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by Ralph Ellis
An exhibition has been touring the world, called 1001 Islamic Inventions. However, all of the inventions highlighted in this exhibition predate Islam, and some by many, many centuries. Most of them are Roman, and therefore often derived from ancient Greece and ancient Egypt. This short polemic is an attempt to put the record straight.
For 700 years Muslims were at the forefront of knowledge, scientific discoveries, inventions and writing scientific treatises. Many of the ideas presented or discoveries made by Muslim scholars came to Europe via Spain and Sicily, later they were attributed to European scholars. This article look at some of these ideas, inventions and discoveries.
Unlike Christianity where Religion and Science are two separate elements, the study of Science has always been compatible with Islam. Many young Muslims are discouraged when they see the poor standard of living of Muslims throughout the world and their limited opportunities. They also know the undeveloped status of technology within the Muslim countries in comparison with the West. From these observations, they immediately leap to the conclusion that the Muslim countries are ‘backward’, because Islam cannot adapt itself to the changing conditions; cannot assimilate new knowledge. Some even go so far as to say that Islam is actually against progress in scientific advancement. However, those Muslims who have studied the later part of Islamic history will know that this is a complete fallacy and misconception.
Ulum Islamiyyah
Much discussion has been done about the golden era of Muslim civilization and its decline over the past centuries. Recent downturn of events in the Middle East has given birth to the Muslim refugee crisis, coupled with terrorist attacks have fueled the growth. Now more than ever, Muslim need inspirational role models, to survive this crisis and backlash. This paper intends to highlight the achievements of Muslim scientists, engineers and innovators, dating from the early 9th century to the more recent 21st century. Some of the works discussed in this paper are not so commonly discussed, such as the work of Banu Musa on control theory and mechanical pumps by Al-Jazari. Next special highlight is done on the works of Muslim Nobel Prize winners as well as their attempts to encourage other Muslims to be involved in science and technology. Finally, we discuss the successful Muslim inventors of the 21st century, both who created modern devices for communications and lasers. The paper concl...
2016
The 1001 Inventions traveling exhibition includes a sample of popular myths about medieval science and technology in Muslim lands. A prominent example is its claims about flight achieved by the ninth-century Andalusian Ibn Firnas and the seventeenth-century Ottoman Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi. These feats have poor historical documentation, and simple physical arguments demonstrate the virtual impossibility of the more exaggerated stories about their achievements. Yet not only are beliefs about these flights common among Muslim populations today, they have been endorsed by the engineers and historians associated with the 1001 Inventions project. The stories of medieval Muslim flight serve as a case study illuminating how the history of science in Muslim lands has been fashioned into a narrative supporting present needs. This narrative, however, also supports a revival of medieval ways of thinking about nature, and is an obstacle to improving the poor state of natural science in Muslim-majority countries.
From the rise of Islam in the seventh century, Muslim scientists and scholars worked to establish a sound philosophical basis for scientific endeavors. Islam poses questions about creation, inspiring many Muslim scholars to explore the cosmos, the human body, nature, and the mystery of being. In the ninth century, this tendency toward exploring natural and divine realms, as well as encounters with other civilizations, opened the gate to major scientific investigations and led to the founding of diverse philosophical and experimental schools in the Islamic world.
