Comparative Politics

This paper discusses the role of the electoral system in making the Justice and Development Party (AKP) dominant. Drawing on Sartori's framework, we first clarify the concept of a predominant party system. Second, we examine the impact of the electoral system on the emergence of a predominant party system in Turkey. Analysing election results, we argue that the electoral system fosters dominance in three ways. First, a combination of electoral formula, national threshold and district threshold leads to over-representation of large parties and under-representation of small ones. Second, the fear of a wasted vote due to the high threshold prompts voters to support their second-best option, which concentrates the votes among large parties. Finally, the electoral system increases electoral turnout rates by extending polarization.

งานวิจัยฉบับนี้มุ่งศึกษาภววิทยาของความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างชาวพุทธและมุสลิมในประเทศไทยระหว่างปี 2018-2019 โดยเก็บข้อมูลจากการประชุมเฉพาะกลุ่มในสี่ภูมิภาคทั้งประเทศ งานฉบับนี้ชี้ให้เห็นว่าความขัดแย้งที่เพิ่มขึ้นระหว่างกลุ่มชาวพุทธและมุสลิมเป็นความท้าทายแห่งทศวรรษนี้ที่ต้องได้รับการเฝ้าระวังและควบคุมอย่างเป็นระบบ ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกลุ่มคนเป็นสิ่งที่สังคมสร้างขึ้นผ่านการปฏิสัมพันธ์และการรับรู้เรื่องราวระหว่างเพื่อนร่วมชาติที่นับถือศาสนาและมีเชื้อชาติที่แตกต่างกัน ความสัมพันธ์ของกลุ่มอาจจะเปลี่ยนแปลงตามกาลเวลาและสถานที่ จากความร่วมมือไปสู่ความขัดแย้งและความรุนแรง ในช่วงระยะเวลากว่าหนึ่งทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างชาวพุทธและมุสลิมโดยรวมเปลี่ยนแปลงไปในทิศทางที่น่าเป็นห่วง เช่น ภาคใต้ตอนล่างไม่เพียงประสบปัญหาความรุนแรงในแนวดิ่งเท่านั้นแต่ยังขยายทิศทางไปสู่ความขัดแย้งแนวระนาบด้วย ในขณะที่ ภาคเหนือและอีสานต่างก็มีการต่อต้านสัญลักษณ์ของความเป็นมุสลิมอย่างตื่นตัว เช่นเดียวกับในภาคใต้ตอนบนและภาคกลางที่มีการเรียกร้องการแสดงอัตลักษณ์ความเป็นมุสลิมเพิ่มขึ้น งานวิจัยนี้จะอธิบายว่าเหตุใดความสัมพันธ์ดังกล่าวจึงมีความเปราะบางมากขึ้น พื้นที่ใดที่มีความน่าเป็นห่วงมากที่สุด และความขัดแย้งมีนัยยะสัมพันธ์อย่างไรกับพื้นที่แต่ละพื้นที่

In the study of political communication, the search for narrative plots, metaphors, and archetypal images that ensure consistency of the construction of the tale about power is a contemporary imperative. This interdisciplinary seminar will call on a number of experts to discuss the extent to which archetypes of universal fiction are used and modeled by the organizers of discourse that affect the public sphere. In which way these archetypes constitute the subject of recurring visual motifs? We will discuss the construction of populism in politics and we will approach the image as a story. Moreover, we will talk about how the image in politics affects the perceptions of public opinion.

Resumo: As relações entre Brasil e EUA passam por diferentes fases que podem variar entre uma aproximação extrema e um maior afastamento entre os Estados, fazendo-se necessária a compreensão sobre o que leva à ocorrência da mudança de política externa. Isso é importante, especialmente, no período em que a PEB passa por uma mudança de orientação internacional entre a política externa independente no governo de João Goulart (1961-1964) – orientada por um afastamento da influência estadunidense – e um estreitamento das relações com os EUA durante o governo de Castello Branco (1964-1967), após o golpe militar. Por isso, este trabalho visa analisar como o sistema político doméstico do Brasil, juntamente com as pressões do ambiente externo entre esse determinado período, influenciaram a reorientação da política externa brasileira em relação aos EUA. Para tanto, foi identificada a influência dos fatores externos nas relações brasileiras com o governo estadunidense durante o período delimitado e, também, compreendido a composição do sistema político doméstico do Brasil. Ao fim foi observado os pontos de inflexão que caracterizaram a transição entre a PEI de João Goulart e a política externa de Castello Branco, resultando na reorientação da PEB para um alinhamento com o ocidente e, principalmente, com os EUA.
Palavras-chave: Mudança de política externa. Fatores internacionais e domésticos. Relações Brasil-EUA.

Abstract: U.S.-Brazil relations goes through different stages, which can oscillate between an extreme approximation to a greater distance between the States, making it necessary to comprehend what leads to foreign policy changes. This is important, especially, in the period in which Brazilian foreign policy goes through an international orientation change between the independent foreign policy under João Goulart's government (1961-1964) – oriented by the shift away from the U.S. influence – and a close relationship with U.S. under Castello Branco's administration (1964-1967), after the military coup. Therefore, this paper aims to assess how Brazilian domestic political system, along with external environment pressures between this period, influenced Brazilian foreign policy reorientation towards United States. Thus, it was identified the influence of external factors that involved the U.S.-Brazil relations at that time and, also, understood the Brazil’s domestic political system. At the end it was observed the turning points that characterized the transition between João Goulart’s independent foreign policy and Castello Branco’s foreign policy, resulting in the Brazilian foreign policy reorientation to an alignment with the West and, especially, with the USA. 
Keywords: Foreign Policy Change. International and domestic factors. U.S.-Brazil Relations.

