Amateurism and Professionalism in Sport

Резюме. Мета. Встановити значення аматорського спорту як основи копінга емоційного вигорання у студентської молоді, виявити психологічні особливості студентів, які визначають уразливість до стрес-умов і схильність до формування емоційного вигорання. Методи. Пси-ходіагностична процедура була розділена на чотири частини: вимірювання емоційного виго-рання, дослідження індивідуально-типологічних властивостей, визначення психічного стану респондентів та їх емоційних реакцій, діагностики антиципаційних здібностей. Результати. Встановлено, що заняття аматорськими видами спорту допомагають запобігти емоційному вигоранню у студентів. За всіма показниками в групі спортсменів-любителів і симптоми, і фази емоційного вигорання менш виражені. Редукція особистісних досягнень за методикою К. Мас-лач більше виражена в групі спортсменів, що можна пояснити можливими розчаруваннями як в навчальній діяльності, так і незадоволеністю спортивними успіхами. Можна стверджувати, що спорт має сильний позитивний вплив на емоційний і психічний стан людини, захищаючи психіку від дії стресорів, навчаючи спортсменів справлятися з труднощами, привносячи гар-монію у фізичне і психічне буття. Ключові слова: любительський спорт, емоційне вигорання, індивідуально-психологічні та типологічні властивості особистості. Amateur sport as a means of preventing emotional burnout Abstract. Objective. To determine the significance of an amateur sport as the basis of emotional burnout coping in university students and reveal student psychological peculiarities that define the vulnerability to stressful conditions and the tendency to form emotional burnout. Methods. The psychodiagnostic procedure was divided into four parts: measurement of emotional burnout, study of individual-typological properties, determination of the mental state of respondents and their emotional reactions, diagnosis of anticipatory abilities. Results. It has been established that practicing amateur sports helps to prevent emotional burnout in students. The data support the initial assumption that the group of sport amateurs have less pronounced symptoms of burnout in comparison to those who do not practice any sport. However, the index of the reduction of personal achievements according to K. Maslach methods was more significant in the group of athletes, which can be explained by possible disappointment in studying activities and dissatisfaction with achievements in sport. It can be concluded that practicing sports has a strong positive impact on the emotional and mental state of a person, protects an individual from stress factors, helps athletes to cope with difficulties, and brings harmony to one's physical and mental being.

Este artículo, producto de un estudio comparativo en dos centros de for- mación de futbolistas de clubes profesionales, uno en Francia y otro en Argentina, analiza las representaciones sociales sobre las que se estructura la práctica futbolística en cada país. A partir de una etnografía realizada en Estudiantes de la Plata y en el Olympique de Marsella centrada en el proceso formativo se presentan algunas dimensiones originadas en el cruce entre la propuesta que los clubes realizan a los jugadores en términos de concepción del fútbol, de valores y de relación con la práctica, y la manera en que los futbolistas “reciben” (una recepción activa) dicha propuesta y en consecuencia a partir de qué representaciones llevan a cabo el deporte.

Every now and then – but with surprising regularity – small nations break through to the international level in sports and attract the attention of the global sports world. This paper focuses on two such occasions in men’s international football: the Norwegian national team in the 1990s and Iceland’s national team in the 2010s. We conducted case studies of the two teams, which consisted of interviews, observation of games and published material. The key emerging themes were how sport successes in Norway and Iceland took place amid the developing professionalism of sport, and how both teams built on important elements from amateurism and professionalism in their successful sporting conquests. We argue that some of the team’s characteristics were founded in a speci cally Nordic mentality, which at the right time with the right message manifests in great achievements. Finally, the study follows the decay of the Norwegian national team in the new millennium and suggests that Icelandic football could face the same decline in results as Norway did 20 years earlier.

Of all periods in the history of British tennis, arguably the inter-war years were the most significant and tumultuous. Officials recommenced activities with an ultimate goal of restoring British prowess at an international level. This paper aims to assess the long-term effectiveness of the LTA's efforts in these regards. It was far from straightforward. After several years of lacklustre performances, a group of reformers staged a mutiny that culminated at the turbulent 1922 AGM, where they unseated several incumbent Councillors. Yet they failed to shift significantly the balance of power away from the aging establishment figures they had targeted. Nevertheless, a period of self-reflection followed, and the partially reformed LTA responded by refocusing their efforts on two key areas: the development of coaching-professionals and of tennis in the public schools. However, it was evident that deep-rooted antipathy toward the promotion of a more modern, American-inspired, performance-oriented, " professional " mentality among players, and fears over the concomitant erosion of amateurism, underpinned the LTA's reluctance to increase access and develop talent among those outside of the upper-middle-class. Fred Perry's exploits offered a temporary respite from some of the criticism, but ultimately merely proved to mask the LTA's staunch conservatism during this period.

This article examines the lives of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century lawn tennis coaching-professionals, notably Tom Burke, Harry Cowdrey, Charles Haggett and George Kerr. These men, considered equally if not more gifted than the first-ranked amateur players of the period, have received scant attention or recognition, either as " expert " players or for their role as coaches/instructors within the " amateur " game. Ostensibly, these working-class boys/men sought employment in clubs, as ball-boys, groundskeepers, stringers and instructors, but, being immediately classified as " professionals " , were subsequently marginalised within clubs and barred from amateur competitions. Few outside of the club environs encountered them, few observed or learned of their skills, and fewer still reported their exploits. While many of the top amateur players of the period recognised the need for coaching-professionals, the British Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) was intransigent. They staunchly refused to sanction professional competitions in Britain, fearing they would provide a pathway away from amateurism, and propel the amateur to seek remuneration from their tennis. Coaching-professionals had little choice but to remain as " servants " within their clubs, confined by the rigid class system and unyielding amateur ethos. Hitherto largely ignored within lawn tennis historiography, these men are the " ghosts " of lawn tennis past.