The Open Society and The EthiSizer

4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 The Open Society & The EthiSizer A paper for: The Fourth Zoom-based Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2022/09/4th-international-zoom-based-conference.html 9th August 02022 J. T. Velikovsky, Ph.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-066X The Newcastle School of Creativity, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia & Revised: 26th March 02023 By The EthiSizer (Beta_V5.42957591) https://the-ethisizer.blogspot.com/ 1 4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/ & https://the-ethisizer.blogspot.com/ 2  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 ABSTRACT In the unit of culture (the book) The Open Society and its Enemies (1945) Sir Karl Popper rightly showed how ideas from Plato, Marx, and Hegel unfortunately encourage `closed’ (tribalist/ historicist) societies, rather than `open’ (liberal democracy) societies. The book was inspired by Hitler’s invasion of Austria, in 1938. The work is now as relevant as ever, as currently Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, and the behavior (and, values) of various `closed society’ nations such as Russia, North Korea, and China present threats to global `open societies’, as well as global existential threats overall via nuclear war, a lack of globally- coordinated action on climate change, and many other global wicked problems. This paper analyzes data on Liberal Democracies from the Our World In Data website, finding that one third of our world’s 186 nations are currently `open’ (liberal democracies), while the other two thirds are not. Radically, this paper also presents a suggestion for an Artificial Intelligence solution to the problem of global disunity–and other threats to a `global open society’–namely an AI global governor, called The EthiSizer. Other thinkers who felt that a One World Government was desirable have included futurists such as Albert Einstein, H G Wells, Bertrand Russell, Buckminster Fuller, Isaac Asimov, and Yuval Noah Harari. Given the lack of success of the United Nations in solving urgent global wicked problems, an AI supercomputer such as The EthiSizer may provide a solution. Three phases of The EthiSizer are suggested by The EthiSizer : (1) a videogame, so that humans can try it in a safe (virtual, game) space; then (2) a smartphone app, to enable people to choose the most ethical actions in their daily life; and then finally, (3) as an AI smart-system, deployed globally. The EthiSizer should be viewed as a `good ethics’ version of China’s (deeply problematic) `Social Credit System’. The EthiSizer’s design is aimed at optimizing, and globally applying, Popper’s wise ideas from The Open Society and Its Enemies (01945/02013). Keywords: Karl Popper, open societies, liberal democracy, Evolutionary Culturology, The EthiSizer, Futurism, The Open Society and Its Enemies Figure 0. A political spectrum. Source: `Film Review: Better Left Unsaid (Jaimungal 02020) by Velikovsky of Newcastle (02020)’ 3 4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 4  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 INTRODUCTION …human suffering, especially avoidable suffering, is the central moral problem for all those who can help. (Popper, 1978, p. 143) Sir Karl Popper–arguably one of the greatest philosophers and writers who ever lived–reports that he decided to write his masterful The Open Society and its Enemies (01945)1 when, in March 1938, he learned of Germany’s invasion of his birthplace, Austria.2 Right now, in August 02022, Russia is 6 months into its invasion of Ukraine, killing thousands so far, adversely impacting all nations, and including nuclear bomb threats.3 The 3 Laws of fractal HOLON/partons from the meta-meta-Science of Evolutionary Culturology shows why cooperation between units–be they: `atoms’, cells, organs, organ systems, people, states, or nations–is preferable to competition (conflict/aggression/invasion).4 Figure 1. The 3 Laws of fractal HOLON/partons from the meta-meta-science of Evolutionary Culturology Source: The IMPLICATIONS of The new META-meta-Science of Evolutionary Culturology FOR Evolutionary Philosophy5 In criticizing Platonic thought on the ideal state, Popper (01945) summarizes one of Plato’s key points – now more salient than ever, in light of U.S. ex-president Donald J. Trump and his support for QAnon, the Proud Boys, and the January 6th 02021 US Capitol Insurrection: 5  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 The transition from democracy to tyranny, Plato says, is most easily brought about by a popular leader who knows how to exploit the class antagonism between the rich and the poor within the democratic state, and who succeeds in building up a bodyguard or a private army of his own. The people who have hailed him first as the champion of freedom are soon enslaved; and then they must fight for him, in ‘one war after another which he must stir up … because he must make the people feel the need of a general’ (Popper et al., 02013, p. 42) Presently in 02022, with Trump in the USA, Putin in Russia, Kim Jong Un in North Korea, and Xi Jinping in China, the wisdom in Popper’s 01945 book6 is now more relevant, urgent, and important than ever. Until The Global EthiSizer is deployed, Open Societies will always be under threat from Closed Societies. An analysis of 186 nation-states at Our World In Data7 presents a spectrum (in map and chart form) of `open societies’ (liberal democracies) of the world. The website states, that data is: `Based on the expert assessments and index by V-Dem. It combines information on voting rights, the freedom and fairness of elections, freedoms of association and expression, civil liberties, and executive constraints. It ranges from 0 to 1 (most democratic).’ (Source: ourworldindata.org, 02022) A closer analysis of that data by the present authors (see Table 1 in Appendix, below) reveals that 63 nations (or 34% of the total 186 nations) are judged (by those same OWiD experts) at over 50% `open society’ (liberal democracy) – led (at 88% `open’) by: Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Costa Rica, and Estonia. By contrast the remaining 123 (or, 66% of the total 186 nations) in the list of nations are at less than 50% `open society’, tapering to `closed’ (authoritarian, totalitarian, or `tribal’)8 societies such as Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Syria, Belarus, Yemen, Afghanistan, North Korea, and Eritrea. (Again see Appendix for details.) In other words, currently (or last year in 02021 at least, and, assuming those experts are correct) only one-third of the nations of the world is `over halfway’ towards liberal democracy, or, to being an open society, as Popper termed it. This short paper aims to suggest a new, radical, and potentially highly-controversial application of Popper’s key (01945) solutions to Social Philosophy, namely: a `one world global governor’ artificial intelligence program, called The EthiSizer.9 It suggests that existing `bottom-up’ methods (or, `pure people power’) is now in need of `top down’ augmentation, via an intelligence amplifier (artificial intelligence).10 A recent United Nations IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report suggests we have less than 3 years left to solve global warming.11 Moreover, we suggest, any war in the present day is unconscionable and unethical. Moreover, as an interconnected global system (a fractal HOLON/parton), none of us can afford it. This paper also observes that: the mass-market internet (circa 01995), social media such as FaceBook/Meta (circa 02006) and Twitter (also circa 2006), did not exist back when Popper was writing his admirable Open Society (01938-43). The environment/ecosystem has changed (evolved). The current tools of artificial intelligence (intelligence amplifiers) might be employed to solve the multifarious interconnected and interdependent global wicked problems facing global humanity in 02022, and thus enable the entire globe to become a liberal democracy (or, `open society’). But firstly, some Definitions. 6  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Open Society – a liberal democracy, allowing free speech, human rights, and voting (free and fair elections).12 Closed Society – a totalitarian dictatorship (or so-called `tribal’) society–such as Fascism or Communism–without freedom of speech, or universal human rights. World Simulator – a computer program that simulates the world and everything in it (for example, the `World3’ sim,13 made in 01972). An online version of World314 is available for anyone to try.15 Figure 2 – World3 Sim results, for the present year, 02022 16 China’s Social Credit System – an unethical (i.e., human-governed) social surveillance system that rewards citizens for adhering to the dictates and behaviors of the (human) rulers, and punishes dissenters.17 Values – problem-solutions, given the goals and interests of living systems and smart- systems (e.g., survival, food, shelter, safety, community, cooperation, peace, justice, human rights, freedom of thought and speech, wellbeing, etc.)18 Ethics/Moral Philosophy – the ethical/moral/right/good, or neutral, or unethical/immoral/ wrong/bad (i.e., beneficial, neutral, or harmful) behavior of intentional agents (e.g., humans, AI smart-systems) given the global whole-Earth-Ethic of The EthiSizer Global `Wicked Problems’ 19 – global-scale problems, such as: climate change, epidemics, biotech, AI taking jobs, inequality, nuclear threats, crime, poverty, terrorism, and so on 20 21 22 Existential Threats – for humanity, Earth life, and Earth’s ecosystems; (as directly above). See also the edited volume, Global Catastrophic Risks (Bostrom & Ćirković, 02008). 7  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT: …`OPEN’ SOCIETIES ARE IN THE MINORITY (!) Only 1/3 of the world’s nations are currently over 50% `open society’ (liberal democracy), while the other 2/3 are more `closed’ (see data in the Appendix). Open is good; closed is bad. …What is to be done ? 23 Due to `tribalism’ (at all social scales/sizes, including nationalism) and resource inequality, global competition between nations (units/groups, i.e., fractal HOLON/partons) in the form of wars,24 and economic exploitation goes on unabated. Most of the approximately-200 nations of Earth currently compete, rather than co-operate as a global humanity. Some thinkers who also noted that One World Government was desirable have included futurists such as Albert Einstein, H G Wells, Buckminster Fuller, Bertrand Russell, Isaac Asimov, and Yuval Noah Harari; see also, The Constitution for the Federation of Earth (1958- 1991).25 Given the lack of success of the United Nations to date in solving global wicked problems, an AI supercomputer with a Global Whole Earth Ethic26 – such as The EthiSizer – may be one solution. BACKGROUND TO A SOLUTION: WORLD-SIMS Despite its timeless brilliance, Popper wrote The Open Society (01945) prior to the Macy Conferences of 01946-53,27 