." Spinoza, among others, for their patient support with earlier drafts. I even shared earlier drafts with a philosophy professor that taught me over forty years when I was a philosophy student at Middlebury and Boston Colleges. Some seeds take a long time to germinate…. SUMMARY: AN APERCU OF AN ACORN Aristotle's acorn represents the potential of living beings to grow, survive and regenerate indefinitely into the future; knowing how to preserve this active and innate potential of rebirth within all living beings and systems on planet Earth is a decisive characteristic of a revised and pragmatic school of Neo-naturalism. Specifically, we will explore how a philosophy of Neo-Naturalism can help us appreciate and know better our Mother Earth; such knowledge includes how to identify the conceptual shortcomings concerning why we have so blindly decimated the global environment, as well as how we can pragmatically address the now threatening existential predicament of climate change.1 So, by combining the ancient wisdom of Aristotle Lectures on Nature-often mistranslated as his "Physics"-with the more modern pragmatic school developed by Pierce, James and Dewey, Neo-naturalism seeks to contribute to the interplay of ideas and action, philosophy and practice in order to encourage a new pragmatic understanding of our place within all of life found in Mother Nature; in particular, there is an the immediate need for a mass mobilization of individuals as well as institutions, based upon Campbell idea of an "experimenting society," in order to find evidence-based local and global solutions to our growing danger caused by climate change. In view of this, a trivium2 of global policy recommendations calling for carbon free economies, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) and an Earth Armistice are proposed at the end of this essay. More global and local policies designed to immediately address climate change will be needed as well. The Aristotelian telos or end of this exploration into Neo-naturalism is the resulting advocacy of urgently needed policies to help insure, however modestly, in the essential survival of life's potential to regenerate on this planet into the far future.

The idea of climate change as a threat multiplier implies that political stability is threatened by the increasing frequency of climate-induced disasters which, when added to increasing competition over access to natural resources, can lead to conflict in areas where peace is already fragile, decreasing human security. The Ferghana Valley was designated as the highest climate change security-risk area in Central Asia. Achieving effective climate change adaptation requires accounting for climate-fragility risks and an overall view of the dynamics between and within countries. My research findings indicate that there is a high willingness to incorporate conflict-sensitivity into climate adaptation measures in the region. A combination of theoretical and empirical research shows that the integration of resilience, peacebuilding, and environmental security can help achieve peaceful adaptation. For that, I first determined how environmental factors contribute to conflict-sensitivity in the Ferghana Valley in the context of climate change, applying a conflict analysis framework to data obtained through literature review and content analysis. Then, I examined how a conflict-sensitive approach can be integrated into the countries’ National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) to reduce security risks and enhance resilience in the region. I also assessed the political feasibility of doing so, looking at the Readiness and Preparatory Support Proposals and performing interviews with country representatives, practitioners, and regional specialists. As a result, I proposed a Conflict-Sensitivity Framework applicable to NAPs as a way to achieve peaceful adaptation.

This research challenged the assumption that intergroup interaction does not exist among Sri Lankan diaspora, who are often presented as archetypes of conflict-driven divided diaspora. If further questions the effectiveness of such positive contact in creating catalysts for peace. The research utilized the snowball sampling technique to uncover Sri
Lankan diaspora participants residing in the United Kingdom who interacted with members of the ‘enemy’ (out-)group. The research used Network analysis to gain insights into whether these diaspora interact informally with diaspora who held similar and different ideas. Narrative analysis and Positioning theory assisted in understanding whether these diaspora interactions remained positive, resulting in a reduction in
prejudice and a questioning of the enemy image. The concept of ‘Turning Points’ also aided in this endeavor. The research illuminated the fact that diaspora from divided groups perceived only those close acquaintances from the out-group as friends. Despite the tenants of Contact Hypothesis, the data illustrated that these same diaspora retained intergroup bias and prejudices regarding the out-group. These research findings provide crucial insights into the understanding of the Sri Lankan conflict, diaspora studies, and the relevancy of Contact hypothesis in reducing prejudice among divided group. It further
speculates on the efficacy of contact in ensuring catalysts for building peace. In exploring the nature of intergroup interaction among members of divided groups, the research concluded that rather than replacing one with the other prejudice and acceptance existed in tandem.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, beginning in 2014, is still active to date, thanks to pro-Russia rebels and their intention to join ukraine. The latest event that again escalated the risk in the region arose due to an seizure of Ukrainian vessels and military personnel. Also the violation of an agreement signed in 2003 sounded the alarms and the international community criticized the action. Russia continues to act in the face of its interests and not even the economic sanctions imposed by the United States of America and the European Union changed their minds. The search for Heartland dominance or lengthent its sphere of influence in this area of the world remains as important today as in sir Halford Mackinder's times.

Keywords: Subversion, Conflict, Power, Heartland

The new technologies that are being deployed in conflicts are having negative ramifications as it endangers civil populations and might disrupt the social order. Conflict is changing, but some traits are remaining the same ex. policies and ambitions, rivalries and resources and grievances. The technologies can multiply conflict casualties, it also can reinforce and strengthen chaos and fear. Conflict can become much worse.
The purpose of the conflict analysis is to explain the Operation Olympic Games (a.k.a. Stuxnet), being a unique case study that emphasises the changing nature of warfare that includes the operationalization of cyber-attacks. Operation Olympic Games was developed and deployed by the US and Israel. It consisted of a few layers of viruses and cyber-attacks against the Iran’s nuclear plant called Natanz. The analysis will dive into the actors, dynamics, collateral effects and causes of the cyber conflict.
Currently, conflicts are moving from conventional to non-conventional type or hybrid, where states and non-states actors deploy a complexity of operations that include emerging technologies in order to achieve military and political goals. Cyber-attacks, especially the Operation Olympic Games exposes our loose understanding about what a conflict is and what are the emerging means of war used by state and non-state actors.
The under-explored unconventional methods of war lead to a wide usage without specific regulations of such activities, including the lack of accountability and attribution. The unregulated space of connection between emerging technology and conflict leads to the status-quo where states have an interest in maintaining or tolerating ... this type of activity.

