Children and Families

Scholars have recently documented inequalities in parents’ spending on children in the United States. This article situates these trends cross-nationally by using expenditure data from the United States, Australia, Spain, and Norway. The article investigates differences across countries in the links between household income, female labor force participation, and spending on children. The links between income, female labor force participation, and spending are largest in the United States and smallest in Norway, while Spain and Australia are intermediate cases, suggesting that public provision lessens inequalities in parental spending on children.

Child labor left a significant mark on Russia’s industrialization during the late nineteenth century. Children comprised about 15 percent of the industrial labor force, ranging from 0 to 40 percent in individual mills and factories. Most working children came from rural families, while a few were lower-class urban dwellers or inmates of orphanages and foundling homes. Industries employed children for various unskilled auxiliary tasks, and sometimes for tasks normally done by adults. In textile production, they carried bobbins and spindles, cleaned equipment and floors, and on occasion worked as spinners, weavers, or dyers. In mining, they fueled lamps and carried equipment inside the mines. Children received wages at one-third of the lowest adult wage rate. The workday of many children lasted for twelve or more hours. Writings of late-nineteenth-century Russian authors captured the grim realities of child factory labor.

En 2012-2013, alors que la loi du « mariage pour tous » s’apprête à être votée, la France connaît une longue période de polémiques : comme en 1999 au moment de l’adoption du PACS, les oppositions se cristallisent autour d’un mouvement conservateur, qui entend défendre ce qu’il nomme la « famille naturelle ». Et, plus récemment, à l’automne 2019, l’ouverture de la PMA aux couples de femmes et aux femmes seules a de nouveau secoué l’actualité... Que signifient ces résistances ? Certains craignent que l’homoparentalité marque un bouleversement anthropologique majeur, une crise civilisationnelle qui modifierait profondément la structure familiale traditionnelle, transformant l’enfant en marchandise et le privant de la présence d’un couple formé d’un père et d’une mère qui serait indispensable à son développement. Mais qu’en est-il réellement de ces nouvelles formes familiales ? Sont-elles si révolutionnaires ? Et qu’en disent les concernés ? C’est à ces questions que répondent ici deux anthropologues. À travers une enquête nourrie de nombreux témoignages, ils retracent les évolutions qu’ont connues les familles occidentales ces quarante dernières années et nous invitent à penser sous un jour neuf la filiation et la parenté.

Per ridare linfa alla natalità non bastano assegni per i figli più generosi, un fisco più leggero o misure più incisive per favorire la conciliazione casa-lavoro. Ogni sforzo deve fare i conti con una cultura che ha trasformato i figli in un bene desiderato ma non primario, a volte un lusso, altre un optional. In questo senso la denatalità può essere considerata un sintomo della crisi del capitalismo?

This brief highlights the main quantitative findings of a survey conducted with parents, children and teachers on the prevalence and effects of physical and humiliating punishment in different parts of Bangladesh. It also sets out the legal and policy framework relating to violence against children, analyses protection gaps and provides recommendations for reform. This brief will be useful for all those working to promote children’s rights in Bangladesh, such as lawyers, activists and journalists.

Biciclete pentru copii, ghidul complet de care ai nevoie. In acest articol ai sa gasesti tot ce trebuie sa stii despre alegerea corecta a unei biciclete. Acesta este un ghid de cumparare simplu si complet.

Alegerea unei biciclete pentru copii pare relativ simpla insa nu este chiar asa. Sunt elemente importante pe care trebuie sa le ai in vedere cand alegi bicicleta. Si nu doar calitatea bicicletei conteaza.

Citeste acest ghid si vei avea suficiente cunostinte care te vor ajuta sa alegi o bicicleta ieftina si sigura.
Ce trebuie sa stii atunci cand alegi o bicicleta?

• Alege biciclete pentru copii, in functie de marimea rotii bicicletei masurata in inch dupa varsta copilului.
• Tabel complet cu dimensiunea rotilor masurate in inch potrivite pentru fiecare varsta a copilului.
• Cum alegem sistemul de franare al biciclei si de ce este important.
• Tipuri de sisteme de franare pentru biciclete copii.
• Cum sa folosesti corect frana de mana a bicicletei pentru evitarea accidentarii.
• Cum sa reglezi inaltimea scaunului bicicletei in functie de lungimea piciorului copilului masurata la interiror.
• Cum sa alegem inaltimea corecta a unei bicicletepentru copii pentru evitarea accidentarii in zona genitala.
• Cat trebuie sa fie greutatea ideala a unei biciclete?
• Ce tipuri de biciclete pentru copii se conduc cel mai usor?
• Ce inseamna factorul Q atunci cand alegem biciclete pentru copii.