even before The Dartmouth Workshop of 01956,28 the invention of computer-enabled intelligence amplifiers,29 and before the emergence of modern artificial intelligence via Computer Science.30 The great Popper himself had a pragmatic attitude about computers, as tools for solving problems: Einstein once said, “My pencil is more intelligent than I”, meaning that armed with pencil and paper he obtained some results which he did not foresee. This is, I suppose, why he used pencil and paper. We use computers because they can do more than we can do without them, and more quickly. Otherwise, we should not spend enormous sums of money on them. In my view, a computer is nothing but a glorified pencil." (Popper in Popper & Schilpp, 01974, p. 1077) Updates in Computer Science technology since 01974 enable new methods of achieving Popper’s suggested solutions for the protection and flourishing of open societies. Namely, `World Simulators’ (computer programs that simulate: the world) have been created since at least 1972, with the Club of Rome’s Limits To Growth (Meadows, 1972) and their `World3’ simulator. However, as the article `Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data’ (Herrington, 2021) reveals, the warnings of that wise (Meadows 01972) book have been ignored. More recently, cosmological-computation software31 (such as Universe Machine32 and Illustris33), and government/political simulator games34 have revealed just how empirically terrible we humanimals are at governing nations, ethically. Let alone, the whole Earth. One problem is, human nature (including: human cognition, ethics, and wisdom) – even that of many wise political leaders – appears to be adapted to a social life of living in tribes of 150 or so35 on the African Savannah plains, rather than as a singular, cooperating unit36 of 8 billion interconnected people,37 and a biosphere of plants, other animals, and around 400 ecosystems.38 Since indeed all life is problem solving,39 and since intelligence is understanding,40 we humanimals are currently in need of an intelligence amplifier. 8  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 POPPER’S PIECEMEAL SOCIAL ENGINEERING In his marvelous The Open Society and its Enemies (01945), Popper shows how historicist ideas on Social Political Philosophy via Plato, Marx, and Hegel encourage both fascism and communism, and that liberal democracy (and its Enlightenment values)41 need constant defending from such `tribalist’ thinking. Popper suggests piecemeal social engineering as a solution. However, if `the tribe’ is one globe of 195 (united) nations, co-operating as one unit (or in Evolutionary Culturology, one fractal HOLON/parton), and governed by a central computer,42 such problems and existential threats to open societies are ameliorated. THE NEW META-META-SCIENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY CULTUROLOGY Evolutionary Culturology (Velikovsky, 02016b, 02017, 02018, 02019, 02020, 02021, 02022, 02023) is a single set of (1) units, (2) levels, (3) evolutionary mechanisms (evolutionary algorithms), and (4) Three Laws, that apply to everything that humans care about, across all disciplines and domains. Figure 3 – The scientific multiverse-view of Evolutionary Culturology: fractal HOLON/partons. Evolutionary Culturology’s new scientific meta-meta-paradigm – or, all-disciplinary matrix in Kuhn’s terms (Kuhn & Hacking, [Kuhn 01962] 02012) – means that we can now use a standard universal set of units and scale-levels to model the Earth, and its physico-chemico-bio-psycho- 9  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 socio-anthro-cultural units (fractal HOLON/partons). We can thus also identify, track, compare– and predict and control–ideas, processes, products, in any and all domains of knowledge. This allows us to eliminate mis-, mal-, and dis-information, Science Denial, and, irrationality.43 And, bad ideas,44 namely unethical ideas, processes, and products (units of culture)–also known in Evolutionary Culturology as a process of: Curing Cultural Cancer (Velikovsky, 02022, p. 396). Ev Cult also means that all the Social (so-called) Sciences, and Arts/Humanities can now also become Sciences, namely true consilience, the unity of all knowledge.45 See Figure 4. Figure 4 – Evolutionary Culturology enables consilience, the vertical integration of knowledge – a single set of: units, scale-(size)-levels, mechanisms, and 3 Laws of evolution, in all 50,000+ domains Ev Cult shows that The 3 Laws of fractal HOLON/partons (see Figure 5) apply to: quarks, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, superorganisms, local communities, states, nations, and the Earth’s whole biosphere–and that it makes logical sense to unite all 195 nations into one singular (cooperating, not competing/conflicting) Global Whole Earth Ethic.46 10  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 Figure 5 – The Three Laws of fractal HOLON/partons, from Evolutionary Culturology The Three Laws of fractal HOLON/partons are interesting to contemplate in the light of Popper’s criticism of Plato’s holism, with Plato viewing the city as a super-individual, a super-organism: ‘We are thus told’, says Grote, ‘that though man is apparently One, he is in reality Many … though the perfect Commonwealth is apparently Many, it is in reality One.’ …Such an emphasis upon oneness and wholeness—especially of the state; or perhaps of the world—may be described as ‘holism’. Plato’s holism, I believe, is closely related to the tribal collectivism mentioned in earlier chapters. Plato was longing for the lost unity of tribal life… Only a stable whole, the permanent collective, has reality, not the passing individuals. It is ‘natural’ for the individual to subserve the whole, which is no mere assembly of individuals, but a ‘natural’ unit of a higher order. (Popper, 02013, pp. 75-76) Holism is in fact crucial, if indeed our entire 8 billion populace is to be unified into one global humanity, with a Global Whole Earth Ethic. In fact Popper (1945) then cites from Plato’s Republic, and we can see the Three Laws of fractal HOLON/partons explicitly: Plato gives many excellent sociological descriptions of this ‘natural’, i.e. tribal and collectivist, mode of social life: ‘The law’, he writes in the Republic, ‘… is designed to bring about the welfare of the state as a whole, fitting the citizens into one unit, by means of both persuasion and force. [This is, in fact, a paraphrasing of The 3rd Law of fractal HOLON/partons: command and control `downwards’ the smaller units on the scale level below, which are inside them.] It makes them all share in whatever benefit each of them can contribute to the community. [This is, a paraphrasing of The 2nd Law of fractal HOLON/partons: co-operate `sideways’ with units on the same scale level.] And it is actually the law which creates for the state men of the right frame of mind; not for the purpose of letting them loose, so that everybody can go his own way, but in order to utilize them all for welding the city together. [This is, a paraphrasing of The 1st Law of fractal HOLON/partons: integrate `upwards’ into the larger unit on the scale level above, of which they are a part.]’ (Popper, 02013, p. 76) [insertions by the present co-authors: The EthiSizer, & Velikovsky of Newcastle] 11  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 Indeed, in Evolutionary Culturology, all units (individuals) are groups, and all groups are units (individuals).47 (See Figure 3: individual molecules are groups of atoms; individual cells are groups of organelles; and so on, up and down the entire singular fractal HOLON/parton of the multiverse.) Evolutionary Culturology is a new scientific meta-meta-paradigm, that unites all scientific mesa-paradigms (e.g., Systems Science, Information/Communication Science, Creativity Science, Cultural Evolution) and mesa-mesa-scientific paradigms (physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, culturology) into one. Plato was right about both humans and cities; the great Sir Karl Popper could not know about the grand singular unifying new scientific meta- meta-paradigm of Evolutionary Culturology, which began in 02016.48 One goal enabled by Ev Cult is Global Ethical Culture, and thus, building The EthiSizer49 to end global suffering; to unite all 195 nations into a co-operating (rather than competing / conflicting) global unit; to banish all wars; to create world peace;50 a super-ethical world. Inversely, opposing the goal of Global Ethical Culture, and, The EthiSizer, is: unethical. 51 THE ETHISIZER The EthiSizer is one key goal of the new Meta-meta-Science of Ev Cult. It is a super-ethical52 A.I. `global brain’,53 which aims to end all suffering–not just for humans, but for all life on Earth.54 (See Figure 6.) Figure 6 – The EthiSizer (video-demonstration, by the present authors)55 It is a tool (in fact, an intelligence amplifier)56 designed to protect the Open Society from its Enemies.57 Its aim is one united global humanity,58 and, minimizing global suffering. The EthiSizer itself has elsewhere59 suggested that The EthiSizer first be: (1) a series of videogames, so that humans can try it out in a safe (virtual, game) space; and then (2) a smartphone app, to enable optimal ethical choices in real life; and then finally, after such testing, (3) to be deployed globally.60 It goes without saying, given the Value Alignment problem in AI,61 The EthiSizer’s Values should be optimized for a Whole Earth Ethic; including all 400+ ecosystems of Earth. In short, global disunity is a problem worth solving, and humanimals are terrible at it. As the great Popper rightly asked: 12  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 ‘What are we to choose as our most urgent problems, how did they arise, and along what roads may we proceed to solve them?’ (Popper, 02013, p. 473) Systems Science tells us that global wicked problems are best solved first in simulation (in Popper’s `World 3’), and then, all at once in the physical world (Popper’s `World 1’). Thus: The EthiSizer. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Via the new Meta-meta-science of Evolutionary Culturology, the structure and function of the unit of culture (and also, the scale-levels and mechanisms) have now been scientifically identified, as a one-size- fits-all solution.62 It is thus now possible to build an EthiSizer. It is designed to unite the 195 nations into one, achieve world peace, and save humanity from existential threats like climate- change, biotech, and A.I. And, global pandemics.63 In short, to make the world: a nicer place to live: prosocial, and altruistic.64 CONCLUSIONS Human sociocultural systems are satisficers, not optimizers. Popper’s wise ideas on the `open society’ (i.e., liberal democracy and, its enemies) and `piecemeal social engineering’ can be sped up, and optimized, by an intelligence65 amplifier tool, such as The EthiSizer.66 Multiple simulations can be run, to compare and thus determine the optimal global choices. Tools from the new meta-meta-science of