Communicating in a ‘Modern’ Word
Abstract Book
6th International Conference on Communication and Management (ICCM2021)
01-03 August 2021
Edited by Margarita Kefalaki
First Published in Athens, Greece
by the Communication Institute of Greece.
ISBN: 978-618-81861-9-4
12 Artemidos Street
Moschato, 18345 Athens, Greece
http://coming.gr/
© Copyright 2021 by the Communication Institute of Greece
The individual essays remain the intellectual properties of their contributors.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
Cultural and Multicultural in a Globalised World
1 Haruko Ishii 9
Effect of Living in a Multicultural Live-on-Board Environment: Participants’
Self-Identification as a Global Citizen
2 Teerati Banterng 10
Cultural Tourism and Communication for Poverty Alleviation: The Case of
Thailand’s Tourist Attractions along the Mekong River
New Technology, Social Media & Journalism
3 Tony Wilson 11
Conceptualising Discourse in Digital Research as ‘Figurations’ (Couldry and
Hepp) or ‘Hermeneutic Practices’?
4 Argyro Kefala 12
Social Media Effects and Self Harm Behaviors among Adolescents:
Theoretical and Methodological Challenges
5 Evangelia Avraam & Andreas Veglis & Charalampos Dimoulas 13
News article consumption habits of Greek internet users
6 Iliana Depounti 14
Companion (Ro)bots: Theoretical Challenges in the study of Human-Machine
Communication
7 Emilia Kalliri & Andreas Veglis 15
The role of psychological approaches in data journalism visualisations
8 Thouraya Snoussi & Mutlaq sauoud al-Mutairi & Habib ben belkacem & Sofien 16
Abidi & Mona Khalaf Alharbi
Adapting Distance Online Learning Methods for Communication and Media
courses: Perceptions and attitudes
9 Evangelos Lamprou & Nikos Antonopoulos 17
Crowdsourcing as a tool against misinformation: The role of social media and
user-generated content in overturning misinformation during the Greek
Covid-19 pandemic
10 Elina Makri & Andreas Veglis 18
Human Cognition and Data Journalism
Communication Themes (poster session)
11 Hikmah Tahir 19
Local People's Willingness to Participate in Ecotourism Development in
Mangrove Conservation Area: A case from East Kalimantan, Indonesia
12 Elias Gbadamosi 20
Narrating the Self in a National Context: A Study of Barack Obama’s The
Audacity of Hope as Election Campaign Material
13 Begüm Burak 21
Citizen Journalism in Turkey
14 Placido Antonio Sangiorgio 22
Religious diversity in the workplaces: for a European approach
15 Yu-Hua Yan & Shu-Chen Hsing 23
A Study of the Correlation between the Emotional Labor and the Mental
Health of Respiratory Therapists in Taiwan
16 Yu-Hua Yan 24
Analysis of the Influence of Interactive Participation on Value Creation: My
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Health Bank of NHI
Leadership Themes
17 Michael A. Altamirano 25
Observations of a New Reality of Teaching in the Age of a Modern Pandemic:
A Study of New York City Higher Education
18 Karl-Heinz Pogner 26
Leadership, Innovation & Urban Governance in Denmark: the contributions
of Living Labs
19 Chris Atencio & Nathaniel Herbst 29
Addressing Common Obstacles to Effective Shared Leadership: A Five-Year
Follow Up
20 Kiahni McFadden & Michael A. Altamirano 30
Situation Factors and Increased Workplace Burnout: A Study of Influences
Affecting Current Younger Employees
Innovation and Development in Communication
21 Andjelka Mihajlov & Aleksandra Mladenovic & Filip Jovanovic 31
Environmental Communication: Media Archive Reports as a Participant
Science Tool
22 Amr Assad & Mona Gabr 32
The uses of social media applications in Higher Education
23 Elpida Sklika 33
The Influence of English as a Global Language on Modern Greek Online
Press: Analyzing Three Journalistic Genres with Critical Discourse Analysis
Conference Program 34
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Preface
This abstract book includes the abstracts of the papers presented at the 6th International
Conference on Communication and Management, 01-03 August 2021, organized by the
Communication Institute of Greece and endorsed by University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-
en-Yvelines, France; King Graduate School at Monroe College, USA ;Faculty of Mass
Communication, AAB College, Kosovo;Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Media
Informatics Lab, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Greece ;& IPSA RC21,
and IPSA RC29, Journal of Education, Innovation and Communication (JEICOM), Journal of
Applied Learning and Teaching (JALT), Center for Intercultural Dialogue; Cambridge
Scholars, Strategy and Development Review, IJBST journal group,
The conference was presented along with the 2nd International Hellenic Conference on
political sciences, with the title ‘Communicating in Politics?’.
