Behavioral Neurology

ABSTRAK Pengabdian masyarakat berjudul "Penyuluhan Dampak Lama Waktu Membatik dengan Kejadian Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) di Kampoeng Batik Laweyan" bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran para pengrajin batik akan dampak negatif gerakan tangan yang repetitif atau berulang selama membatik dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Kegiatan ini juga bertujuan mengarahkan para pembatik untuk melakukan modifikasi posisi kerja yang ergonomis dalam proses membatik sehingga dapat mencegah timbulnya kejadian CTS. Target yang dicapai adalah peningkatan pemahaman dan informasi terkait dampak lama waktu membatik serta pencegahan kejadian CTS pada pembatik. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pemberdayaan dan pengabdian masyarakat pada mitra berupa pemetaan demografi pengrajin batik dengan cara mendata jumlah pembatik, jenis kelamin, umur, lama masa kerja sebagai pembatik, frekuensi gerakan repetitif pada pergelangan tangan, riwayat penyakit sebelumnya, pemeriksaan elektromiografi (EMG) gratis pada pembatik, dan analisa hasilnya. Selanjutnya, peneliti melakukan penyuluhan dengan cara menjelaskan hasil pemeriksaan EMG, dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan dari gerakan tangan repetitif dalam membatik, diskusi dan tanya jawab, edukasi posisi kerja yang ergonomis dalam membatik, serta evaluasi. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa para pembatik memiliki pemahaman yang meningkat dibandingkan sebelum penyuluhan tentang hubungan lama waktu membatik dan dampak buruknya, sehingga meningkatkan kesadaran para pembatik akan kejadian CTS yang dapat timbul akibat posisi kerja yang tidak ergonomis. Kata kunci: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, pengabdian masyarakat, pengrajin batik, penyuluhan PENDAHULUAN Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) adalah salah satu gangguan saraf tepi yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari karena terjadi penyempitan pada terowongan karpal, baik akibat pembengkakan fasia maupun akibat kelainan pada tulang-tulang kecil pergelangan tangan sehingga terjadi penekanan terhadap nervus medianus di pergelangan tangan. CTS diartikan sebagai kelemahan pada tangan yang disertai nyeri pada daerah distribusi nervus medianus. Nervus medianus yang berasal dari pleksus brachialis akan melewati terowongan karpal saat berjalan dari lengan bawah menuju ke tangan (Chan dkk., 2007). CTS dapat terjadi baik pada kalangan masyarakat umum maupun pekerja industri. Prevalensinya sekitar 50 kasus per 1.000 subjek pada populasi umum. National Health Interview Study (NHIS) memperkirakan prevalensi CTS adalah 1,55%. Sebagai salah satu dari tiga kelompok penyakit Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) yang paling umum pada anggota gerak atas, prevalensi global CTS pada tahun 2012 adalah 40% (Setyawan, 2017). Laporan International Labor Organization (ILO) menunjukkan bahwa CTS hampir selalu ditemukan di setiap kasus penyakit akibat kerja di beberapa negara. Pada tahun 2010 terjadi peningkatan jumlah kasus CTS akibat kerja sekitar 30% dibandingkan tahun 2001 (International Labor Organization, 2013). Prevalensi kejadian CTS pada tenaga kerja di Indonesia belum dapat diketahui karena belum dilakukan survei terhadap topik ini. Namun, sebuah penelitian

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of behavioral neurology, dividing it roughly into six eras. In the ancient and classical eras, emphasis is placed on two transitions: firstly, from descriptions of head trauma and attempted neurosurgical treatments to the exploratory dissections during the Hellenistic period and the replacement of cardiocentrism; and secondly, to the more systematic investigations of Galenus and the rise of pneumatic ventricular theory. In the medieval through post-Renaissance eras, the scholastic consolidation of knowledge and the role of compendia are emphasized, along with the use of new methods from within a mechanistic framework. With the discovery of electrical conductance and the rise of experimentalism, we frame the modern era as period of intense debate over localization, decomposition, and other mechanistic principles, and marked by rapid discovery about the brain. The chapter ends with a discussion of the contemporary era, focusing on the establishment of behavioral neurology research on aphasia, apraxia, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Strategic management has undergone a radical transformation in the last decade with the introduction of modern analytical methods in the decision-making process that is affected by neuroscience and allows to revolutionize the way to see the strategic decision-making from business models to an individual. Neurostrategy, which is combined with strategic management and neuroscience, relies on strategy's long-standing emphasis on executive managers and refers to the field concerned with the roles and problems of executive managers and those who manage multi-business firms or multifunctional business units. It craves to incorporate insights from neuroscience and especially cognitive neuroscience into strategic management to enhance a richer and simultaneously broader picture of the human side of the organizational dynamism. In this sense, the present study aims to examine the fundamental components of neurostrategic management and shed light on its importance in organizational research together with the management and business practice by scrutinizing the extended literature.