Recebido em: 29/05/2019  – Aceito em 29/07/2019

YENİ KOMÜN YÖNETİMİ ANLAYIŞI: SEVİLLA-MARİNALEDA VE TUNCELİ (DERSİM) OVACIK
ÖNETİMİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ*
NEW COMMUN MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATION:COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEVILLAMARINALEDA AND TUNCELI (DERSIM) OVACIK MANAGEMENT
Adem ÇAYLAK**
Mahmut ŞAYLIKAY***
Öz
Latince “paylaşmak” ve “ortaklaşacılık” anlamlarına gelen “communis” kökünden türeyen komün kavramı, küçük
toplulukların ortak ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi ve yönetilmesinde başvurulan bir tür beledi kamu yönetimi anlayışıdır. Tarihte ve
günümüzde örneklikleri görülen komün yönetimi anlayış ve uygulamasında komün, belirli bir topluluğun ortaklaşma ve paylaşma
çerçevesinde oluşturdukları belirli değerler doğrultusunda yaşamayı tercih eden ve belirli sayıda üyesi bulunan topluluktur.
Topluluğun hayat görüşüne göre bu değerler, topluluk ya da grubun tümünü ilgilendiren kararların ortaklaşa alınmasından üretimin
örgütlenmesine, üretilenlerin paylaşılmasından ibadet etmeye kadar çok farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkan komün yönetimi anlayışında
mülkiyetin paylaşılmasının yanında, hiyerarşi karşıtlığı, topluluğu ilgilendiren kararların konsensüs ile alınması, sürdürülebilir ekolojik
yaşam gibi prensipler, günümüz komünlerinde en çok ortaklaşılan değerler olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Başka bir deyişle komün
yönetimi, belirli dar ve küçük topluluk ya da grubun, kendi arasında, ortaklaşa üretmesine ve tüketmesine dayanan ortaklaşa bir
yönetim biçimidir.
Komün yönetimine ilişkin teorik perspektif, tarihte ve günümüzde görülen farklı komün yönetimi uygulamalarından yola
çıkarak çalışmada, İspanya ve Türkiye’de “beledi yönetim” yöntem ve uygulamasına örneklik teşkil edebileceği düşünülen ve kimi
uygulamaları ile yeni komün yönetimi anlayış ve uygulamasını çağrıştıran ve bu anlamda İspanya’da Marinaleda ve Türkiye’de ilk ve
tek örnek olduğu düşünülen Tunceli’nin (Dersim) Ovacık Belediyesi’nin kimi uygulamalarından yola çıkarak, özellikle küçük ve orta
ölçekli mahalli belediyelerde yeni komün yönetimi anlayışının uygulanabilirlik ve sürdürülebilirlik imkânları araştırılacaktır. Bu
çerçevede, Marinaleda ve Ovacık halkının farklı kesimleri ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilecek ve sahada
yerinde katılımlı gözlemde bulunulacaktır. Yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilecek sonuçlar, içerik analizine tabi tutularak, komün
yönetiminin bu iki örnek temelinde karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılarak Türkiye’nin küçük ve orta ölçekli beldelerinde uygulanabilirlik
potansiyeli açığa çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır
Anahtar Kelimeler: Komün, Yeni Komün Yönetimi, Belediyecilik, Ovacık Belediyesi.
Abstract
The notion of commune that derives from the roots of "communis", which means "sharing" and "communalism" in Latin, is a
kind of municipal public administration approach that is applied in the elimination and management of common needs of small
communities. In communist management understanding and practice, exemplified in the past and present, the commune is a
community with a certain number of members who prefer to live in the direction of certain values they have established in the context
of the sharing and sharing of a certain community. According to the view of the society, these values are not only shared in the concept
of communal management, but also of hierarchical opposition, consensus taking decisions concerning the collective, sustainable
ecological life as well as sharing of ownership in the concept of communal management which takes place in various forms ranging
from the collective decisions of the community or group to the production, The principles have come to the forefront as the most

* Bu Çalışma, 2017 yılında Dicle Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen ‘’Uluslararası Ekonomi, Siyaset ve Yönetim Sempozyumu’’nda bir
kısmı sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuş fakat tam metin olarak yayınlanmamıştır.
** Prof. Dr., Kocaeli Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü.
*** Öğr. Gör., Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fatma Şenses SBMYO, Yönetim ve Organizasyon Bölümü.
Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 68 Yıl: 2019
The Journal of International Social Research
Volume: 12 Issue: 68 Year: 2019
- 1092 -
common values in contemporary communes. In other words, communist management is a form of government that is based on the joint
production and consumption of certain narrow and small groups or groups.
The theoretical perspective of the commune administration is based on the fact that it is thought to be an example to the
method and practice of "municipal administration" in Spain and Turkey by working from the different communal administration
practices seen in history and today, and it is evident that some practices and the new communist management approach and practice,
The application and sustainability of the new concept of communal management will be explored, especially in the small and medium
sized municipalities, starting from some applications of Tunceli (Dersim) Ovacık Municipality, which is considered as the first and only
example in Marinaleda and Turkey. In this frame, semi-structured in-depth interviews with different segments of Marinaleda and
Ovacik people will be held and participatory observations will be held at the scene. The results obtained from these studies will be
subjected to a content analysis and a comparative analysis will be made on the basis of these two examples of the community
management to try to be put into practice potential potential in small and medium scale regions of Turkey.
Keywords: Commune, New Commune Management, Municipality, Ovacik Municipality