In total we have 38 papers and 55 presenters, coming from 15 different countries (Denmark,
UK, Israel, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, France, Russia, Canada, USA, Thailand, Germany,
Japan, Serbia, Greece, UAE). The conference is organized into 17 sessions that include issues
such as New Technology, Social Media & Journalism, Cultural and Multicultural in a
Globalised World, and Leadership Themes. Since the conference was offered remotely, our
purpose is to provide many opportunities for interaction and exchange, via the community
exchange sessions we created with themes such us How can we promote the importance of
sharing and interaction amongst our students/participants?, Fake News in the pandemic and,
Political Communication and the day after. Then we also had the following workshops: a)
Observations from a New Reality: Higher Education in a Post-Pandemic World. The
importance of Sharing, by Dr. Michael A. Altamirano, Professor, King Graduate School,
Monroe College, USA & Vice President of Strategic Management, Communication Institute
of Greece. b) How to thrive in an uncertain world, by Peter Sage, Authentic International
Leader, an International serial Entrepreneur & Expert in Human Behavior and Self Mastery,
UK. c) A floating university 1for SDGs: developing with sustainability and solidarity, by Dr.
1
A number of floating universities have been in operation over many decades, and I have taught on one of them,
World Campus Afloat, during the 1974 Fall semester. Their mobile nature makes them different from land ones
as to the centrality of Experiential Learning, while they are like land-based universities in terms of their
curriculum and other aspects. Some boats bring specific services to communities in need, Mercy for Health
(SDG 3), Doulos/Logos floating libraries and bookshops. UNESCO-Moscow State University was focused on
Marine Geology and Geophysics, from a perspective of Research and Training. The Japanese PEACE pursues
lofty objectives, particularly Conflict Resolution.
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Evangelos Afendras, Independent educational consultant and trainer, Greece, and d) an
Exchange of Knowledge and Writing Seminar called “Greek Voices: Art, Rhetoric, and
Writing” by Dr. Robert J. Bonk, Hon. Professor of professional writing Widener University
Chester, Pennsylvania, USA & Vice President for Written Communication and Convenor of
Communication Institute of Greece Special Interest Writing Groups and Facilitators such us
Dr. Fotini Diamantidaki, Associate Professor in Education, UCL Institute of Education,
University of London, UK & Vice President of Research and Academic Affairs,
Communication Institute of Greece, Dr. Jurgen Rudolph, Head of Research & Academic
Partner Liaison, Kaplan Higher Education, Singapore & Editor, JALT Journal, Singapore &
Vice President of International Research Development and Relations, Communication
Institute of Greece, Dr. Michael A. Altamirano, Professor, King Graduate School, Monroe
College, USA & Vice President of Strategic Management, Communication Institute of
Greece, Dr. Elpida Sklika, Teaching Fellow/Lectrice, Department of Modern Greek Studies,
University of Strasbourg, France, and e) Rising Up: Our Collective Call to Lead during
Extraordinary Times, by Dr Carolin Rekar Munro, Professor of Leadership, Royal Roads
University, Canada & Vice President of Leadership Development, Communication Institute
of Greece.
Last but not least, we propose a poster session, where we use the padlet tool to share the
posters and comment before the conference, gave the opportunity to interact and promoted
engagement and knowledge sharing before the conference.
We were honored to have all these academics, researchers and professionals with us for this
conference, all esteemed specialists in their field. The important thought is not their
impressive curriculum and position, but their brilliant personality and remarkable activity.
We speak with our actions and activities; at least this is what I believe.
This abstract book serves two basic ‘directions’: a) it gives us the opportunity to ‘discover’
authors and research relevant to our own work, and b) it offers us an outline of this year’s
conference and the important research papers, workshops, interactive sessions, poster
sessions, that were presented in it.
The Communication Institute of Greece keeps growing, thanks to all our endorsers and
Ambassadors. As a result of this growth, our academic supporters, it keeps growing as well.
So, research and publication opportunities multiply. We are very happy that our international
double peer-reviewed journal, with no fees either for the author or for the reader, the Journal
of Education, Innovation and Communication (JEICOM), where papers from this conference
are also be considered for publication, has successfully reached its third year of life.
