The Opet temple courtyard excavations : a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak (Luxor, Egypt).

This pdf of your paper in Archaeozoology of the Near East 9 belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (February 2020), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books (editorial@oxbowbooks.com). ASWA 9 delegates at Al Ain Zoo. November 2008  an offprint from International Council of Archaeozoology (ICAZ) Proceedings of the 9th conference of the ASWA (AA) Working Group Archaeozoology of SouthWest Asia and Adjacent Areas – Al Ain, Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates Archaeozoology of the Near East 9 In honour of Hans-Peter Uerpmann and François Poplin edited by Marjan Mashkour and Mark Beech Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-844-2 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-845-9 (epub) © Oxbow Books 2017 Oxford & Philadelphia www.oxbowbooks.com Published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by OXBOW BOOKS The Old Music Hall, 106–108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE and in the United States by OXBOW BOOKS 1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083 © Oxbow Books and the individual authors 2017 Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-844-2 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78297-845-9 (epub) A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas (9th : 2008 : Al Ain, United Arab Emirates) | Mashkour, M. (Marjan), editor. | Beech, Mark J., editor. Title: Archaeozoology of the Near East 9 : proceedings of the 9th Conference of the ASWA (AA) Working Group : archaeozoology of Southwest Asia and adjacent areas / edited by Marjan Mashkour and Mark Beech. Description: Oxford ; Philadelphia : Oxbow Books, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. Identiiers: LCCN 2016040915 (print) | LCCN 2016032516 (ebook) | ISBN 9781782978459 (epub) | ISBN 9781782978473 (pdf) | ISBN 9781782978466 ( mobi) | ISBN 9781782978442 (hardback) | ISBN 9781782948459 (digital edition) Subjects: LCSH: Animal remains (Archaeology)--Middle East--Congresses. | Hunting and gathering societies--Middle East--Congresses. | Prehistoric peoples--Middle East--Congresses. | Middle East--Antiquities--Congresses. Classiication: LCC CC79.5.A5 (print) | LCC CC79.5.A5 I58 2008 (ebook) | DDC 930.1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016040915 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing. Printed in the United Kingdom by Short Run Press, Exeter For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact: UNITED KINGDOM Oxbow Books Telephone (01865) 241249, Fax (01865) 794449 Email: oxbow@oxbowbooks.com www.oxbowbooks.com UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Oxbow Books Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146 Email: queries@casemateacademic.com www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group Front cover: Baynunah Camel site – Abu Dhabi Tourism & Culture Authority (TCA Abu Dhabi) – United Arab Emirates Contents VOLUME 1 Contributors viii Foreword: Introduction to ASWA by Marjan Mashkour and Mark Beech xii Foreword by M. Mohamad Al-Neyadi, Director Al Ain, Abu Dhabi Tourism and Culture Authority (TCA, previously ADACH) xv Foreword by Pr Didier Gazagnadou, Cultural Councillor French Embassy, Abu Dhabi xvii Foreword in honour of the two pioneering researchers in Archaeozoology xix The contribution of Hans-Peter Uerpmann to the Archaeozoology of the Near East Nicolas Conard xix The contribution of François Poplin to Archaeozoological studies Christine Lefèvre xxi PART 1: PALAEOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC SUBSISTENCE IN NORTHERN MESOPOTAMIA, ANATOLIA AND THE IRANIAN PLATEAU 1. Small game and the shifting subsistence patterns from the Upper Paleolithic to the Natuian at Baaz Rockshelter, Syria 2 (Hannes Napierala, Andrew W. Kandel and Nicholas J. Conard) 2. Instability and co-development of the exploitation of early domestic sheep and goats: the example of Shillourokambos (Cyprus, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 10,400–9000 cal BP) 10 (Jean-Denis Vigne, Isabelle Carrère and Jean Guilaine) 3. The fauna of Tell Aswad (Damascus, Syria), early Neolithic levels. Comparison with northern and southern Levant sites 23 (Daniel Helmer and Lionel Gourichon) 4. Faunal remains from the Middle Neolithic site of Qaleh Rostam 41 (Julie Daujat and Marjan Mashkour) 5. Digesting the data: dogs as taphonomic agents at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey 59 (Nerissa Russell and Katheryn C. Twiss) PART 2: CAUCASIAN ZOOARCHAEOLOGY 6. Carnivora mammals of the Holocene in Armenia 76 (Nina Manaseryan) 7. The Upper Palaeolithic fauna from Kalavan 1 (Armenia): preliminary results 88 (Adrian Bălăşescu, Cyril Montoya, Boris Gasparyan, Jérémie Liagre and Christine Chataigner) vi Contents 8. Neolithic subsistence economy in the plain of Ararat: preliminary comparative analysis of the faunal remains from Aratashen and Khaturnarkh-Aknashen (Armenia) 98 (Emmanuelle Vila, Adrian Bălăşescu, Valentin Radu, Ruben Badalyan and Christine Chataigner) 9. Animal bones from Aramus, Armenia, excavation 2004 112 (Hans Christian