In this book I examine the philosophical, motivational, and practical challenges of education theory, policy, and practice in the twenty-first century. I argue that we must constructively critique some of our most cherished beliefs about education if we are to save the hope of real justice from the rhetoric of imagined justice.

Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.

Kozleski, E. B., Yu, T., Satter, A. L., Francis, G. L., & Haines, S. J. (2015). A never ending journey: Inclusive education is a principle of practice, not an end game. Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40 (2), 211-226. DOI: 10.1177/1540796915600717.  A team from SWIFT, a federally funded technical assistance project focused on creating cascading, aligned systems for inclusive education,  conducted a series of focus groups and interviews with school administrators, general and special educators, and related services providers in six schools across the U.S.  Six themes merged from the study that highlighted the importance of defining inclusive education as well as building the capacity of people to understand and implement the components of a system of inclusive education.  These themes suggest that leadership for inclusive education requires attention to the structures and processes used to signal that inclusive education is an undergirding principle of practice.  Equally important is the development of relationships among students, teachers, and families that cement the structures. Networking, planning and organizing, using time and space strategically, and connecting schools with their communities were all aspects of capacity building.  In addition, data revealed the importance of paying attention to the context of inclusive education within schools and in their surrounding communities.  Further, enthusiastic support from and communication with families emerged as an important theme.

Este artículo de divulgación da cuenta de un conjunto de discursos, iniciativas y actores vinculado a la
infancia que tuvo lugar durante la última dictadura argentina (1976-1983). Así, analiza un
imaginario biologicista que entendía a la nación como un cuerpo, a la familia como la “célula
básica de la comunidad” y a los niños y jóvenes como las paredes más frágiles de esa célula.
En relación con esto, el trabajo también aborda las políticas destinadas a los más jóvenes,
quienes, para la dictadura, representaban un campo potencial de incertidumbre que era
necesario controlar y dirigir.

Este artigo apresenta um conjunto de discursos, iniciativas e atores vinculados à infância
que teve lugar durante a última ditadura argentina (1976-1983). Assim, analisa um imaginário
biologicista que entendia a nação como um corpo, a família como “célula fundamental da
comunidade” e as crianças e jovens como as paredes mais frágeis dessa célula. Em relação a
isso, o trabalho também aborda as políticas destinadas aos mais jovens, que, para a ditadura,
representavam um campo potencial de incertezas que era necessário controlar e dirigir.

This article presents a set of discourses, initiatives and actors linked to the subject matter of
childhood in circulation during the last Argentinian dictatorship (1976-1983). Hence, it analyses a
biology centered imaginary that understood the nation as a body, the family as the “fundamental
cell of the community” and children and young people as the most fragile walls in this cell. In
relation to that, the work presented here also touches upon the public policies aimed at the
young, who represented, for the dictatorship, a potential ield of uncertainties that should be
controlled and directed.

'historiographie des établissements pénitentiaires, et notamment des maisons pour enfants, aux XIX e-XX e siècles, l'étude de cas occupe un statut particulier depuis les premiers travaux des années 1970. Souvent, elle sert moins à l'expérimentation pour multiplier les hypothèses et les analyses qu'à appliquer et prouver une lecture théorique. Venu à cette histoire par hasard 1 , parallèlement à des travaux d'histoire religieuse et d'histoire de l'animal, j'ai été étonné par la prégnance, jusqu'à nos jours, d'une grille de lecture issue des travaux pionniers d'Erwin Goffman et de Michel Foucault 2 , appliquée aux prisons, aux colonies pénitentiaires mais aussi à toutes les institutions fermées (refuges, orphelinats, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'analyse du projet de rééducation entre les murs, sur son immuabilité, sur sa volonté de contrôle totalitaire de l'espace, du temps, des corps, des esprits. D'où l'intérêt presque exclusif pour l'organisation horaire, le réglage et la répétitivité des gestes dans un strict ordonnancement, pour la structuration de l'espace qui permettrait de contrôler le quotidien et les relations, pour l'architecture qui livrerait ce projet ainsi minutieusement programmé : celui d'une prise en main et d'une restructuration totales des enfants par le temps, la discipline, les mots et les gestes répétés afin de pénétrer les corps, les têtes, et 1 Le désir des soeurs de Saint-Joseph, dont la maison-mère est à Fontaines-sur-Saône près de Lyon, d'une histoire de la fondation de leur congrégation par le père Joseph Rey. 2 Erwin GOFFMAN, Asylums : essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates, New York, Anchor Books, 1961, traduction française, Paris, Minuit, 1990 ; Michel FOUCAULT, Surveiller et punir. Naissance de la prison, Paris, Gallimard, 1975. P fabriquer des individus nouveaux 3. Outre que c'est souvent confondre projet et réalité, contenant et contenu, décor, discours et vécu, cette lecture procure une sensation de