Articulos de opinión
Neurología Clínica
Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute
Artículo No 1.  ¿Interocepción, es o no importante para el comportamiento humano?. 
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Artículo No 2.  ¿Haloperidol en el tratamiento agudo de la migraña?
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This preliminary quantitative EEG study explores the differences in cortical activation patterns of subjects immediately following art making and following rote motor tasks of coin tossing and pencil rotation. It is hypothesized that a sustained, statistically significant difference from baseline occurs in cortical activity patterns, in respect to power and frequency, after art making, and after the performance of non creative rote motor tasks, and that such differences can be detected and quantified with the electroencephalogram (EEG). Ten consenting study subjects underwent EEG recording prior to, during, and after art making and rote motor tasks. Baseline control recordings prior to either task showed minimal changes in EEG power. In comparison, recording made immediately following art making showed a consistent pattern of increased power over the baseline EEG in specific frequencies over both hemispheres, which persisted through the end of the 12 minutes that data was collected. Recordings made immediately following performance of the rote motor tasks also showed a consistent pattern of increased power over the baseline EEG in specific frequencies over both hemispheres. The increase in power seen after art making was greater than the increase in power seen after the rote motor tasks. These preliminary findings suggest that EEG may be a meaningful tool for quantifying cortical activation in the study of creative arts. This study will be expanded to include comparisons of the data during art-making and during motor tasks. It points to further exploration of this methodology and the expansion of more advanced techniques using Mobile Brain Body Imaging (MoBI) in experimental designs. This technique may provide an easily accessible method of quantitative measurement for evaluating aspects of brain activity and function in the study of the neuro scientific basis of creative arts, neuron aesthetics, and art therapy.

Background: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mono-neuropathy caused by median nerve entrapment on the wrist. Major risk factor of the CTS is repetitive use of the hand, whether from occupational activities or hobbies. One of the most frequent occupation affected with CTS is the batik craftsmen. Objective: To investigate the relationship between working period of batik craftsmen with the incident of CTS at Kampung Batik Tulis Laweyan. Methods: Participants of this cross-sectional study were 30 batik craftsmen from Kampung Batik Tulis Laweyan who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were classified into two groups based on working period (less or more than five years), clinically examined, and underwent the Nerve Conduction Velocity studies. Bland's classification was administered for grouping the nerve injury. Spearman correlation test was performed to investigate the correlation between working period and incident of CTS. Results: There was a significant medium positive correlation between working period and nerve injury based on Bland's classification (r=0.559; p=0.013). While the chief complaints were also correlated with the working period, the association was not statistically significant (p=0.355). Conclusion: This research suggests an association between the incident of CTS and longer working period in batik craftsmen.

Childbearing-aged and pregnant women undergo physiological modifications that make them think in a particular way about epilepsy and the management of taking antiepileptic drugs. These guidelines address both the effects of epilepsy in the gynecological, obstetric, and perinatal aspect of the woman, with a series of recommendations based on evidence-based medicine.

Human trafficking, including labour trafficking cripples the ASEAN labour hosting countries specially Malaysia and Thailand. Although labour trafficking within ASEAN nations prevails due to the existence of several root causes, this article accentuates, economic inequality between ASEAN nations, covert nature of trafficking regime, overlapping nature of human smuggling and human trafficking, migration policies of host countries are the primary root causes for labour trafficking. Practically, the efforts of ASEAN, including its own convention against trafficking in persons, bilateral agreements between its member states, as well as enactments of anti-trafficking laws by individual ASEAN member states have failed to stamp out human trafficking or labour

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with the pathological hallmark of progressive loss of
dopamine neurons in affected brains. There is no cure for PD and current therapy does not halt the underlying degenerative process.
The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood but is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Several
genes are associated with the onset and progression of familial PD. Mutations in LRRK2 are the most frequent known cause of lateonset PD. Many studies have been conducted to elucidate the functions of LRRK2 and identify effective LRRK2 inhibitors for PD
treatment. In this review, I discuss the role of LRRK2 in PD and recent progress in studying LRRK2 cellular functions and the use of
LRRK2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents.