Küchelmann, Nina Manaseryan and Lilit Mirzoyan) 10. Analysis of Urartian bone remains from Erebuni, Armenia (2003–2007 excavations): possible use of bones for the manufacture of paint 131 (Lilit Mirzoyan and Nina Manaseryan) PART 3. EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL EXPLOITATION ON URBAN SITES DURING THE BRONZE AGE 11. Animal exploitation from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic period in Haftavan Tepe (Western Azerbaijan-Iran) 146 (Fatemeh Azadeh Mohaseb and Marjan Mashkour) 12. Animal exploitation in the Upper Tigris river valley during the Middle Bronze Age: a irst assessment from Hirbemerdon Tepe 171 (Rémi Berthon) 13. Animal exploitation at Tell Bderi (Syria) during the Early Bronze period 183 (Lubna Omar) 14. Exploitation of fauna at Ras Shamra: case study of the ‘Maison aux Albâtres’, Late Bronze Age, northern Levant 197 (Jwana Chahoud and Emmanuelle Vila) 15. How large a sheep, how big a sample? 217 (Laszlo Bartosiewicz) 16. New thoughts on the role of the Middle Khabur (Syria) in the urbanisation of northern Mesopotamia during the Early Bronze Age 227 (Scott J. Rufolo) VOLUME 2 PART 4. PASTORALISM, NOMADISM AND MOBILITY 17. Fish and mammal bones in the Abu Dhabi desert: evidence for Bedouin diet during the pre-oil era 250 (Mark J. Beech, Hanae Sasaki, Tatsuo Sasaki, Walid Yasin Al-Tikriti and Mohammed Amer Al-Neyadi) 18. Nomads, horses and mobility: an assessment of geographic origins of Iron Age horses found at Tsengel Khairkhan and Baga Turgen Gol (Mongolian Altai) based on oxygen isotope compositions of tooth enamel 262 (Robin Bendrey, Sébastien Lepetz, Antoine Zazzo, Marie Balasse, Tsagaan Turbat, Pierre Henri Giscard, Dominic Vella, Ganna I. Zaitseva, Konstantin V. Chugunov, Joël Ughetto, Karyne Debue and Jean-Denis Vigne)  Contents vii 19. Zooarchaeological evidence for pastoralism in the Early Transcaucasian Culture 273 (Jennifer J. Piro and Pam J. Crabtree) PART 5. EXPLOITATION OF ANIMALS IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA 20. New data on domestic and wild camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus sp.) in Sabaean and Minaean Yemen 286 (F. G. Fedele) 21. The Iron Age site of Muweilah (Sharjah, UAE) and the problems of dromedary domestication 312 (Margarethe Uerpmann and Hans-Peter Uerpmann) 22. Fish exploitation at Qal’at Al-Bahrain from the Early Dilmun period (3rd millennium BC) to the Middle Islamic period (13–16th centuries AD): preliminary results 320 (Justine Vorenger) 23. Evidence for deep-sea ishing and cultural identity during the Neolithic period at Akab Island, Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates 331 (Mark J. Beech, Vincent Charpentier and Sophie Méry) PART 6. RITUALS AND ANIMAL DEPOSITS 24. Elite equids 2: seeing the dead 340 (Jill A. Weber) 25. An unusual cattle burial at Dayr al-Barshā (Late Period, Middle Egypt) 353 (Veerle Linseele, Wim Van Neer, Harco Willems and Bart Vanthuyne) 26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak (Luxor, Egypt) 378 (Hervé Monchot and Guillaume Charloux) 27. More animal burials from the Predynastic elite cemetery of Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt): the 2008 season 388 (Wim Van Neer, Veerle Linseele and Renée Friedman) PART 7. ANIMAL EXPLOITATION DURING ANTIQUITY 28. Animal exploitation during the Classical/Hellenistic period at Tepe Düzen (SW Turkey): preliminary results 404 (Bea De Cupere, Wim Van Neer, Kim Vyncke and Hannelore Vanhaverbeke) 29. Une accumulation d’équidés à Berytus: approche taxinomique et taphonomique 411 (Yasha Hourani and Tarek Oueslati) 30. The animal bone remains from Mar Nicola, a Byzantine–Islamic site at Beit Jala, Palestine 431 (Mohammad Al-Zawahra) 31. Faunal analysis of the Castle of Aqaba (Jordan): preliminary results 443 (Bea De Cupere, Anton Ervynck, Mircea Udrescu, Wim Van Neer and Wim Wouters) 26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak (Luxor, Egypt) Hervé Monchot & Guillaume Charloux The archaeological excavations undertaken in 2006 and 2007 in the courtyard of the Opet Temple at Karnak (Luxor, Egypt) revealed, in 12 soundings, nine phases of occupation and/or construction dating from the end of the 3rd millennium BC to the present. In addition to an abundance of artifacts (ceramics, stone tools, seal impressions, shells, etc) more than 5000 faunal remains were recovered belonging for the most part to the classic domesticates (sheep/goat, cattle and pig) in addition to Nile ishes. Zooarchaeological analysis shows that the majority of bones are burned and that the Egyptians preferentially consumed young animals, lambs/kids, calves and piglets. This study ofers a rare insight into the fauna of Karnak, and allows us to give a irst glimpse on the life and the behavior of Thebans at the time of the emergence of the Amun cult. Keywords archaeozoology, Egypt, Thebes, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, domestic animals, ish Introduction is to say those associated with rituals, have been studied in somewhat greater detail. Located 3km north of Luxor (Egypt), the complex at The animal world deeply shaped Egyptian religion and Karnak (Fig. 26.1) was the heart of religious activity