2023, Arab Association for Islamic Civilization and Art
Through intellectual and cognitive advancement related to science and the arts, which complement one another, the renaissance of ancient civilizations and the foundations of those civilizations have been strengthened throughout time. The more technological sciences advancement, the more flourished are patterns, and techniques of art production, as both science and art, stem from human nobility. The jurists of Islamic law were distinguished by their mastery of natural and experimental sciences, and they invented many mechanical structures such as clocks and observatories, and the most famous of them were (Al-Khawazmi, Ibn Rushd, Al-Qarafi, Al-Mazari, Ibn Al-Nafis, and other scholars. Islamic arts were not far from technological development, especially since they are characterized by flexibility, functional integration, and their scientific and mechanical heritage. One of the goals of Islamic civilization is the building of the earth as commanded by God the Almighty and His Messenger Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. Therefore, it always strives for the continuity of human learning and the preservation of the past, present, and future. The importance of the research lies in pioneering the innovations of Muslim scholars who contributed to laying the foundation of mechanical sciences. These inventions stimulated the mind and imagination of the contemporary artists of Islamic manuscript schools of that historical period during the two centuries (7-8 AH/13-14 AD) producing illustrations with philosophical dimensions. Forming the beginning of the imaginary virtual worlds, which stirred consciences, and minds without deviating from the general characteristics of Islamic arts. The study aims to analyze the impact of the discovery of the science of algorithms on the development of the philosophy of designing the arts of Islamic manuscript schools during the two centuries (7-8 AH/13-14 AD), which in turn excelled in creating constructive structures with emotional and mental dimensions. The research problem includes the impact of experimental sciences, especially the science of algorithms, on changing the vision and design of Islamic manuscripts. How did painters of manuscripts of Arab schools mold their imaginations, get inspired by stories, anecdotes, and historical recordings, into a virtual world of their own, in which they roam and almost touch without prejudice to the rules followed in Islamic jurisprudence? The study is following the historical and descriptive-analytical method, it concluded that there is a reciprocal relationship between the prosperity of science and knowledge in the light of achieving the prosperity of the state political and economic rules, which in turn was reflected in the thought, conscience, and mind of the artistic craftsmen of the schools of Arabic manuscripts. This resulted in a general development in the elements and their design and the creation of new in-depth visions as if it expresses hidden worlds that the Holy Qur’an and the noble Sunnah of the Prophet spoke about, as well as historical events and scientific and practical experiments. This calls for the importance of re-studying the ancient cultural heritage with an in-depth analytical perspective to open the fields of artistic and technical creativity to create new artistic trends with heritage roots to preserve identity and heritage.
In order to appreciate the actual Status of science during Islamic times, it is essential to establish its status just on the eve of the Islamic era. For only then can we determine the extent to which Islamic science, that which was written mainly in Arabic, did indeed develop and the direction it took when it was confronted with the new social realities. In a sense, the discussion of Islamic science from this perspective also implies a study of the sources of that science, and the manner in which these sources were exploited by the new Islamic civilization. The geographical domain which later became the crucible of the Islamic civilization was towards the beginning of the seventh century AD divided between the two major empires of classical antiquity. The Sassanian empire in the east extended from the Mesopotamian valley to the central Asian steppes. To the West, the Byzantine empire stretched from the Sassanian border along the Mesopotamian valley to the West hugging both the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean and extending as far west as the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula. The Arabian peninsula itself was divided between the southern tribes of Yemen, and the northern ones, which were in turn divided into two main dynasties. The Western half of the northern tribes was under the hegemony of the Ghassanids, a group of Arabian tribesmen who had accepted Christianity and were therefore allied with the Byzantine empire, while the eastern half fell to their rivals the Lakhmids, who were under the control of the Sassanians. The trade routes that had been established from ancient times comected these empires of the north with the warm southem waters of Yemen through a network of Caravan routes, the most important of which was the one passing rhrough Mecca, on the westexn side of the Arabian peninsula, and going northward into Damascus where it joined with the local Byzantine trade
Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies
2011, Book Teaser
Why has the West developed and modernized, while the Muslim world has lagged behind? Why has democracy not found a hospitable home in much of the Muslim world? Why have the opponents of innovation found their message so resonant with ordinary Muslims? Featuring essays by a multidisciplinary group of leading scholars, this volume offers in-depth analyses of the history, causes, consequences, and obstacles to innovation in Islam. Focusing on the ways and means through which the teachings of Islam have been produced and perpetuated over time, the contributors investigate such areas as the arts and letters, jurisprudence, personal status, hermeneutics and epistemology, and Muslims’ perceptions of the self in the modern world. Innovation in Islam illuminates a debate that extends beyond semantics into everyday politics and society—and one that has ramifications around the world.
Anyanyelvi Kultúraközvetítés
Az új digitális kultúra egyre inkább a jobb agyféltekére épít, míg a hagyományos írásbeliség eddig a bal agyféltekét erősítette (Gyarmathy 2011 idézi Szalay 2016). A képregényben lehetőség nyílik az írásbeliség és képiség, a verbalitás és vizualitás szintetizálására (Szalay 2016). Egyes kutatók, akik az elvontabb, összetettebb tudományos gondolkodást vizsgálták, nem találtak a vizsgált tanulóknál a tudásra vonatkozó jelentősebb javulást a képregények olvasása, felhasználása során (Spiegel et al. 2013; Ahmad et al. 2017; Rofii et al. 2018 idézi Phoon et al. 2020) míg mások, jelentős javulást figyeltek meg (Lin et al. 2015 idézi Phoon et al. 2020). Abban mindnyájan egyet értenek, hogy a gyerekek szívesen olvasnak képregényeket, hatással van rájuk a grafikus prezentáció vizuális vonzereje, olvasásuk hatékonyan befolyásolja és pozitívan alakítja a tanulók tudományhoz való hozzáállását, elköteleződését, ezáltal a képregények hatékony eszközei lehetnek az oktatásnak. Kutatásunkban kérdőív...