The Communication Institute of Greece is an International non-profit association, established
to promote research, education and to facilitate communication among academics and people
interested by the future of Communication and Education, around the world. It was
established in 2003 in France and again in 2013 in Greece as an independent association of
academics and researchers who consider that education and intercultural communication can
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ameliorate our lives: educating ourselves is what we need to develop in a fruitful
environment.
These conferences are opportunities for Academics, Professionals, and Researchers from all
over the world, to meet, exchange ideas on their research, discuss the future developments in
their disciplines and contribute to education’s future. Such kind of interdisciplinary
conferences/seminaries will continue to be organized on the same base of purposes by our
institute. We are always open to collaborations with universities, organizations and
academics that are in the same or equivalent mission and/or spirit as our Institute.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all the participants, the members of the conference
organizing and academic committee and the administration staff of the Communication
Institute of Greece for putting this conference together. I would especially like to thank our
dear soon Dr, Mr. Louis-Caleb Remanda, Research & Teaching Assistant University of
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, without his support and help this conference
would not be possible to be proposed the way it will.
And remember: You are all amazing, participants, friends, and colleagues… thank you from
the heart for taking this journey with me!
Dr. Margarita K. Kefalaki
President
Communication Institute of Greece
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Effect of Living in a Multicultural Live-on-Board Environment:
Participants’ Self-Identification as a Global Citizen
Haruko Ishii
The Ship for World Youth (SWY) Programme, operated by the Cabinet Office of the
government of Japan, is a programme that involves 240 youths from Japan and countries
around the world. The slogan of this programme is “how to make the world a better place”,
which encourages participants to become active global citizens. The live-on-board
programme offers a unique experiential learning space while international participants live
on-board a ship for 35 days in a closed environment that requires engagement among
participants. Among the challenges to which the participants must adjust are limited space,
time pressures, different languages and behaviours, no Wi-Fi, and no “target culture”.
Participants are treated respectfully and equally, and since there is no place on the ship to use
money, their economic disparity is hard to observe. The Cabinet Office calls this environment
a “microcosm”.
This study examines 10 participants’ self-view of world citizens 8 to 10 years after their
participation in the programme. Thematic analysis has been conducted on data obtained via
semi structured interviews. The result has proved that experiences of strong engagement
among participants across the world and their effort to maintain strong peer connections in
the long term have served as their motivation to keep their belief that living harmoniously
with people from diverse backgrounds is possible. Participants also developed a new group
identity which represents their definition of the global citizen with generous and tolerant
characteristics. The participants even reported that this would be useful when “We need to
collaborate with Martian,” or “We, the Earthlings have no time to fight over limited
resources among countries since there are so many common problems on earth. We need to
develop international and intercultural collaboration.” The programme may present a test case
of Urich Beck’s idea of cosmopolitanism as an imagined community.
The presentation also poses questions regarding which outcomes from this unique
environment can be applied, and indeed how, for general global learning.
Keywords: experiential learning, intercultural engagement, multicultural living experience,
global citizen
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Cultural Tourism and Communication for Poverty Alleviation:
The Case of Thailand’s Tourist Attractions along the Mekong River
Teerati Banterng
Cultural attractions, particularly in the Mekong River area, have been generating a lot of
revenue for Thailand in parallel with the Thai government’s effort in alleviating rural
poverty. So far, the Thai government has been focusing and promoting the Mekong River
tourism to stimulate the Thai economy through two important campaigns: Thailand Village
Academy and OTOP Village. The objective of this research is to study the cultural tourism
campaign strategy, content presentation, and campaign format for promoting cultural tourism
and poverty alleviation strategy along the Mekong River provinces in Thailand. In-depth
interviews and comparative content analysis of both campaigns have been used in this
research. This research found that the promotion of cultural tourism in both campaigns has
consistency in some areas but inconsistency in others. The Thailand Village Academy
focuses on promoting Thai cultural tourism on an international level while the OTOP Village
promotes cultural tourism development on a local level. Community leaders, as an opinion
leader, play an important role in the development of local cultural tourism through personal
media and online media. The Thai government also emphasizes the importance of using
strategies for promoting and developing tourism along the Mekong River both internationally
and domestically. The concepts of tourism marketing, communication, and sustainable
development have been applied for analysis.
Keywords: tourism marketing, cultural tourism, development communication, poverty
alleviation, Mekong River, Thailand.
10
Conceptualising Discourse in Digital Research as
‘Figurations’ (Couldry and Hepp) or ‘Hermeneutic Practices’?
