4th Millennium BC

Оригинальная документация и объекты материальной культуры двух сезонов раскопок на Серегинском поселении (1987–1988 гг.) были использованы для реконструкции его планиграфии и его строений. В статье описаны основные составляющие поселения и взаимосвязь между турлучными строениями фаз 8 и 7. Серегинское включало в себя большие, округлые турлучные постройки с обмазанными полами и системой очагов. После обрушения построек оставались груды турлука высотой 7–25 см, состоящие из обломков обмазки, смешанных с углями, а иногда с черепками и костями. Следующие сооружения строились в непосредственной близости от груд турлука или прямо на них. Серегинское поселение характеризуется чередованием рухнувших и вновь отстроенных турлучных структур и плотной стратиграфией. Система очажных площадок Серегинского схожа с описанной С. Кореневским на поселении Галюгай-1. Плотная стратиграфия, зафиксированная на Серегинском, не типична для известных на сегодняшний день по литературе майкопских памятников.

The 4th millennium BC is a time of radical transformations in the European Neolithic. Moreover, the 35th century is considered as a ‘turning point’ by many researchers (Pétrequin et al., 2006 ; Fedele, 2013). On one hand, long-distance exchanges can be traced by mapping supraregional entanglements in pottery styles, lithic tools and metal objects. For example potteries evocating Munzingen shapes that are typical for the Upper Rhine Valley can be found on the Swiss Plateau too, or polished axes made from vosgian rocks were distributed as far as the Lake Constance regions. On the other hand, fundamental general changes in material culture (early copper metallurgy in the East) and ritual practices (expansion of collective burials) between the first and second part of the 4th millennium raise the issue of contacts that social groups have maintained among themselves, in time and space. The aim of this session is to gain a deeper understanding of such phenomena by asking the following questions:
• How can we identify and interpret different forms of relationships between social groups in the 4th M BC?
• How do they change over time until the beginning of the 3rd M BC?
• To what extent are we able to identify, through the study of material culture, markers of filiation and transmission between different regional groups?
• Can we approach the reasons for transformations?

In some parts of Europe, the 4th millennium is commonly referred to as the Chalcolithic (Lichardus et al., 1985). Even if the copper metallurgy is not widely adopted by every region in Europe at that time, this millennium has been over and over pointed out as the origin of many innovations. This session aims to link different perspectives and interpretations around this question in order to define triggers and patterns of change in Neolithic societies.

The 4 th millennium BC is a time of radical transformations in the European Neolithic. Moreover, the 35 th century is considered as a 'turning point' by many researchers (Pétrequin et al., 2006 ; Fedele, 2013). On one hand, long-distance exchanges can be traced by mapping supraregional entanglements in pottery styles, lithic tools and metal objects. For example potteries evocating Munzingen shapes that are typical for the Upper Rhine Valley can be found on the Swiss Plateau too, or polished axes made from vosgian rocks were distributed as far as the Lake Constance regions. On the other hand, fundamental general changes in material culture (early copper metallurgy in the East) and ritual practices (expansion of collective burials) between the first and second part of the 4th millennium raise the issue of contacts that social groups have maintained among themselves, in time and space. The aim of this session is to gain a deeper understanding of such phenomena by asking the following questions: • How can we identify and interpret different forms of relationships between social groups in the 4 th M BC? • How do they change over time until the beginning of the 3 rd M BC? • To what extent are we able to identify, through the study of material culture, markers of filiation and transmission between different regional groups? • Can we approach the reasons for transformations? In some parts of Europe, the 4 th millennium is commonly referred to as the Chalcolithic (Lichardus et al., 1985). Even if the copper metallurgy is not widely adopted by every region in Europe at that time, this millennium has been over and over pointed out as the origin of many innovations. This session aims to link different perspectives and interpretations around this question in order to define triggers and patterns of change in Neolithic societies.

Content:

1. Presentación La Cueva de los Cuarenta: Una cavidad sepulcral colectiva en las Sierras Subbéticas Cordobesas.
Juan Carlos Vera Rodríguez, Universidad de Huelva

2. Contexto espeleológico y levantamiento planimétrico de la Cueva de los Cuarenta.
Antonio Alcalá Ortiz, Francisco Ruiz-Ruano Cobo, Agustín Ruiz-Ruano Cobo, Francisco Bermúdez Jiménez, Rafael Bermúdez Cano, Grupo Espeleológico G40.

3. Los contextos sepulcrales de la Cueva de los Cuarenta. Arqueología de los gestos funerarios durante la segunda Mitad del IV milenio cal BC en el subbético cordobés.
Juan Carlos Vera Rodríguez. Universidad de Huelva, María José Casas Flores. Antropóloga Física, Museo de Priego, Rafael María Martínez Sánchez, Universidad de Córdoba, María José Martínez Fernández, Universidad de Huelva, María Dolores Bretones García. Universidad de Córdoba, Antonio Morgado Rodríguez, Universidad de Granada, Inmaculada López Flores, Antropóloga Física, José Antonio Lozano Rodríguez,, CSIC-UGR.

4. Cueva de los Cuarenta, Cizalla numismática: La evidencia de falsificación de moneda (siglo XVII).
Rafael Carmona Ávila, Museo Histórico Municipal de Priego de Córdoba.

ABSTRACT We present a preview of the archaeological activity carried out in August 2007 and a descriptive study of the material culture and human remains recovered at the so-called Cueva de los Cuarenta (Las Lagunillas, Priego de Córdoba, Andalusia), a natural cave where different burial contexts from Late Neolithic have been documented. These rich contexts, which have remained virtually intact to date, consist of skeletal remains from approximately forty persons, deposited with some furnishing elements, including pottery and lithic artefacts. Evidence of probable trepanation in several individuals enhances our knowledge about such practice in Prehistory. This site is undoubtedly one of the best examples of burial caves from Late Prehistory in Southern Iberia, not only for the amount of archaeological remains, but also for their high preservation. The exterior of the cave was used as a clandestine workshop by coin counterfeiters in the seventeenthcentury.

We present a preview of the archaeological activity carried out in August 2007 and a descriptive study of the material culture and human remains recovered at the so-called Cueva de los Cuarenta (Las Lagunillas, Priego de Córdoba, Andalusia), a natural cave where different burial contexts from Late Neolithic have been documented. These rich contexts, which have remained virtually intact to date, consist of skeletal remains from approximately forty persons, deposited with some furnishing elements, including pottery and lithic artefacts. Evidence of probable trepanation in several individuals enhances our knowledge about such practice in Prehistory. This site is undoubtedly one of the best examples of burial caves from Late Prehistory in Southern Iberia, not only for the amount of archaeological remains, but also for their high preservation. The exterior of the cave was used as a clandestine workshop by coin counterfeiters in the seventeenth century.