2023, SCHNEIDER (L.), RAYNAUD (C.) et DUSSEAUX (D.) Dir., Septimanie. Le Languedoc et Roussillon entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge, Catalogue d’exposition, présentée du 17 juin 2023 au 5 février 2024 au Musée archéologique Henri Prades de Lattes, Ed. Snoeck, Gand, 2023, p. 12-23.
Chapitre d’introduction du catalogue de l’exposition « Septimanie. Languedoc et Roussillon entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge ». La contribution s’attache à suivre l’évolution territoriale de l’ancienne province romaine de Narbonnaise première entre la fin du Ve et le seuil XIe s. tout particulièrement à travers sa dénomination. Province de Narbonne ou de Gaule pour les wisigoths elle devient Septimanie chez les Francs. Intégrée dans l’empire carolingien, elle se remodèle dans une « Gothie » plus complexe entre Barcelone, Toulouse et Arles. Part d’empire elle est encore désignée comme un « regnum » au Xe s. puis le terme s’efface durant le XIe s. et ne survit que dans la littérature hagiographique. C’est finalement le lent processus de transformation d’une province impériale profondément romanisée en « région » qui est mis en discussion.
2023, Answers Research Journal
The Babylonian dynasties of Berossus are incomplete. The authors solve for the missing values in Berossus using known information. As a result, we find dates for Ninyas, the Fall of Akkad to the Guti, Sardanapalus, and the first and second Median Revolts in the days of Ashur-danin-pal and Sargon II. We also find clarifying information about the reign and identity of Semiramis II as a contemporary of Tukulti Ninurta I. Finally, we identify three of the “god-kings” common to the histories of the ancient nations, as real people in the king lists. The resulting table of Berossus covers the era from the Flood to the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, in 1,809 years.
2024, Boston Review
An interview with S’bu Zikode, leader of the shack dwellers’ movement, thirty years after apartheid’s end.
2024, in: Orthodoxy in the Agora. Orthodox Christian Political Theologies Across History. Ed. by Mihai-D. Grigore and Vasilios N. Makrides, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen
2020, الفهرس العربي الموحد بمكتبة الملك عبد العزيز العامة بالممكلة العربية السعودية
حضور ندوة الأرشيف الرقمي: إسهام الأرشيف في مواجهة تحديات التنمية المستدامة في عصر المعرفة للدكتور عاشور سلال، والتي أقامها الفهرس العربي الموحد بمكتبة الملك عبد العزيز العامة بالممكلة العربية السعودية
2012, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
in: Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze and Dirk Staudenmayer (eds.), Data as Counter-Performance: Contract Law 2.0? (Hart/Nomos, forthcoming)
In economic terms, personal data functions as an equivalent for monetary compensation in many exchanges of the digital economy. However, data’s properties strikingly differ from those of money. This contribution therefore starts by analysing the economic properties of personal data and methods for measuring its value. This leads to two specific legal questions. First, data has a strictly positive economic value even when its transfer violates the GDPR. This paper argues that such GDPR-infringing transfers still ought to constitute valid counter-performance and fall under the scope of the Directive on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services. The illegality doctrine, which would lead to the invalidity of the contract, should not be applied. Second, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive forms an important part of the regulatory perimeter for exchanges including data as counter-performance. Building on the inherent indeterminacy of data’s value, the paper explores how the unfairness assessment of that directive can be applied to the data price of such exchanges. It concludes by suggesting that a right to “data-free” services may be a valuable option going forward.
2023, The amazing world of quantum computing
2022
2022, Revista de Direito Brasileira
This is solution of Case Study: Will TV Succumb to the Internet that is written in Indonesian
2019, Journal of Surveying, Construction and Property
Landscape projects in Malaysia have been facing prevailing issues with impact on project performance. These issues could be anticipated and addressed at an earlier stage by implementing effective risk management system. From previous studies on risk management system implementation into construction project as suggested by various studies show that there is no formal risk management system and integration of risk management process into a landscape project lifecycles. Considering this explorative potentiality within the gap, this study attempts to advance a conceptual framework by integrating the risk management process into a landscape project lifecycles. The conceptual framework is based on extensive reviews of related literatures in the variables but extensively covers two areas namely; MS ISO31000:2010 risk management process (RMP) and landscape project lifecycle (PLC) in developing the conceptual framework. A hypothetical framework for landscape project risk management process is then produced from the study and is surmise beneficial to enhance the understanding and application of risk management among landscape professionals for managing risk in Malaysia landscape development.