Tony Wilson
Algorithms (con)figure audiences and consumers in figurational recurring practices,
establishing their (anticipated) behaviour and identities, patterns of performance on
platforms, constituted as being 'boundary objects' (Star, 2010) contested or confirmed.
Considered as a ‘mediated construction of reality’ digital ‘communicative practice’ is
explored by Couldry and Hepp (2017): ‘figurations’ are presented as being ‘practices’, as
essentially equipped by ‘technology’ (67). Their figurations are generic ‘types of action’ (65),
thereby displaying ‘characteristic roles’ (64) - with shared teleology or ‘purpose’ (66)
constituting a common ‘relevance-frame’ (66), or ‘basis for action’ as ‘orientation-in-
common’ (153). Persons and purposes are configured in practices.
In a subsequent account, Hepp and Hasebrink (2018) assert digital figuration analysis gains
by ‘learning’ from the practices turn in social sciences (26), as well as through researching
figurations’ ‘(role-related) actor constellations, frames of relevance and communicative
practices’ (30).
Drawing on the hermeneutic philosophy (Heidegger, Gadamer, Ricoeur) of practices
(Wilson, 2019) ‘figurations’ appear to have similar status as generic equipped narrative
‘practices’ where activity, considered by Ricoeur (1981) as purpose-driven ‘text’ (205),
instantiates role and rule through behaviour - likewise putting in place wider meaning
constituting ‘frames’ denoted by Gadamer (1975) as ‘horizons of understanding’. Such
‘frames of relevance’ appear as analogous to hermeneutic ‘horizons’, in performing a similar
role culturally positioning their figurational or practice’s purposes. In tracking recurring
practices, data (con)figures persons and identities.
Keywords: Figurations; Hermeneutics; Practices
11
Social Media Effects and Self Harm Behaviors among Adolescents:
Theoretical and Methodological Challenges
Argyro Kefala
The pervasiveness of social media in the lives of adolescents has prompted a growing
number of studies investigating their effects on online and offline behaviors, especially
when it comes to risk or self harm behaviors. The examination of self harm behaviors both
suicidal and non-suicidal is grounded primarily in psychological and medical research but
the rapid increase in the number of adolescents who self harm, in the last few years,
expanded research into the use of social media. Medical research findings so far have
given both positive and negative accounts of the relationship of social media use to self
harm with inconclusive evidence as to their exact role in driving those behaviors. This
paper addresses the need to explore the issue from a communication perspective. The main
argument developed here is that social media are complex interactive, multimodal and
multidirectional environments and user created cultures that cannot be understood through
traditional theories of media effects, early Computer Mediated Communication theories or
simply in quantitative terms of uses and gratifications. Drawing from contemporary
theories on digital culture, social media affordances, self representation, self disclosure
and the “networked self”, this is an attempt to map the theoretical and methodological
challenges in an effort to lay the ground for an enhanced understanding of social media as
mediators in self harmful behaviors. This review of current studies in the field outlines the
key theories used to examine social media effects, identifying at the same time the
limitations and gaps in the investigation of self harm as it relates to multimodal “self mass
communication” in the dynamic environment of new media technologies. Due to the
limited understanding of the drivers that increase or decrease self-harm, this paper
concludes that further research is needed on social media affordances and their effects on
teens’ cognitive and social-emotional development aiming to provide a better analytical
framework for the assessment of self harm but also for using social media to mitigate
negative behaviors.
Keywords: Media effects, Self-harm, Social media, Adolescents, Wellbeing
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News article consumption habits of Greek internet users
Evangelia Avraam & Andreas Veglis & Charalampos Dimoulas
The concept of different news consumption habits during a day has been well known for
many decades in the broadcasting industry. These patterns are closely related to dayparts,
which are defined as sequential time blocks on comparable days during which the audience
size is homogeneous, as is the group depiction using the specific medium. Although initially
World Wide Web was treated by media organizations as an homogeneous medium with
constant characteristics that changed since studies show that news websites were
experiencing a drop in late afternoon traffic and a sharp drop in the evening hours. In the
majority of news websites, the drop in traffic happened at the end of the business day.
Furthermore, during the weekend, website traffic numbers appeared to be significantly
different than the numbers during the weekdays. That resulted in the adoption of the concept
of dayparting in the case of the internet.
The existence of internet dayparts can have a significant impact on news web sites, since
they can significantly determine their success. The news may exist indefinitely on a news
website but there are not easy to be found if they are not displayed on the web site’s front
page. Also, the nature of the news is topical and that means that if they are not consumed
while they are recent (fresh) they lose their value.