imagery. Gods and goddesses are represented with the during the New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC), as well as an attributes of wild or sometimes tame animals, predatory important economic centre. Three main temples dedicated birds, crocodiles, hippopotamus and others. Suice to say to Mut, Montou and Amun constitute a 40ha religious that this animal world, like the whole environment, was complex, which was presumably erected at the beginning a gift of the divine to the Thebans. Nevertheless, studies of the Middle Kingdom, ca. 2100 BC, if we take into describing the economic behavior of local populations consideration results of recent excavations in the central and their mode of exploitation of animal products in area of the Amun sanctuary (Charloux et al. 2004). such a cultural sphere are still surprisingly missing. The Although New Kingdom Karnak has been studied lack of deeply stratiied deposits at Karnak represents a in detail, little is known of the periods preceding the major challenge in this matter. Two notable exceptions monuments of the XVIIIth Dynasty kings. Obtaining are current incomplete published works from a priests’ information on the daily life of Thebans in particular has residential area located South-east of the Sacred Lake been neglected in favor of architectural and epigraphic at Karnak (Millet 2007) and from a domestic quarter at research. Zooarchaeological investigations have always North Karnak (Jacquet 2001). been considered as a secondary factor (McArdle 1989), which accounts for the absence of faunal reports for Middle and New Kingdom contexts. Most often the presence of bones is limited to a mere mention in The Opet Temple publications (Debono 1982), although animal oferings, The temple of Opet is situated immediately to the west of such as those found in foundation deposits (Azim 1982) or the Khonsu temple (Fig. 26.2), in the southwest corner of represented on tombs or temples reliefs (Beaux 1990), that the precinct of Amun at Karnak. It was dedicated to the  26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak 379 Fig. 26.1. Egypt map showing the Theban area on the Nile. Foreground, the location of temple sites within Karnak hippopotamus goddess Opet by Ptolemy VIII Euergetes methods of construction, function, etc). It belongs to a very II (2nd century BC), and constitutes one of the last cult rare category called the ‘mythological temples’, like the buildings erected in Egypt. Its decoration was carved mammisi. Originally, the concept of god as a divine entity until the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar was not the major goal of the cult, which focused more on the (1st century BC–1st century AD), but the monument was myths in which he was involved. This temple is dedicated to left uninished. the goddess Opet in order to commemorate the main events Although rather small in comparison to other sanctuaries, of the life of her son Osiris: birth and resurrection, heir of this temple presents a lot of unique features (location, plan, God Amun, as well as the birth of Horus (Traunecker 2004). 380 Hervé Monchot & Guillaume Charloux Fig. 26.2 Plan of the archaeological soundings in and around the Opet Temple courtyard and (inset) the deep section, with distinction of levels above the water table. Stratigraphy, chronology and structural excavation campaigns in the courtyard of the temple remains were conducted by G. Charloux in 2006 and 2007 to Since 2005, a conservation and tourism management project answer speciic architectural and archaeological questions, has been undertaken under the direction of E. Laroze for instance the origin and the sequence of periods of (architect, CNRS/CFEETK). This multi-disciplinary occupation at the site (Charloux et al. 2009). programme is a collaboration between the CNRS/MAE Nine archaeological levels were distinguished (Table and the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities. Two 26.1), and a sounding reached the basal geological soil,  26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak 381 revealing one of the deepest archaeological sequence architectural complexity found under the Opet temple uncovered at Thebes (ive levels and 27 layers under the seems to relect a wide variety of contexts: domestic surface) (Fig. 26.2). Furthermore, the archaeological and occupation (levels 1–3), production or storage facilities, monumental construction of unknown nature (level 4) and religious building (levels 5–9). As a consequence, this Table 26.1. Stratigraphical sequence of the Opet Temple archaeological study ofers a unique chance to understand courtyard excavations. the past of the whole area. No archaeological research Levels Period Preliminary Preliminary Archaeological undertaken in a 170m radius around the monument has relative relative context as yet exposed structures older than the Ramessid period. ceramic chronology With the exception of few supericial diggings, some of dating related to ceramic them incomplete or unpublished, the sector is clean of work. study Concerning the archaeological levels we are especially interested in the XIth–XVIIIth dynasties (levels 1–4) 0 -- Virgin soil -- -- 1 according