With regards to urban advancement in African nations, the many reasons or troublesome difficulties have confronted African nations in the course of recent decades: the debasement of people in general, urban debacles and reproduction methodologies, insufficiencies in framework and fundamental administrations, expanding urban-rustic lopsidedness, destitution, expanding ruralization of urban communities and informalization of the economy, developing wellbeing and natural emergency. As urbanization is expanding in many nations of the locale, the issue of deficient framework administrations and the debasement of the urban condition are gigantic. Subsequently, the general point of this review is to clarify why, how and to what degree do a few causes assume an imperative part in impacting the urban advancement in Africa. This review utilized descriptive deductive approach in undertaking the research. Governmental reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review. Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses. The discoveries of the review demonstrate that the political, economic and social challenges have added to decay of urban improvement in Africa. This review gives data and recommendation on how economical urban improvement in Africa can fill in as an empowering influence in achieving the coveted auxiliary change, expanded prosperity and peaceful co-existence.

Keywords: Deterioration, Challenges, Urban Development, Africa.

In the context of security issues developments that face states including Iraq, Stand out many of the obstacles that face the security system functions, and it has worked to prevent the state's ability to deal with its external and internal threats in various forms. Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to clarify why and how and to what extent do these obstacles plays a vital role in influencing the performance of the security institutions of the state. The present research has employed a blend of analytical – descriptive approach. The findings of the study show that the legacy of previous regimes in the wrong recruitment for its security institutions, role of the external factor e.g. the United States of America, in weaken the security and military institutions, In addition to sectarian and political corruption have increased the difficulty of security and government performance. The study recommends, among others, that there is an urgent need to change the security function of the state in accordance with the methods, laws, organizations and techniques equivalent to the size of the threats facing the state.

More than ten years after the invasion of Iraq by the U.S force in 2003, the country is still in total shambles. One major factor in this situation is effects of neighboring countries which is considered as an indispensable factor to the political system of Iraq as well as to the effective functioning of the Iraqi parliament. As a result, The study examined how neighboring countries (such as Iran and Turkey) and Arab countries (such as Saudi Arabia and Syria) influence the effectiveness of the Iraqi parliament's during interference in parliamentary elections, support of terrorist operations in Iraq, influence existing laws on foreign affairs and provide financial support to political blocs in the Iraqi parliament that are loyal to these countries especially after the Saddam era. It undertakes an in-depth study of face-to-face interview, parliamentary reports, governmental reports, statutes, laws, and secondary data from academic writings (books, journal articles, and chapters in books) to examine how the influences of neighboring countries affect the Iraqi parliamentary institution functions. The results revealed that parliament was unable to

Öz Bu çalışma, dünya savaşı olgusunun sistem düzeyinde analizi yerine, aktör çiftlerinin kriz ilişkileri-nin yayılarak bir dünya savaşına nasıl ilerlediğini, ampirik uluslararası ilişkiler teorisinin bulgula-rına dayanarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda bir aktör çiftinin arasında yaşanan toprağa dayalı bir uyuşmazlık, bunların sınır komşusu olma durumu, önceden aynı konuda çatışmaları, rekabet halinde olmaları gibi durumlar o aktör çiftinin savaş yatkınlığını artırmaktadır. Başat devletlerin çatışan bir aktör çiftinin krizine taraf olmaları, ittifak ilişkileri, yaklaşık güç denklikleri ve belirsizlik durumları ise bu aktör çiftinin savaşının hızla yayılarak bir dünya savaşının çıkma ihtimalini artırmaktadır. Tarihte nadir de görülse iki devletin kriz ilişkisinin, sistem geneline yayılarak bir dünya savaşı meydana getirme ihtimali mümkündür.

Abstract This study aims to bring an explanation to the world war phenomenon through focusing on how the dyadic crises of states may incline a world war rather than making a systemic level of analysis. To that end, this study based upon the existing findings of empirical international relations theory. The findings of several studies demonstrate that territorial crises, contiguity, protracted conflicts/disputes within dyads, international rivalry issues increases the war proneness of dyads. These war prone dyads may be observed as a bilateral conflict or at the utmost regional war among states. However, these dyads may have a tendency to transform the existing war into a world war as a consequence of contagion. The con-tagion derived from the alliances, opportunity and willingness of non-belligerents, or behaviors of other major powers involving the crisis.

With the coming of independence to Sudan, and with the British handing over the governance and leadership of the country to the Muslim north, the south, which was predominantly Christian was marginalized and felt that the independence was a mere exchange of one colonial master for another. A mere change of guards, from the British colonial masters to the Muslim north as the new masters. It had been the agreement of the British and the Sudanese north that they would hand over the administration of the south to southern elites, through the creation of a federal system of government. However, the North reneged on this promise once independence was achieved. They continued to administer the south against the determined wishes of the southern Sudanese, who wanted to have a say in the affairs of their people.
The name Darfur has become synonymous with conflict and genocide. Darfur has come to be used figuratively for Sudan. A lot has been written about the situation in Sudan. Little or nothing, however, is being done by the international community, to deal with the situation and bring an end to the pogrom taking place in the country at the moment.
The various groups involved in the conflict have been diverse, involving religion, tribal and political groups, with the passions and trained incapacities attendant to such conflicts. The whole outplay of in-group and out-group dynamics and absence of effective communication between the warring factions has made it difficult to harness the causes of the conflict and bring it under control.