Thus, it is quite natural to assume that media organizations have adopted their publishing
patterns in order to best satisfy the audience’s consumption patterns. Not many studies have
studied the users’ news consumption patterns. This paper investigates those consumption
patterns by conducting an extensive web survey among university students and particularly
journalism and communication students that are expected to exhibit high consumption rates.
The parameters being investigated include time, weekdays and weekends, type of content
and content categories.
The study identified distinct time periods that exhibit specific consumption patterns.
Specifically, different content categories of news articles exhibit different consumption
patterns during weekdays and weekends. The results appear to be to some degree in
agreement with findings of previous studies that reported on publishing patterns, but
significant differences have also been identified. Those results can provide valuable
information for the implementation of successful content publishing strategies from the
media organizations.
Keywords: consumption patterns, dayparts, web news article, media
13
Companion (Ro)bots: Theoretical Challenges in the study of Human-Machine
Communication
Iliana Depounti
Research concerning the experience of romantic and intimate relationships with companion
(ro)bots is very new and has been recently undertaken from various scholarships such as
feminist studies, post-humanist studies as well as new media and technologies studies. In this
article, I approach the study of companion (ro)bots from a Human-Machine Communication
(HMC) angle and explore two possible theoretical directions for researchers to follow when
studying companion (ro)bots. Specifically, I compare and contrast the relational and post-
humanist agential philosophy of Bruno Latour with the post-structuralist, hermeneutical
philosophy of imagination by Cornelius Castoriadis. This article explores how each of these
theories may impact a study within the discipline of HMC, which centers the meaning-
making processes between humans and machines (Guzman, 2018). In this somewhat
uncontentious comparison, wherein, first, Castoriadis’s social theory isn’t inherently a social
theory of technology as Latour’s is and, second, Latour’s works has been widely used to
study human-robot relationships, the main theoretical tools provided by these approaches,
such as Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and the social imaginary are examined in relation to
HMC’s main research interests. These are, for example, the mundane experience of
communicating with machines, relationship building with communicative machines and the
cultural need to build machines that function as communicators. By focusing on the
epistemological and ontological underpinnings of the two thinkers and providing distinct
possible research directions for each theory, I agree with the renewed call for qualitative
researchers to ground their research to robust theoretical frameworks (Collins & Stockton,
2018). In this article, I propose that the Castoriadian philosophy and subsequently the social
imaginary is not only an appropriate theoretical approach to critically investigate sex (ro)bots
because of their social and political accountability but also useful in posing questions that go
beyond the ontological, moral and ethical dilemmas of sex (ro)bots commonly found in
current literature. Due to a general lack of theoretical reflection in communication technology
studies, this article hopefully opens a dialogue that encourages both the investigation of
appropriate methodological tools to address companion (ro)bots within HMC and the
exploration and adaptation of unanticipated old and new theoretical frameworks.
Keywords: human-machine communication, ANT, sociotechnical imaginary, sex,
companion robots
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The role of psychological approaches to data journalism visualisations
Emilia Kalliri & Andreas Veglis
During the last decade data journalism has attracted significant attention in the academic
literature, and also in the media industry. Data journalism includes the process of analysing,
clarifying, and visualising the data in a way that is related to a story. In order journalists to
better present the news and convey a story, data visualisation and new technological methods
have been developed. These methods help to present data to the audience using graphical
displays, to communicate information as well as to increase interaction and better
understanding.
Many scientists studied the flow of information through visualizations. The “data-ink” ratio
was introduced, as a mean for measuring the information of a chart. Some claimed that a
visualization designer needs to use ink only to display the data. Any excess ink dedicated to
something other than the data and their information, such as background colour, iconography,
or embellishment should be removed. This logic was referred as visual minimalism,
according to which it appeals to reason first. However, human psychology supports that the
principles of cognition and perception should be considered when the data visualisation
techniques are used. For example, the selection of colours, palettes or shapes on the
visualisations are responsible for memory recall, attention, and overall comprehension.
The purpose of this study is to explore if and the extent in which journalists estimate and use
the principles of psychology when they create data visualisations. In order to achieve this, we
can collect data journalism articles from media organisations and evaluate them based on
previously mentioned principles. The results of the study can indicate if current data
journalism visualisations take into account perceptions and metrics of cognitive psychology
into visualising data.