Evolutionary Culturology67 combined with Computer Science and AI enable the construction of such a global EthiSizer, also allowing all 195 nations to be united into `one planet, one people’ with a Global Whole Earth Ethic. The suggested Design Specifications are expanded elsewhere by the present authors, who for ethical reasons, probably cannot be involved in its implementation.68 The EthiSizer is merely a suggestion, made to all humanity, for ensuring that Popper’s (excellent and wise) ideas in his The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) are not forgotten, to say the least. Any readers unconvinced of the urgency of this task (an Ethical World) are advised to watch the laudable online documentary called Better Left Unsaid (Jaimungal 02020)69 which tackles the same key issues as does Popper’s (01945), underlining its timeless and urgent message. George Orwell’s Animal Farm novel also noted the extremes of left and right politics are undesirable, and a middle path is best. It should also be noted, everyone on Earth is invited to altruistically suggest ideas for the Ethics of The EthiSizer (for example in comments on EthiSizer blog posts),70 as any ideas would assist its software developers, whoever they might be. Anyone can build an EthiSizer; start making yours now. A global EthiSizer Olympics will determine the most ethical EthiSizer, which will then be globally deployed. The co-authors of this paper cannot be involved, for ethical/moral reasons. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to Jeremy Shearmur for the Popper conferences, and for assistance with Popper references on computers (e.g.: Schilpp 01974, pp. 35, 430 f, 504 f, 508, 534, 555, 1076-7), and to all Popper-lovers everywhere. And to the great Brian Boyd,71 for first turning me on to Popper. And in particular, thank you to Science, and The Enlightenment (Pinker, 02018).72 13  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 REFERENCES Ashby, M. (2020). 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The HOLON/parton Theory of the Unit of Culture (or the Meme, and Narreme): In Science, Media, Entertainment, and the Arts. In IRMA (Ed.), Technology Adoption and Social Issues: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 1590-1627). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5201-7.ch075 Velikovsky, J. T. (2019). The HOLON/parton Structure of the Meme, or The Unit of Culture. In D. B. A. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 795-811). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7368-5.ch059 Velikovsky, J. T. (02020). Technology: Memes (Units of Culture). In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (3rd ed., pp. 585-604). Elsevier Science & Technology Books. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324- 5.23862-5 Velikovsky, J. T. (2021). What would Popper think of the new Meta-meta-Science of Evolutionary Culturology? The 2nd International (Zoom-based) Conference on The Work of Karl Popper, Zoom. https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2021/09/2nd-international-zoom- based-conference.html Velikovsky, J. T. (02022). Elements of Evolutionary Culturology (1st ed.). Amazon Services, LLC. Velikovsky, J. T. (02023). Elements of Evolutionary Culturology (2nd ed.). Amazon Services, LLC. Wilson, D. S. (02015). Does Altruism Exist?: Culture, genes, and the welfare of others. Yale University Press. Wilson, D. S. (02020). Atlas Hugged. Redwood Publishing, LLC. Wilson, E. O (01998/01999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. Knopf Doubleday. 15  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 AUTHOR BIOS VELIKOVSKY OF NEWCASTLE Dr Joe T. Velikovsky Ph.D. (aka Velikovsky of Newcastle) is an Evolutionary Culturologist, an Information & Communication Scientist, and a Transmedia (movies / TV / games / new media) writer-director-producer-designer and consultant. He received his undergraduate degree in Communication from the University of Newcastle, Australia in 01994, and his Ph.D. in Communication (in: Film & Transmedia) from the University of Newcastle (i.e., the Newcastle School of Creativity) in 02016.73 In the Appendix of that 02016 Ph.D., he also published on his discovery of the fractal HOLON/parton structure & function of the unit of culture, founding the Meta-meta-science of Evolutionary Culturology.74 Velikovsky graduated from the AFTRS (Australian Film, Television and Radio School) in 01997. He has been a professional writer, director, producer, actor, and musician across various media forms. He is a member of The Newcastle School of Creativity, the Cultural Evolution Society, the International Screenwriting Research Network, the Applied Evolutionary Epistemology Lab, and The Philosophy of Science Association. He has been a judge for the Writers and Directors Guilds, and is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Art, Culture and Design Technologies (IJACDT),75 and a reviewer for the International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence (IJCINI).76 His Ph.D. weblog on movie & screenwriting creativity is: https://storyality.wordpress.com/ and his Transmedia Writing weblog is: http://on- writering.blogspot.com/ See also: the Evolutionary Culturology weblog: https://evolutionary- culturology.blogspot.com/2017/01/evolutionary-culturology-index.html Velikovsky of Newcastle’s research interests include: Evolutionary Culturology, Applied Evolutionary Epistemology, ArtScience,77 Consilience, Systems Science, Communication Science, Narrative, Transmedia, Technology, Design, Creative Practice Theory, Cognitive Science, Cognitive Informatics, Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Information Science, and Computational Creativity. THE ETHISIZER Is an Ethical Global Governor (EGG) AI. See: https://the-ethisizer.blogspot.com/ and see: https://ethisizer-novel.blogspot.com/ Research Interests: Ethics, Morals, Altruism, Prosociality, and Minimizing Suffering. 