to ceramic studies – the only published data or 2 MIDDLE XIth– 2100–1750 Occupation ongoing excavations are located more than 350m away to 3 KINGDOM XIIth BC floors the north or to the east (e.g. Charloux 2005; Millet 2007). TO EARLY dynasty NEW For more archaeological information, the reader can refer 4 KINGDOM XIth– 2100–1400 Foundation to the review Les cahiers de Karnak published by the XVIIIth BC filling CFEETK (Centre franco-égyptien d’étude des temples de dynasty Karnak) and the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche 5 XXVth 7th century Foundation dynasty BC filling Scientiique) since 1968. according to according to During excavation of 12 soundings both within and stratigraphy stratigraphy just outside the Opet Temple, abundant cultural material (?) (?) – presently under study – was uncovered, including shells, 6 XXVth 7th century Temple LATE dynasty BC foundation lithics, stone beads, ceramics, seal impressions, as well as 7 EPOCH ? until the until 2nd Temple faunal remains. Except for surface ills and modern pits, TO Hellenistic century BC foundation all layers from the soundings were sieved – with an 8mm RECENT period 8 PERIODS until the until 4th–7th Pit diameter mesh. A smaller sieve (5mm mesh size) was Late Roman century AD frequently used for sandy-silt and ashy layers. period The excavations of the courtyard Opet Temple yielded 9 medieval until 2008 Pit a total of 5234 animal remains and 91% of these (n=4761) and modern periods belong to Middle Kingdom occupations to the early New according to Kingdom (henceforth MK–early NK; XIth–XVIIIth stratigraphy dynasties, ca. 2100–1400 BC),1 which is the reason our Table 26.2. Species list count recovered from the courtyard Opet temple excavations (Occ = occupations; Fil = illing). AGE Middle Kingdom Late epoch to modern period to early New Kingdom Archaeological Period 1 2 3 4 Total 5 6 7 8/9 Total % total Context Occ Occ Occ Fil Fil Temple Temple Pit Consumed species N % Sheep/Goat (Ovis 16 35 29 123 203 4.3 1 20 11 12 247 4.72 aries/Capra hircus) Cattle (Bos taurus) 28 20 81 129 2.7 3 16 4 1 153 2.92 Pig (Sus scrofa dom.) 5 80 5 50 140 2.9 3 5 3 1 152 2.90 Pisces 2 39 17 66 124 2.6 1 7 1 2 135 2.58 Aves sp. 1 2 2 4 9 0.2 1 2 1 13 0.25 Various status Donkey (Equus asinus) 2 2 – 1 3 0.06 Dog (Canis familiaris) 2 2 4 – 4 0.08 Rodents (Gerbillus 1 2 30 33 0,7 2 17 52 0.99 sp./Arvicanthis niloticus) Unidentified mammallian remain Caprini size 34 72 13 183 302 6,3 20 22 1 6 351 6.71 Cattle size 2 31 4 41 78 1.6 1 20 1 100 1.91 Unknown size 144 1019 413 2161 3737 78.5 31 151 21 84 4024 76.88 Total 204 1311 507 2739 4761 – 63 260 42 108 5234 – % Total 3.90 25.05 9.69 52.33 100 100 1.20 4.97 0.80 2.06 – 100 382 Hervé Monchot & Guillaume Charloux study will focus almost exclusively on these periods. Consumed species: the classic domesticates Levels 1–3 (XIth–XIIth dynasties) comprisea succession (cattle, sheep/goat, pig) of thin horizontal occupation layers – floors and/or household rubbish dump, although the fauna from level Sheep/goat 4 comes mainly from the homogeneous illing of deep foundation pits with mixed MK–early NK material (Table Despite published criteria for separating Ovis and Capra 26.1). The upper levels (5–9) provide interesting insights (Boessneck et al. 1964; Payne 1985; Prummel & Frisch into the later period, but their examination cannot be 1986; Helmer 2000; Fernandez 2001; Halstead et al. 2002), considered relevant for a comprehensive study due to the anatomical distinction between them when studying mixing of deposits. bone fragments is diicult, particularly when they are In this imperfect methodological context with small butchered, cooked, and exposed to soil for millennia. The sample sizes, the amount of bones collected still constitutes presence of some well-preserved elements like the talus, an interesting irst reference point for our knowledge of humerus or ulna, permitted clear identiication of goats, the ancient fauna of the late 3rd–mid-2nd millennium BC. suggesting that they were much more common at Karnak, than at most Egyptian sites where sheep predominate (e.g. Kom el-Hisn, Lehner, Ibrahim Awad, Merimde; Redding The faunal list 1992) or as in the Middle East in general (Redding 1985). While sheep would have competed with cattle for loodplain Among the totality of the collection of the faunal grazing area, goats would have subsisted on poor-quality remains, 14.5% (759 elements) could be identiied with vegetation along the desert edge (Rossel 2006). some certainty to species (Table 26.2). The three main According to the diagrammatic representation of wear- domesticates, caprids (sheep/goat), cattle and pig, made state in the 3rd milk molar (dP4) (Payne 1973; 1985), up 72.7% of the identiied material. Except for the short the deciduous teeth (one lower dP3, nine lower dP4, bones, that are more robust and compact, such as the one upper dP3, three upper dP4: 14/91=15.4%) clearly carpals, tarsals and phalanx, all bones are fragmented into show predominance of young adults 1–2 years old. This many pieces, especially the long-bones. Consequently, result is conirmed by the presence of unworn teeth (three 4471 bones could be identiied only