Keywords: data visualisation, psychology, journalism, perception, data-ink ratio
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Adapting Distance Online Learning Methods for Communication and Media courses:
Perceptions and attitudes
Thouraya Snoussi & Mutlaq sauoud al-Mutairi &
Habib ben belkacem & Sofien Abidi & Mona Khalaf Alharbi
The study revolves around the perceptions of university professors in the Arab region, about
the appositeness of using distance online learning (DOL) methods in Communication and
Media courses, with a particular emphasis on attitudes towards necessary amendments in
curricula, teaching methods, and Courses learning objectives’ (CLOs) assessment tools. The
research was guided by the theory of social constructivism, which states that the learning
process is established on the basis of "inference" through information and communication
technology and the use of cooperative learning strategies so that learners participate in the
formulation of goals and reach their achievement. Qualitative analysis based on semi-
structured interviews was adopted to address the research questions. Findings showed that
several strategies were called upon by the participants such as intensive online discussions,
student-activated workshops, and online games; according to participants, online test
questions differ from those designed in the paper-based test; they cited many examples such
as true or false, multiple choice, short answers, and essay questions. While designing the
tests, questions that require good memory have been incorporated, along with others that
require deep understanding, analysis and criticism.
Finally, it must be emphasized that the use of learning management systems and remote
testing was not an option for all participants as several circumstances have prevented certain
Arab universities from carrying out these experiments, including poor infrastructure and
weak communication network in certain Arab countries, as well as the attitude of some that
communication and media courses do not fit the nature of remote exam’ questions.
Keywords: Distance Online Learning, Communication, Media courses, learning methods,
Course learning Objectives, Assessment tools, Learning Management Systems,
Information and Communication Technologies.
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Crowdsourcing as a tool against misinformation: The role of social media and user-
generated content in overturning misinformation during the Greek Covid-19 pandemic.
Evangelos Lamprou & Nikos Antonopoulos
Journalism is a critical element for democracy. Though accurate information and news are
crucial for all modern democratic societies, fake news and misinformation seem to be present
even in mainstream traditional media. Journalists used to be the gatekeepers of news
providing reliable information to audiences mainly through the dominant traditional media.
Nevertheless, this has significantly changed. The emergence of digital journalism, social
media, participatory journalism, and a significant decline in traditional media’s power and
impact has led to a new era in public sphere control and agenda-setting.
Citizens of the digital era have plenty of opportunities not only to access information such as
news but also to record, produce, comment, share or criticize such information. Without a
doubt, social media and citizen journalism have been heavily criticized for helping fake news,
hoaxes, and non-true stories to spread in the public sphere but this is not the case in this
study. Fake news and most importantly misinformation and disinformation seem to derive not
only from social media but surprisingly from established traditional media outlets who are
supposed to be the main gatekeepers of truth and news reliability.
This paper scopes to reveal how crowdsourcing techniques such as crowd wisdom, crowd
voting, and crowd creation mainly through social media have overturned many cases of
misinformation and fake news presented in traditional and established media outlets during
the covid-19 pandemic lock-down in Greece. The walkthrough method and statistical analysis
are used in order to track the cases of fake news and misinformation in comparison to the
media outlets’ popularity.
The findings of the study chart the Greek public sphere’s and mediascape's characteristics
and reveal the importance of crowdsourcing and its different techniques as a tool for digital
journalism in the battle against fake news and misinformation, shaping new communication
models.
Keywords: Misinformation, Crowdsourcing, Digital Journalism, Social Media
17
Human Cognition and Data Journalism
Elina Makri & Andreas Veglis
Data journalism storytelling has become an important aspect of journalism during the
twenty-first century. This cross-discipline research seeks to draw the attention of data
journalism stakeholders to the mental operations (Conscious choices and Nonconscious
mental processing) of a person who experiences storytelling with data. It is argued that
data journalists can learn from the availability heuristic, the cognitive bias, and other
concepts of cognitive science in an effort to become more attentive to the mental
mechanisms of their audience. Research from other disciplines such as law (guilt
determination) and economics, suggests that taking nonconscious decision-making
seriously would be very productive for the field. Evidence suggests that a better
understanding of the workings of the human brain and decision-making as well as of
cognitive control may provide important insights for the data storytellers.