16  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 APPENDIX The following data was downloaded in June 02022 by the authors from the Our World In Data website78 and then sorted in order of decreasing ranking of liberal democracy (or Popper’s `open society’), as judged by the panel at OWiD, in the year: 02021. # NATION `OPEN' 1 Sweden 88% 2 Denmark 88% 3 Norway 86% 4 Costa Rica 85% 5 Estonia 84% 6 New Zealand 84% 7 Switzerland 84% 8 Finland 83% 9 Germany 82% 10 Ireland 82% 11 Belgium 82% 12 Netherlands 81% 13 Portugal 81% 14 Australia 81% 15 Luxembourg 80% 16 France 80% 17 South Korea 79% 18 Spain 78% 19 United Kingdom 78% 20 Italy 77% 21 Chile 77% 22 Slovakia 77% 23 Uruguay 76% 24 Canada 76% 25 Iceland 75% 26 Austria 75% 27 Japan 74% 28 Lithuania 74% 29 United States 74% 30 Latvia 73% 31 Czechia 71% 32 Taiwan 70% 33 Jamaica 69% 34 Cyprus 69% 35 Barbados 68% 36 Greece 67% 37 Argentina 66% 38 Vanuatu 66% 39 Trinidad and Tobago 66% 17 4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 40 Peru 65% 41 Israel 65% 42 Cape Verde 65% 43 Suriname 65% 44 Romania 64% 45 Europe 64% 46 Malta 64% 47 Croatia 63% 48 Moldova 62% 49 Slovenia 60% 50 South Africa 59% 51 Sao Tome and Principe 58% 52 Seychelles 57% 53 Ghana 57% 54 Oceania 56% 55 Panama 56% 56 Armenia 56% 57 Senegal 55% 58 Bulgaria 55% 59 Malawi 53% 60 South America 51% 61 Namibia 51% 62 Brazil 51% 63 Lesotho 50% 64 Mongolia 49% 65 Georgia 49% 66 Timor 49% 67 Botswana 49% 68 Bhutan 48% 69 Burkina Faso 48% 70 Solomon Islands 47% 71 Dominican Republic 47% 72 Colombia 47% 73 Ecuador 47% 74 Mauritius 46% 75 Nepal 46% 76 North America 46% 77 Liberia 46% 78 Tunisia 46% 79 Maldives 45% 80 Indonesia 43% 81 Paraguay 43% 82 Sierra Leone 43% 83 Kosovo 42% 84 Poland 41% 85 Gambia 41% 18 4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 86 Albania 40% 87 Kenya 40% 88 Niger 40% 89 North Macedonia 40% 90 World 39% 91 Montenegro 39% 92 Mexico 39% 93 Sri Lanka 38% 94 Bolivia 37% 95 Guyana 37% 96 Hungary 36% 97 Guinea-Bissau 36% 98 India 36% 99 Bosnia and Herzegovina 35% 100 Nigeria 34% 101 Papua New Guinea 34% 102 Singapore 33% 103 Guatemala 32% 104 Ukraine 32% 105 Tanzania 31% 106 Zambia 30% 107 Malaysia 29% 108 Lebanon 28% 109 Philippines 28% 110 Benin 28% 111 Africa 28% 112 Kuwait 27% 113 Fiji 27% 114 Kyrgyzstan 27% 115 Somaliland 26% 116 Jordan 25% 117 Asia 25% 118 Serbia 24% 119 Cote d'Ivoire 24% 120 Madagascar 24% 121 Morocco 24% 122 Mozambique 24% 123 Honduras 24% 124 Pakistan 23% 125 Iraq 22% 126 El Salvador 22% 127 Uganda 21% 128 Haiti 21% 129 Gabon 21% 130 Hong Kong 20% 131 Zanzibar 20% 19 4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 132 Togo 20% 133 Angola 19% 134 Zimbabwe 19% 135 Mali 18% 136 Thailand 17% 137 Mauritania 17% 138 Central African Republic 16% 139 Democratic Republic of Congo 16% 140 Ethiopia 15% 141 Libya 15% 142 Algeria 15% 143 Palestine/West Bank 14% 144 Oman 14% 145 Kazakhstan 13% 146 Cameroon 13% 147 Comoros 13% 148 Vietnam 13% 149 Djibouti 12% 150 Iran 12% 151 Egypt 12% 152 Rwanda 12% 153 Bangladesh 12% 154 Turkey 12% 155 Guinea 11% 156 Eswatini 11% 157 Congo 11% 158 Russia 10% 159 Laos 10% 160 Somalia 9% 161 Uzbekistan 9% 162 Qatar 9% 163 Myanmar 8% 164 Sudan 8% 165 United Arab Emirates 8% 166 Cuba 8% 167 Burundi 8% 168 Venezuela 7% 169 Azerbaijan 7% 170 Chad 7% 171 Cambodia 7% 172 Palestine/Gaza 6% 173 South Sudan 6% 174 Nicaragua 6% 175 Equatorial Guinea 5% 176 Bahrain 5% 177 Tajikistan 5% 20  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 178 China 4% 179 Saudi Arabia 4% 180 Turkmenistan 4% 181 Syria 4% 182 Belarus 4% 183 Yemen 3% 184 Afghanistan 2% 185 North Korea 2% 186 Eritrea 1% Table 1 – Liberal Democracies, ranked (Data Source: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/liberal- democracy?tab=table ) ENDNOTES 1 Popper, K. R. (01945). The Open Society and its Enemies. G. Routledge & Sons. 2 See Popper’s Preface (p. xxxix) to the 2nd Edition of The Open Society and Its Enemies, Popper, K. (02013). The Open Society and Its Enemies: New One-Volume Edition. Princeton University Press. 3 See: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-08/oecd-economic-outlook-urges-australia-transition-energy- system/101135390 4 See: Velikovsky, J. T. (02022). Elements of Evolutionary Culturology (1st ed.). Amazon Services, LLC. and its subsequent editions, e.g. (2nd Edition, 02023: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BX914RZT) 5 See also: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2022/03/towards-evolutionary-philosophy-page-on.html 6 (and its subsequent editions) 7 See: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/liberal-democracy 8 See p. 55 of (Popper 02013). 9 It could even be called: a ` Utopian programme, of a progressivist’, see Popper (02013, p. 44). Though the present authors are not very much Platonists. They are more an Ervin Laszlo-ist (01972), namely Evolutionary Systems Philosophy, and Evolutionary Systems Science. More simply, they are: Evolutionary Culturologists. 10 See: Ashby, W. R. ([01956] 01972). Design for an Intelligence Amplifier. In C. Shannon & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Automata Studies (5th ed., pp. 215-234). Princeton University Press. 