Selective attention processes are necessary for navigating through the constant stream of visual information competing for our attention on a moment-to-moment basis but are especially critical in rapidly changing situations where briefly designated targets of attention are in conflict with rival non-target distractors. How our attentional mechanisms overcome the competition of conflicting stimuli and selectively focus on target information has become an increasingly important research topic across several intersecting domains. Exploring how cross-language inhibitory processes work in the bilingual brain provides unique insight into some of the parameters and consequences involved with inhibitory control. The implications from cross-language studies that track priming costs and benefits of translation equivalent words that were either used as target words or non-target distractor words are chronicled below, but first a general description of the paradigm used follows. The efficiency of processing simultaneously presented target and distractor stimuli in a selective attention task can be positively (positive priming) or negatively (negative priming) influenced by the relationship these target and distractor stimuli have with stimuli in the previous display. In a traditional negative priming task, participants see two sequentially presented static displays: a prime display followed by a probe display, each consisting of a target and a distractor. A negative priming effect or detriment occurs when responses to the target in a probe display are slower or more error-prone when a previously ignored prime distractor becomes a subsequent probe target than in the neutral condition with no relationship between prime and probe targets and distractors. The negative priming effect indicates that a successful prime selection involves the processing of the distractor to the extent that it can produce a reaction time cost upon subsequent presentation as a target [1,2]. Different stimuli have been used in negative priming tasks, as well as different manipulations involving the conceptual relationship between the non-target distractors and their subsequent presentation as a target [3]. These may vary from identity (e.g., ignoring a prime distractor letter "Z" that becomes the subsequent probe target letter "Z") to various forms of semantic relationships, such as ignoring the picture of a hammer and responding subsequently to the semantically related word "screwdriver" [2,4], or ignoring the word "APPLE" and responding next to the word "manzana", which is the Spanish translation of the English word "apple" for English-Spanish bilinguals in a cross-language priming task [5]. The experiments that provide the main source for the present mini review investigated negative priming using a new paradigm [6]. Instead of concurrently presented target and non-target stimuli in the prime display, followed by concurrently presented target and non-target stimuli in the probe display, we combined the traditional negative priming paradigm with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) typically used in studies that explore the temporal limitation of attentional selection [7]. In the new RSVP-NP paradigm, which is designed to probe a variety of semantic and This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ANN.MS.ID.000528. Abstract Language access in bilinguals requires highly refined selective attention abilities. This review chronicles the implications from cross-language priming studies collected from three different continents. These research explorations using novel selective attention paradigms begin to reveal the local word and global language inhibitory control capacities the bilingual brain uses to modulate its languages. Neurological and clinical implications regarding inhibitory mechanisms and the potential applicability to mental control deficits are also raised.

Opinion Vertigo is a very unpleasant symptom for the patient and a complex clinical problem for the neurologist. First of all: a clear definition is needed, useful for both patients and clinicians and this doesn't seem a problem but, in my professional life I haven't yet found a satisfactory definition: I think that the following is clear and comprehensive: Vertigo is a distorted perception of the position or movement of head in the space. It may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and by other vegetative symptoms; other signs may be nystagmus and postural deviations with falls. First of all, we must have complete knowledge of the structures which give a contribution to our perception of the position and shift of our head in the surrounding space. These are: 1) The vestibular receptors, 2) The sight, 3) The proprioceptive sensations conveyed by Goll and Burdach tracts in the posterior spinal cord, 4) The cerebellar afferents carrying unconscious information, 5) in a subsidiary way the exteroceptive sensitive system. Vestibular receptor is a very sophisticated structure devoted to monitor both the position of the head and its movement in the space: it fulfils this job through the osseous-membranous labyrinth positioned at skull base in the petrous bone and oriented according to the 3 main plans of the space, sagittal, coronal and horizontal; the apparatus is complex, with osseous and membranous components; the last, surrounded by perilympha and filled with endolymphatic fluid, contains utriculus and sacculous and semicircular channels with a larger extremity (ampulla); the epithelium is organized with maculas and cristae provided with hairy cells, disposed in such a way to be sensible to the position or shift of the head in every direction; utriculus and sacculous are linear acceleration and position receptors, while the semicircular channels are specifically sensible to rotation;. Labyrinth is able to monitor any movement but, is excited also from convective movements of the fluids due to temperature variation and to the modification of density; this characteristic is useful to assess the brain stem function in coma (caloric test of Barany). In steady conditions vestibular signals are symmetrical, but when one side gets hyperactive it shifts the body and the gaze toward the opposite side and vice versa; note that warm tend to excite the receptor while cold inhibits it; vertigo appears with nystagmus and nausea; the stimuli are conveyed to four brain stem nuclei and toward spinal cord motor system, the cerebellum, the reticular formation and the oculomotor nuclei; the afferent volley governs nystagmus, (slow beat) with vigil subjects or gaze tonic deviations with coma, to the opposite side with warm water and to the same side with cold one. The sight is much important in the origin of nystagmus as far as the fixation reflex is powerful and able to interfere with the ocular shift by driving the eyes in the primary position (fast beat); besides, vision gets direct control of all movements of the parts of the body. The proprioceptive sensory system gets the nervous system constantly informed on the position of each body segment in the space through receptor in the muscles, tendons and joints; the receptors in the vertebral column, above all at cervical level, are of maximal importance; the sensory exteroceptive sensitive system may give a contribution due to the contact with dress, shoes, ground or sand when we walk on a beach. The pathways to the cerebellum are very important but unconscious. It is obvious that all these structures involve large segments of our body at different levels with strict relationships with connective tissue, osteo-articular apparatus, blood supply and so on; they can be involved with various pathological alterations. When sight, vestibular receptors, proprioceptive system and cerebellum give a concordant information to the nervous system everything goes on well and the subject feels well balanced, but when the information along the channels is different, something wrong happens, and we feel unhappy and have a sensation of unbalance and dizziness. Let us take some examples: 1) If we are looking to a large object engaging to a wide extent our visual field when it moves, we feel uncertain if what is moving is the object or ourselves, and we feel unstable; we are steady, but the sight give a movement information; 2) When we are carried by a car or by train or plane we are moving, and our vestibular system is stimulated, but our sight and our proprioception give information of absence of movement, above all if we are reading or concentrated on a particular job; we begin to suffer motion sickness and feel nausea and vomiting; 3) If you go to ski in a bad weather day with fog, cloudy This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ANN.MS.ID.000526.