This study is undertaken with an initial focus on the reasons why the audience acts upon
emotional stories rather than data and statistics. We begin by arguing that data collection
methods, measurement, and quantification may not be the only ‘obscure’ and difficult part
to control for a data journalist, but after the cleaning, the analysis, and the visualization,
the workings of the brain of the receptor, play a crucial role on what the individual will
decide to do. The acts of journalism do not enter a tabula rasa, rather a terra incognita. The
research also aims to examine any possible limits for data journalism: Topics whose social
complexity cannot be explained by data and thus poorly served by data storytelling. By the
same token, the study explores the question: Is the 'definite' and exact knowledge provided
by data enough to influence the choices of the human mind and consequently a person's
actions? Thus, is truth and objectivity the appropriate standards for data journalism? The
study will utilize theories from various disciplines (communication, psychology,
neuroscience, cognitive science) and will gather data by contacting qualitative research
through interviews with data journalists, cognitive scientists and neuroscientists.
Keywords: Data Journalism, Cognitive Science, Data storytelling, Conscious and
Nonconscious processes, Data, Facts, Bias
18
Local People's Willingness to Participate in Ecotourism Development in Mangrove
Conservation Area: A case from East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Hikmah Tahir
Ecotourism has been promoted as one of the tools for mangrove conservation, mainly in
developing countries. The challenge of its development to attain effective conservation
management is getting the local people's support. Taking the case at Margomulyo
Mangrove Conservation Area (MMCA), located in Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia, this study was conducted to understand local people's willingness to participate
in the activities related to ecotourism. This study used a qualitative approach by collecting
the data through interviews of 96 local people that were purposively selected by
characteristics of occupation, income, education, age, ethnicity. In addition to it, the data
were completed by observation and documents regarding mangrove conservation. The
data were analyzed further in an inductive fashion.
Findings show that local people are willing to participate yet with different reasons
attributed to their characteristics as a heterogeneous society, such as occupation, income,
and ethnicity. They expect an economic benefit from ecotourism, although they do not
expect it as their primary income. Besides, they are willing to participate since they
maintain social relations among themselves. Based on observation, however, the programs
that held by the Government through tourism group and many other parties were more
accentuated to women empowerment. Therefore, their participation is constrained by the
types of programs. They likewise do not have a strong figure that encouraged the
collective action to initiate ecotourism activities as their background was varied. At the
same time, they have already had social assets, which were strong relationships as a
heterogeneous community. This study suggests that the Government must consider the
programs that elevate local people's economic and socio-cultural aspects to achieve
effective mangrove conservation through ecotourism development.
Keywords: willingness to participate, ecotourism, mangrove conservation, Indonesia
19
Narrating the Self in a National Context:
A Study of Barack Obama’s The Audacity of Hope as Election Campaign Material
Elias Gbadamosi
The question “Why do people write autobiographies?” is quite salient because no form of
writing exists in a vacuum.
Historically, autobiographical narratives have played a crucial role in political life and
campaigns. Political speeches and electoral campaigns have long been replete with stories of
individuals who leverage their past heroic deeds and their shiny present to justify their
candidature and convince citizens of their ability to make life better if elected.
To that end, this study examines how presidential candidates in the United States of America
tell their life stories, using autobiographies published shortly before elections, as campaign
materials to solicit citizens’ goodwill and canvass voters.
The paper analyses Barack Obama’s The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the
American Dream published barely four months before Obama made public his intention to
run for the office of the president of the United States of America to examine how Obama
applies the components of narrative paradigm (narrative coherence and narrative fidelity) and
media propaganda strategies as attempts to convince the electorate of his ability to lead the
nation, brand himself as a typical representation of American citizenship, and also introduce
and make cases for the ideas and beliefs that underpin his proposed policy agenda.
This study employs the qualitative research method of thematic analysis to identify the key
narrative strategies and techniques deployed by Obama in The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts
on Reclaiming the American Dream to brand himself as a viable presidential candidate and to
describe how those narrative strategies are deployed in an attempt to socialize public
emotions, solicit political goodwill and canvass voters.
Keywords: Narrative, Autobiography, American Myth, Atomization of Autobiographical
Narratives, Narrative Paradigm, Thematic Analysis.