2021, PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION
Stress can have an impact on academics performance in the workforce.This study aimed to generate empirical evidence on validity and reliability of the items of Malaysian Academician Happiness Index (MAHI) using Rasch Model by Winstep software version 3.69.1.11. The construct validity was examined by analysing the point-measure correlation index (PTMEA), infit and outfit MNSQ values; a survey technique was used in this preliminary study as the major method on the MAHI instrument on 30 academic leaders' at one of the Malaysian public universities. The result showed that the reliability of MAHI instrument item was 0.76 which is accepted to the real study. Statistical data implied that out of 100 items, 28 items or 28% of the instrument got index value less than 0.3 which were suggested to be omitted or reviewed. However, these items can be maintained by consulting the expert. This study is hoped to bring a new holistic dimension on the academic stress measurement index that can help university management to develop a program to reduce stress and improve the quality of academicians' life.
2012, Drug Development Research
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2022, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
1996, Biotechnology Letters
加急制作美国德克萨斯州立大学毕业证(仿制/补办美国成绩单修改)定制美国文凭如何交易&美国购买德克萨斯州立大学毕业证多久可以拿到【Q/微:158697755】留信网(信息入库,查询)纸张工艺完全按照原版一比一制作(包括:隐形水印,中间底纹,钢印LOGO烫金银,LOGO烫金银复合重叠,文字图案浮雕,激光镭射,脸部指纹,温感,局部防伪)行业标杆!精益求精,诚心合作,心灵制作!多年品质,细致细致制作,24小时接单,进口原装设备.留学生归国服务中心面向美国英国澳洲美国留学生提供以下服务: 一、办理毕业证成绩单(学校原版1:1真制作)做文凭 做学历 做毕业证 二、使馆认证(留学回国人员证明,大使馆存档可查,查到后付款) 三、教育部学历认证(中国教育部留服中心存档可查,查到后付款) 四、可提供钢印,激凸,烫金,烫银,激光标,水印等防伪工艺 五、诚招各地区中介代理,合作共赢! 美国大学毕业证在中国的就业前景分析 【Q/微:158697755】随着全球化的发展,越来越多的中国学生选择前往美国深造,寻求高质量的教育资源。美国大学在世界范围内享有盛誉,其学位证书具有很高的含金量。那么,拥有美国大学毕业证是否容易在中国找到工作呢?本文将从多个角度分析这个问题。 首先,美国大学毕业证在中国就业市场的认可度较高。美国众多知名大学在世界上享有盛誉,其教育质量和研究水平受到广泛认可。因此,拥有美国大学毕业证的个人通常会被认为具备扎实的专业知识和良好的综合素质,更容易获得招聘单位的青睐。 其次,美国大学毕业证持有者在求职过程中具有竞争优势。在全球化的背景下,企业对人才的需求越来越倾向于国际化。美国大学毕业证作为国际上认可的 ** 书,其持有者在求职时往往更具竞争力。尤其是在外企、跨国公司等领域,美国大学毕业证更是成为一个加分项。 【Q/微:158697755】然而,仅仅拥有美国大学毕业证并不意味着就能在中国轻松找到工作。实际上,企业在招聘时还会考虑其他多种因素,如个人能力、实习经历、求职意愿等。此外,随着国内高校的崛起,越来越多的企业开始重视国内毕业生的综合素质和实际能力。因此,美国大学毕业证持有者在求职时还需全面提升自己的综合素质,以适应国内就业市场的需求。 此外,美国大学毕业证在中国的就业前景也受到专业领域的影响。某些专业,如计算机科学、电子工程等,在美国和中国都具有较高的就业需求和较好的发展前景。而某些专业,如人文社科类,可能在国内的就业市场相对狭窄。因此,选择具有就业潜力的专业对于毕业生来说至关重要。 【Q/微:158697755】拥有美国大学毕业证在中国就业市场具有一定的优势,但仍需注意其他多种因素。毕业生在求职时应全面展示自己的实力和潜力,以实现顺利就业。同时,选择具有就业前景的专业也是关键因素之一。在全球化的大背景下,拥有国际化的教育背景无疑是一个加分项,但最终能否找到满意的工作还需靠个人的努力和实力。