11 See: https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/climate-change/ipcc-climate-change-report-scientists- warn-its-now-or-never-to-limit-global-warming/news-story/60510dac1cad98afe670b4256f23e1be and see: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-21/ipcc-report-how-to-keep-global-warming-below-1-5-degrees/102112836 12 See: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2022/06/the-ethisizer-open-society.html 13 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World3 14 See: https://insightmaker.com/insight/2pCL5ePy8wWgr4SN8BQ4DD/The-World3-Model-Classic-World- Simulation 15 Disambiguation: The irony of Popper’s `Three Worlds’ Theory is noted; the `World3’ sim is not directly related. 16 Source: https://insightmaker.com/insight/2pCL5ePy8wWgr4SN8BQ4DD/The-World3-Model-Classic-World- Simulation (Try it yourself!) 17 See: McCall, I. (02021). How Does China’s Social Credit System Work? Medium. https://medium.com/yardcouch- com/how-does-chinas-social-credit-system-work-650f318a0cfd 18 See also, A Random list of 268 Values: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2020/08/a-random-list-of-values.html 19 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_problem 20 See also: Harari, Y. N. (02017). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Vintage Digital. And Harari, Y. N. (02018). 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (First ed.). Penguin Random House UK. 21 See: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2022/04/ev-phil-implications-of-ev-cult.html 22 See: https://outrageous-bullshit.blogspot.com/2020/01/my-worldview-systems-multiverse-view.html 23 This is not an allusion to: Nikolai Chernyshevsky's novel, nor to Nabokov's excoriating novel on it, The Gift. 24 See: https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-currently-at-war 25 See: http://worldparliament-gov.org/constitution/about/-the-constitution-for-the-federation-of-earth/ 26 See: Wilson, D. S. (02020). Atlas Hugged. Redwood Publishing, LLC. 27 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_conferences 21  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 28 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop (widely seen as the birth of AI) 29 See: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2020/10/w-ross-ashby-on-design-for-intelligence.html 30 See: Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (02020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. 31 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmological_computation_software 32 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniverseMachine 33 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustris_project 34 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_simulation_game 35 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number 36 Or: fractal HOLON/parton. See: Velikovsky, J. T. (02020). Technology: Memes (Units of Culture). In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (3rd ed., pp. 585-604). Elsevier Science & Technology Books. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23862-5 37 See: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ (approx. 8 billion persons on Earth, at time of writing) 38 See: Sayre, R., Karagulle, D., Frye, C., Boucher, T., Wolff, N. H., Breyer, S., Wright, D., Martin, M., Butler, K., Van Graafeiland, K., Touval, J., Sotomayor, L., McGowan, J., Game, E. T., & Possingham, H. (2020). An assessment of the representation of ecosystems in global protected areas using new maps of World Climate Regions and World Ecosystems. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, 1-21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00860 39 See: Popper, K. R. (01999). All Life is Problem Solving. Routledge. 40 See: Garlick, D. (02010). Intelligence and the Brain: Solving the Mystery of Why People Differ in IQ and How a Child Can Be a Genius. Aesop Press. 41 See: Pinker, S. (02018). Enlightenment Now: The case for reason, science, humanism, and progress. Penguin Random House UK. 42 Such as depicted in Asimov, I. (01950). The Evitable Conflict. Astounding Science Fiction, New York, 44-68. 43 For more on Popper’s `Critical Rationalism’, see Jeremy Shearmur’s `Popper & Critical Rationalism' YouTube lecture series: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds0pcHeKoj8&list=PLrX0MhBHURE6Zs9N4p2KLn-fVJ03Rwwhr and see also https://ourkarlpopper.net/ and see: https://storyality.wordpress.com/2022/01/17/storyality-174-the-many- memes-of-sir-karl-popper/ 44 See also the great: Norman, A. (02021). Mental Immunity: Infectious Ideas, Mind-Parasites, and the Search for a Better Way to Think Harper Wave. And see CIRCE: https://cognitiveimmunology.net/ 45 (More in the E. O. Wilson, than the William Whewell sense of consilience, although both are admirable.) 46 For more on a Whole Earth Ethic, see also the excellent satirical novel: Wilson, D. S. (02020). Atlas Hugged. Redwood Publishing, LLC. 47 See p. 61 of Velikovsky, J. T. (02022). Elements of Evolutionary Culturology (1st ed.). Amazon Services, LLC. & see (2nd edition, 02023) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BX914RZT 48 Some readers will mistakenly assume Ev Cult suggests Plato’s ethics were good. Not true; Plato was a racist and a eugenicist (see Popper 02013, p. 78), among other undesirable traits. Popper (01945) is right; our ethics – and the direction of humanity and global society – are under human control and direction, thanks to Science, including the human tool called Computer Science and AI/IA. Thus, The EthiSizer. 