Four patients with primary progressive aphasia displayed a greater deficit in understanding words they heard than words they read, and a further deficiency in naming objects orally rather than in writing. All four had frontotemporal lobar degeneration-transactive response DNA binding protein Type A neuropathology, three determined postmortem and one surmised on the basis of granulin gene (GRN) mutation. These features of language impairment are not characteristic of any currently recognized primary progressive aphasia variant. They can be operationalized as manifestations of dysfunction centered on a putative auditory word-form area located in the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere. The small size of our sample makes the conclusions related to underlying pathology and auditory word-form area dysfunction tentative. Nonetheless, a deeper assessment of such patients may clarify the nature of pathways that link modality-specific word-form information to the associations that mediate their recognition as concepts. From a practical point of view, the identification of these features in patients with primary progressive aphasia should help in the design of therapeutic interventions where written communication modalities are promoted to circumvent some of the oral communication deficits. (Cogn Behav Neurol 2019;32:46-53) AWFA = auditory word-form area. FTLD = frontotemporal lobar degeneration. MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. PPA = primary progressive aphasia. STG = superior temporal gyrus. TDP = transactive response DNA binding protein.

Theory of Mind (hereinafter referred to as ToM) is the ability to  explain  and  predict  other  people’s  behavior  by  attributing  independent mental states to them. It allows us to recognize that mental states such as beliefs, intentions, and desires play a key role  in  driving  and  monitoring  human  behavior.  Impairment  in  ToM  ability  can  be  highly  disabling.  ToM  had  been  extensively  studied  in  neuropsychiatric  conditions  such  as  autism  and  certain  manifestations  of  schizophrenia  [1],  but  only  recently  researchers  and  clinicians  have  started  to  investigate  ToM  in  neurodegenerative  conditions,  such  as  the  behavioral  variant  of  frontotemporal  dementia  (bv-FTD)  and  amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis (

Special issue of "Culture Unbound". Through an introduction and six original articles, the issue investigates a variety of cultural and scientific discourses and practices that in different ways are related to neuroscience and the brain.

The special issue was edited by guest editors Peter Bengtsen and Kristofer Hansson.

Among the emerging theories on Mind of Pre-Socratic philosophers, the originality of Anaxagoras’ concepts is particularly imposing. Anaxagoras’ doctrine of the autonomous, infinite, powerful and eternal Mind , which is the purest of all things, the master of itself and the ruler on everything, controlling all the elements and directing all the physical interactions in the universe by the most proper way, is the most innovatory amazing theory in ancient philosophy. In addition, his ahead of the times subtle theory of the relationship between matter and energy, predicted in a prophetical way the revolutionary data of the modern science and philosophy.