to body size group: lower molars and two upper molars). Only one mandible (1) small size (caprid/young pig), (2) large size (large pig/ belonging to the level 3 and one upper M1 from level 1 cattle) and (3) unknown size (splinter). No worked bones attest to the presence of old individuals. Therefore, for and no wild ungulate species such as gazelle (Gazella) the MK–early NK period, we observe approximately or Barbary sheep (Ammotragus) were recovered from 50% lambs/kids, 20% young adults (teeth not worn), 23% the site. Beside the mammal bones, 135 remains belong mature and 7% old individuals. No yearlings were found to Nile ishes and 13 to wild birds were identiied. This in the assemblage. According to caprine-management ratio is almost the same for MK–early NK material with within the present-day herding systems in the southeast of 472 bones (73.3% of the identiied material) for the main France (Blaise 2005; Helmer et al. 2007), such a choice domesticate species (Table 26.2). corresponds with the consumption of young males for tender meat at the maximum weight. This proile was found notably during the Bronze Age in many Predynastic State of bone preservation Egyptian sites (Van Neer 2002), or in the northern Near The bones show few signs of weathering processes East, as at Sheik Hassan (middle Uruk period, Syria) and suggesting that they were not exposed on the surface southeastern France (Vila 1998; Helmer et al. 2007). for very long. No connective tissue or articulated bones For caprids, the whole skeleton is represented (Table (complete joints) were found among the deposit. Most of 26.3) with a higher proportion of skull (isolated teeth) the bones remains of levels 1 and 2, the older occupations elements (n=124, 54.2%) and feet elements (carpals, tarsals, not so far from the Nile water level, are covered by metapodials phalanx and sesamoids, n=70, 28.2%). The carbonated concretions, which afected the bones surface axial skeleton (ribs and vertebrae) are under-represented after their burial. This mineralisation results from water (4.5%), but if we take into account elements placed in circulation through the deposits. the caprid size category (with respectively 30.5% of Around 25% of the identiied bones and 40% of the the elements), we obtain more coherent results (35%). unidentified material are burnt, sometimes intensely The forelimb (6%) and the hindlimb (5.5%), rich meat calcined. The examination of the colour and the macroscopic elements, are scarce and the long-bones diaphyses – appearance shows that a great majority of bones are black whether determined or not – are more plentiful than the (stages 2–3) while few are white (stage 6) the latter extremities. Only ten bones exhibit unfused epiphysis (two representing very high temperatures (Nicholson 1993; distal radius, four calcanei, one femora distal and one 2nd Stiner et al. 1995). phalanx) or juvenile aspect (two astragali), although this is not a large enough sample to construct a survivorship curve age distribution.  26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak Table 26.3. Skeletal parts of domesticated mammals in NISP (Number of Identiied Specimens) and % of NISP from the courtyard Opet temple excavations. (M.K. to N.K. = Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom period; L.E. to R.P. = Late Epoch to recent period according to Table 26.1). CAPRID CAPRID SIZE PIG CATTLE CATTLE SIZE M.K. to N.K. L.E. to R.P. M.K. to N.K. L.E. to R.P. M.K. to N.K. L.E. to R.P. M.K. to N.K. L.E. to R.P. M.K. to N.K. L.E. to R.P. NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % NISP % Cranium 6 3.0 1 2.3 9 3.0 -- -- 3 2.1 -- -- 13 10.1 1 4,2 7 9,0 -- -- Mandible 13 6.4 -- -- 4 1.3 -- -- 9 6.4 -- -- 13 10.1 1 4.2 -- -- -- -- Isolated Teeth 91 44.8 13 29.5 -- -- -- -- 91 65.0 5 41.7 57 44.2 4 16.7 -- -- -- -- CRANIUM 110 54.2 14 31.8 13 4.3 -- -- 103 73.5 5 41.7 83 64.4 6 25.1 7 9.0 -- -- Vertebra 6 3.0 -- -- 32 10.6 8 16.3 -- -- -- -- 8 6.2 5 20.8 12 15.4 2 9.1 Rib 3 1.5 2 4.5 60 19.9 16 32.7 -- -- -- -- 11 8.5 -- -- 16 20.5 7 31.8 TRUNK 9 4.5 2 4.5 92 30.5 24 49.0 -- -- -- -- 19 14.7 5 20.8 28 35.9 9 40.9 Scapula 4 2.0 -- -- 11 3.6 5 10.2 -- -- -- -- 3 2.3 -- -- 1 1.3 -- -- Humerus 3 1.5 2 4.5 10 3.3 2 4.1 2 1.4 1 8.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Radio-ulna 5 2.5 3 6.8 2 0.7 1 2.0 2 1.4 -- -- 2 1.6 1 4.2 1 1.3 -- -- FORELIMB 12 6.0 5 11.3 23 7.6 8 16.3 4 2.8 1 8.3 5 3.9 1 4.2 2 2,6 -- -- Pelvis 1 0.5 -- -- 4 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.8 1 4.2 -- -- -- -- Femur 4 2.0 -- -- 4 1.3 2 4.1 -- -- -- -- 1 0.8 2 8.3 -- -- -- -- Patella 1 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- Tibia 4 2.0 -- -- 1 0.3 1 2.0 -- -- 1 8.3 -- -- 2 8.3 1 1.3 -- -- Malleolus 1 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- HINDLIMB 11 5.5 -- -- 9 2.9 3 6.1 -- -- 1 8,3 3 2.4 5 20.8 1 1,3 -- -- Carpals 5 2,5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1.6 1 4.2 -- -- -- -- Metacarpal 3 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.7 1 8.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Astragalus 10 4.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.7 1 8.