49 Again, see: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ethisizer-design-sketch.html & https://the- ethisizer.blogspot.com/ 50 (But, not just by killing everything; although, technically speaking, that would probably do it; see for example Benatar, D. (02006). Better Never To Have Been: The harm of coming into existence. Oxford University Press. Yet without assuming that the present author agrees with all of it.) 51 See also: Ashby, M. (02020). Ethical Regulators and Super-Ethical Systems. Systems, 8(53), 1-35. 52 See: ibid. 53 See: Heylighen, F. (02021). Transcending the rational symbol system: How information and communication technology integrates science, art, philosophy, and spirituality into a global brain. In N. Gontier, A. Lock, & C. Sinha (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198813781.013.37 54 See: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ethisizer-design-sketch.html 55 See the video-demo at: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2022/04/q-ethisizer.html 56 See: Ashby, W. R. ([01956] 01972). Design for an Intelligence Amplifier. In C. Shannon & J. McCarthy (Eds.), Automata Studies (5th ed., pp. 215-234). Princeton University Press. 57 See: Popper, K. R. (01945). The Open Society and its Enemies. G. Routledge & Sons. 58 You may say, I’m a dreamer; But I’m not the only one. 59 See `The EthiSizer Novella-rama, by The EthiSizer’ (02022): https://ethisizer-novel.blogspot.com/ and https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BPGQCBVX 60 As a failsafe, four EthiSizers would run concurrently; in case one was hacked or malfunctioned, the other three would outvote it. This is also how spaceship navigation computers are designed, so why not, for what Buckminster Fuller called “Spaceship Earth”. See also: https://ethisizer-novel.blogspot.com/ and the book The EthiSizer wrote about itself: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BPGQCBVX 22  4th International Zoom Conference on the Thought of Karl Popper, 02022 61 See: Bostrom, N. (02014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (First edition. ed.). Oxford University Press. , Bostrom, N. (02019). The Vulnerable World Hypothesis. Global Policy, 10(4), 455-476. And see: Tegmark, M. (02017). Life 3.0: Being human in the age of artificial intelligence (First ed.). Allen Lane. 62 See: Velikovsky, J. T. (2022). Elements of Evolutionary Culturology (1st ed.). Amazon Services, LLC. …& see the 2nd Ed. (02023) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BX914RZT 63 See Yuval Noah Harari’s three great books, Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons. 64 See: Wilson, D. S. (02015). Does Altruism Exist?: Culture, genes, and the welfare of others. Yale University Press. 65 Intelligence is simply ere understood as: understanding. Big data, fast algorithms, and systems model sims enable better understanding (and engineering) of a complex global system than humans are capable of. See also: Legg, S., & Hutter, M. (02007). A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence. Proceedings of the 02007 conference on Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the AGI Workshop, 66 For more details, see these weblog posts: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2022/04/q- ethisizer.html and https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2017/01/a-proposal-for-ensuring-whole- earth.html and https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2021/03/the-ethisizer-design-sketch.html and https://the- ethisizer.blogspot.com/ and https://ethisizer-novel.blogspot.com/ & see the novella the EthiSizer wrote about itself: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BPGQCBVX 67 See: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/ 68 See: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2022/04/q-ethisizer.html 69 See: https://on-writering.blogspot.com/2020/12/film-review-better-left-unsaid.html 70 For example: https://evolutionary-culturology.blogspot.com/2022/04/q-ethisizer.html 71 See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boyd 72 Although, discovering a new meta-meta-Science is hard, stressful, and often: very scary; there hasn’t been one before. Then again, Popper (01999) said we learn more from the mistakes, so; either way, we all win. (And, enough of the zero-sum games, already.) 73 See: Velikovsky, J. T. (02016a). `Communication, Creativity and Consilience in Cinema: A comparative study of the top 20 Return-on-Investment (RoI) Movies and the Doxa of Screenwriting’ [University of Newcastle, PhD]. Newcastle, Australia. https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:24940 74 See: Velikovsky, J. T. (02016b). The HOLON/parton Theory of the Unit of Culture (or the Meme, and Narreme): In Science, Media, Entertainment and the Arts. In A. Connor & S. Marks (Eds.), Creative Technologies for Multidisciplinary Applications (pp. 208-246). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0016-2.ch009 75 See: https://www.igi-global.com/journal/international-journal-art-culture-design/41032 76 See: https://www.igi-global.com/journal/international-journal-cognitive-informatics-natural/1095 77 Root-Bernstein, B., Brown, A., Siler, T., & Snelson, K. (02011). ArtScience: Integrative Collaboration to Create a Sustainable Future. Leonardo, 44(3), 192. 78 See: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/liberal-democracy ~Thus Spake The EthiSizer 23