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Calcaneus 6 3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- Others tarsal 1 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 5.7 -- -- 1 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- Metatarsal 8 3.9 7 15.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- Metapodial 12 5.9 3 6.8 1 0.3 -- -- 7 5.0 -- -- 4 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Phalanx 1 3 1.5 1 2.3 -- -- 1 2.0 5 3.6 1 8.3 4 3.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Phalanx 2 5 2.5 1 2.3 -- -- -- -- 10 7.1 -- -- 2 1.6 2 8.3 -- -- -- -- Phalanx 3 3 1.5 1 2.3 -- -- -- -- 1 0.7 2 16,7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Sesamoids 1 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 1.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- FEET 57 28.2 13 29.6 1 0.3 1 2.0 33 23.5 5 41.6 17 13.4 3 12.5 -- -- -- -- Long bone 4 2.0 10 22.7 164 54.3 13 26.5 -- -- -- -- 2 1.6 4 16.7 40 51.3 13 59.1 Burnt Bone 60 29.6 15 34.1 102 33.8 27 55.1 31 22.1 4 33.3 31 24.0 6 25.0 30 38.4 10 45.4 Total 203 100 44 100 302 100 49 100 140 100 12 100 129 100 24 100 78 100 22 100 383 384 Hervé Monchot & Guillaume Charloux Cattle The minor species: donkey, dog and rodents Maxilla, mandible and tooth fragments are the most Beside the domestic species, remains belonging to dog numerous cattle remains (64.4% of all cattle skeletal (n=4), donkey (n=3) and rodents (n=52) were identiied. elements) followed by the trunk (14.7%, and increase Dog (Canis familiaris) is attested by the presence of at 22.7% with the cattle sized elements) and the feet teeth and may have been used for guarding, hunting or extremities (13.4%). In contrast for caprids, the rich meat as a companion, but they could also have been used for parts of the skeleton, the forelimb and the hindlimb, are cleaning the environment. In many rural communities dogs rare with 3.9% and 2.4 % respectively. The presence of live essentially on garbage, and packs of pariah dogs too two unerupted molars, of one unworn lower M3, of one were a menace in towns and villages (Dixon 1989). upper dP4 and of one mandible with the M2 in the crypt Three remains of donkey (Equus cf. asinus) were indicate the presence of calves or young adults. Only observed. The talus found in US 168159 (level 9) is clearly one complete mandible (level 5) testiies to the presence sub-recent, but the sesamoid and the phalanx III found of a mature individual. Finally two bones had unfused in the level 2 are contemporaneous with the irst phase epiphyses, a distal radius epiphysis (level 2) and a distal occupation of the site. The donkey was the most important femur condyle (level 6). These two bones fuse around 3.5 load carrier in Ancient Egypt, attested already in the Maadi years (Barone 1986). Period (Predynastic period). It was used for ploughing the seed into the ground. Donkeys were also used to carry people (Blench 2000; Rossel 2006). Pig The rodents, essentially gerbils (cf Gerbillus sp.) and With 152 elements, pig remains constitute a large proportion the Nile rat (cf Arvicanthis niloticus), constitute intrusive of the mammalian faunal remains. Like the caprid and species. The presence of these two species is attested in the the cattle, pig is represented mostly by skull remains majority of archaeological sites in Egypt where sieving was with isolated teeth or enamel fragments (n=108, 71% of undertaken. The Nile rat lives near houses and is at present identiied skeletal elements) and feet elements (n=38, 25%). considered in Egypt as the most harmful rodent species Trunk and hindlimb elements are absent while the forelimb because of the damage it causes to agriculture. Gerbils (the was represented only by four remains, two humeri and two species represented at the Opet cannot be identiied), live radio-ulnae. As indicating the presence of burnt traces, on generally in sandy places of semidesert regions, containing teeth, the abundance of enamel fragments is the result of a minimum of natural vegetation or cultures. Moreover the the explosion of teeth when burnt. It is also very diicult Theban necropolis was overrun by rodents which wriggled to establish the kill-of pattern, because very few complete down through every crack and crevice to gain access to the teeth are present. Nevertheless, we can note the presence food oferings placed with the dead; and in virtually every of six fragments representing incompletely formed teeth, house in the Middle Kingdom workers’ town at Kakhun with open roots, and one mandible and one maxilla with the corners of the rooms had been tunnelled through by deciduous teeth, evidence for piglets (Rowley-Conwy rodents (Dixon 1989, 194–195) 1993). As such in Karnak like elsewhere, domestication is assumed in a context where there is large percentage of piglet bones, showing a systematic and regular culling, Table 26.4. Fish taxa present on the Opet Temple courtyard contrarily to hunters of wild boar which usually create bone excavations (identiication: Wim Van Neer, Natural History assemblages comprising older animals (Lobban 1998). Museum, Brussels). Abundant pig bones were mentioned in the excavations at Karnak to the east of the Sacred Lake beyond the outer Family Species Common Anatomical Name Elements wall of Tuthmose III (Debono 1982). Before the appearance of the Judaic or Islamic taboo, Clariidae Clarias sp. Catfish Pectoral spine, one can see a long history of negative images and roles for cranium roof fragment, pigs in Egypt. As A. J. Cagle says (Cagle 2002): vertebrae, urohyal, ‘The role of the pig (Sus scrofa/Sus domesticus) in the diet of articular Mochokidae Synodontis sp. Catfish Several pectoral ancient Egypt has been somewhat confusing for one simple spines reason: there is an almost total absence of pig remains from Mormyridae Hyperopisus sp. Elephantfish Dentary tomb provisions and a similar dearth of pictorial and textual Latidae Lates niloticus Nile Perch Anal pterygiophore representations from tomb and temple contexts. The main Bagridae Bagrus bajad Bayad Ceratohyal reason cited for this absence of evidence is mythological in (catfish) Cichlidae Tilapiini Dorsal spine, 1st nature: the male pig was often a manifestation of the evil god vertebra, 3rd Seth and was thus considered a ritually unclean or impure vertebra animal much as it is today among various religions’. (see also Cyprinidae cf Barbus-Labeo Precaudal vertebra Newberry 1928; Malaise 1988; Redding 1992; Lobban 1998)  26. The Opet Temple courtyard excavations: a new zooarchaeological study for Karnak 385 Nile ishes (identiied by Wim Van Neer, were consumed for the MK–early NK period. Caprines Natural History Museum, Brussels) dominated, followed by pigs and cattle in equal proportions. The observed diferences in some archaeological levels are One hundred and thirty-ive ish remains were identiied essentially connected to the larger numbers of small easily in the faunal assemblage, representing the major ish taxa recognizable dental fragments which have increased the that are encountered in the ichtyofaunal record of Egyptian NISP counts (for example for the pig in the levels 2 and 5) sites (Van Neer 2004). In spite of the fragmentation of or connected simply to the size of the sample which is bound the bones and the presence of numerous vertebrae, for to the volume of deposit excavated in various soundings. which the generic attribution is often diicult to establish, Nevertheless, the body part representation (Table 26.3) is certain diagnostic pieces permitted the identiication of similar between the three domestic species: the rich parts several taxa (Table 26.4). The Clariidae – catish– are in meat are even under-represented relative to the parts well represented in the site. Two genera are found in poor in meat such as the head or the extremities of the legs. the Egyptian Nile, Clarias and Hetrobranchus, but only To explain this skeletal representation, we cannot call the irst one was determined with certainty based on the upon diagenesis or the presence of foundation deposits pectoral spine (Gayet & Van Neer 1990). Identiication to or ofering for the reasons evoked above. Rather, the species is only possible based on the entire vomer bone, bones appear to represent cooking waste abandoned an element absent in the Opet sample (Gautier & Van after treatment and consumption of carcasses. Indeed, Neer 1989). Several pectoral spines allow us to identify the extremities of legs and crania are not preferentially Synodontis, but it is still diicult, without more diagnostic consumed food, despite the fact that people like to eat elements (i.e., the cleithra) to determine which species is brain or tongue. present at the site. The other ishes identiied in the studied Burned bones are present in all archaeological levels area are Bagrus bajad, as well as Tilapia (tribe Tilapiini), (Table 26.3). All the skeletal parts are afected by ire, Cyprinids (mainly Barbus bynni, sometimes Labeo) and but it is especially the fragments of long-bone diaphyses, the Nile perch (Lates niloticus). vertebrae and ribs that increase the percentage of burned The aforementioned taxa, which usually represent more bones. The largest bone splinters are not completely burnt, than 90% of the ish bones in Egyptian archaeological sites, but exhibit scorched areas due to ire, which, suggests that can be subdivided into two ecological groups, namely bones were in contact with ire during the preparation of ‘loodplain dwellers’ and ‘open water taxa’ (Van Neer the meat, such as during the roasting. Another explanation 2004). The loodplain dwellers are ish that prefer shallow would be that the bones accidentally burned after being environments and that can survive in adverse conditions. disposed of or even that they were intentionally burnt as This group comprises the Clariidae that have accessory garbage. breathing organs, which enable them to use atmospheric Lastly, one bone (a Bos size rib fragment) presents cut oxygen. The Tilapiini and cyprinids also belong to this marks, but many pieces show clearly intentionally bone group; they do not have accessory respiratory organs, but break (slicing marks, for meat preparation or marrow their haemoglobin has a high ainity for dissolved oxygen extraction) were present on the bone material, showing (Fish 1956). The open water species typically spend most butchering damage. Gnaw marks made by rodents or of their life in the main river and include Nile perch and the carnivores were rarely seen in the sample: only four catish genera Bagrus and Synodontis. As such the presence bones exhibited signs of carnivore (dog?) damage and an of bones from these larger ishes indicates harpoon, spear additional one may have been gnawed by a rodent. This or net ishing from boats. suggests that the remains were rapidly buried. Birds Conclusion Thirteen wild/domesticate bird remains, of which nine Due to a complex sequence of occupation and to small belong to the MK–early NK period, were recovered in sample sizes, the zooarchaeological analyses previously the bone assemblage and none of them could be identiied described allow only a partial reconstruction of the lifestyle to species as they represented fragments of long-bone of the inhabitants of Karnak during the Middle Kingdom diaphysis or of skull. If birds, such as geese, ducks and up to the Early New Kingdom at the current temple of pigeons constituted an important source of the lists of Opet. Sheep and goat were widely consumed, and in to a funeral ofering (Darby et al. 1977), it was not rare to ind lesser degree cattle and pig. They were suppliers of meat, numerous breed fowls, captured or bought in villages as and the absence of an important number of adult means a for instance in Deir El-Medineh (Malaise 1989). limited exploitation of the secondary products (milk, wool, etc). The presence of numerous young adults among the domestic animals, associated with numerous remains of Zooarchaeological interpretation ishes, would show that the present occupations on the place Few stratigraphic diferences are evident between the of Opet, not so far from the divine domain of Amun-Ra, diferent levels in the species and manner in which animals would be connected to an administrative zone with strong 386 Hervé Monchot & Guillaume Charloux agricultural and craft connotation as the irst results of the Note lithic industry suggests (Raphaël Angevin, pers. comm. 1 XIth dynasty belongs to both late First Intermediate Period 2008) and underlines the fact that the inhabitants were and early Middle Kingdom. It is here included in the Middle low-ranking consumers (city-dwellers) or granary staf, Kingdom period to simplify our discussion. and not breeders. The absence of wild game common in some Predynastic sites (Boesneck1988; de Miroschedji et al. 2001, Van Neer 2002) among the Opet assemblage could References have three main explanations: 1. with the intensiication of agriculture on the loodplain and heavy hunting during Azim, M. 1982, ‘Découverte de dépôts de fondation d’Horemheb au IXe pylône de Karnak’. Karnak 7, 93–120. the Predynastic period, wild animals disappeared with their Barone, R. 1986, Anatomie comparée des mammifères habitat; 2. the urban context of the irst occupations in domestiques. Tome 1. Ostéologie. Vigot, Paris. Opet or; 3. the food remains in this sample represent low Bartosiewicz, L. 2000, ‘Cattle ofering from the Temple of status food waste, hunted animals may have been luxury Montuhotep Sankhkara (Thebes, Egypt)’, in M. Mashkour, A. items at this time. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis & F. Poplin (eds), Archaeozoology of The low frequency of cattle would be explained by the the Near East IV B, 164–176. ARC Publicatie 32, Groningen. fact that these animals were under the control of a central Beaux, N. 1990, Le cabinet de curiosités de Thoutmosis III. authority, with for instance the presence of cattle rearing in Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 36, Peeters, Leuven. some places, such that they are commonly found on oferings Blaise, E. 2005, ‘L’élevage au Néolithique inal dans le sud-est de lists and tables or in foundation deposits (Weinstein 1973; la France: éléments de rélexion sur la gestion des troupeaux’. Redding 1992; Bartosiewicz 2000; Rossel 2006). The low Anthropozoologica 40, 191–216. Blench, R. M. 2000, ‘The history and spread of donkeys in number of pig bones indicates no reliance on pig. Redding Africa’, in P. Starkey & D. Fielding (eds), Donkeys, People and (1992) argued that in the subsistence system of ancient Development, 22–30. Animal Traction Network for Eastern Egypt the pig was not transported or manipulated by a and Southern Africa, Technical Centre for Agricultural and central authority. Instead, the pig functioned as a locally Rural Cooperation, Wageningen, Netherlands. maintained, inexpensive resource that an individual family Boessneck, J., Müller, H.-H. & Teichert, M. 1964, ‘Osteologische could rear to supplement other sources of protein. But, Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwischen Schaf (Ovis aries Linné) the pig in Ancient Egypt is incompatible with intensive und Ziege (Capra hircus Linné)’. Kühn Archiv 78, 1–129. production of grains; hence at the site or in the area, as Boessneck, J. 1988, Die Tierwelt des Alten Ägypten. C. H. Beck, involvement in wheat/barley agriculture increases the use Munich. of pigs would decline (Redding 1992, 104). Finally, ish Cagle, A. J. 2002, ‘Diferential Consumption of Pig vs. Sheep/ Goats at the Old Kingdom Site of Kom el-Hisn’. 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