20
Citizen Journalism in Turkey
Begüm Burak
The media plays a key role in both liberal democratic regimes and autocratic regimes. The
ruling elites use media as a tool to reproduce the dominant ideology. In democratic
countries, the ruling elites are monitored through the media as a way of accountability and
transparency. In contemporary world, not only the conventional media actors like that of
TV or newspapers but also the social media actors have a critical role for both the ruling
elites and the masses. As a result of the technological advancements, the digitalization of
journalism has been a rising value in today’s media sector and in this environment social
media tools also play a key role in news-making and news-consumption. This study is an
attempt to analyze the evolution of citizen journalism in Turkey and how citizen
journalism affects democratic politics. To follow this aim, first the conceptual approach
concerning citizen journalism will be addressed. After that, journalism as a profession in
Turkey will be covered from a historical perspective. In this context, the relationship
between media and political actors will be critically analyzed as well. Next, the
development of citizen journalism in Turkey will be addressed. This study argues that as a
result of the digitalization of news-making, there has emerged a major shift in the news
consumption habits. This shift has also been an important factor promoting citizen
journalism and citizen journalism makes a contribution to democratic politics. The main
questions to be focused on in this study are as the following: (1) In the digital era, how did
the news consumption habits change and how did this change shape the citizen journalism
issue? (2) What kind of changes in media professionals' technical skills and digital
adaptation have emerged? (3) How does citizen journalism affect democratic politics?
Keywords: Media and politics relationship, media profile in Turkey, citizen journalism,
social media and politics, digitalization of news
21
Religious diversity in the workplaces: for a European approach
Placido Antonio Sangiorgio
In recent years, in Europe, a new debate has opened on the issue of religious diversity in the
workplace. In fact, there are many questions asked if it is a subject worthy of considerable
attention and what are the limits encountered in doing empirical research. In the first place it
emerges that the various European states approach the question differently: both for the
different immigration history, for the different territorial policies, and for the different role
that religion has assumed in society.
Studies on the theme of diversity management and on the theme of religious diversity in
particular present some difficulties: that we consider a strictly personal topic, that we refer to
a radically secular interpretation of labor policies, that we think of realizing ourselves as
professionals and put this before being believers. But it is that modern societies also exhibit
power structures that do not always allow the free manifestation of the faith without risking
real stigmatization and discrimination.
This contribution intends to examine the most recent contributions on the theme of religious
diversity in the workplace in Europe, compare them and investigate some of the perspectives
and difficulties encountered by those who do research in the field. In particular, the examples
of France, Germany and Italy are examined, countries with a different immigration tradition
and a different history of integration starting from the theme of work. It emerges that the
different approach appears right from the terminological question, as the term religion
presents an articulated range of meanings that it is not always easy to classify in relation to
working contexts. The goal is to offer food for thought for those who, and not only at a
managerial level, want to deal with the broader theme of inclusion and well-being in the
workplace.
Keywords: religion, workplaces, diversity management, integration, foreign workers.
22
A Study of the Correlation between the Emotional Labor and the Mental Health of
Respiratory Therapists in Taiwan
Yu-Hua Yan & Shu-Chen Hsing
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of emotional labor on staff
members and their supervisors and its effect on their mental health by looking at Respiratory
Therapists (RT) in Taiwanese hospitals as the subjects.
Background: In terms of evidence-based research, surveys will be used for data collection,
analysis, and induction.
Methods: A total of 360 subjects were invited to participate, and 352 completed
questionnaires were returned for an effective response rate of 97.7%.
Results: (1) Subjects had a relative higher degree of emotional labor
(Mean±SD=4.49±0.395) and poorer mental health status (Mean±SD=3.603±0.738); (2) There
were significant differences in rules for emotional display, superficial acting, and mental
health among different groups based on educational level, position, and working department.
Conclusion: Respiratory Therapists bear a high level of emotional labor with unsatisfactory
mental health status. Administrators should pay close attention to these issues.
Keywords: emotional labor, mental health, respiratory therapists
23
Analysis of the Influence of Interactive Participation on Value Creation: My Health
Bank of NHI
Yu-Hua Yan
Objectives: This research attempts to extend and apply the concept of service dominant logic
on My Health Bank platform, analyzed to find out if there are any significant differences in
wills to participate on the results of value co-creation?
Methods: The questionnaires were delivered from August 2017 to October 2017 in hospitals.
167 valid ones were received, with an effective response rate of 98.2%. This research
employed the questionnaire method in collecting research data, with patients that have used
My Health Bank as objects, to whom questionnaires were sent.
Results: Regarding the factors influencing participate, in the statistics of capability and
interaction, it reached a significant level (p <0.1). Regarding the factors influencing value co-
creation, in the statistics of satisfaction on medical service, it reached a significant level (p
<0.001).
Conclusion: Contributions of this research. It is possible to clarify its contents with the
studies on value co-creation to enrich the literature of the studies of service dominant logic
and value co-creation in Taiwan. Contribution in practice. The results of this research allow
the value advocator-the government to have a broader view in the consideration of making
the policies on value co-creation.
Keywords: interactive participation, value creation, My Health Bank
24
Observations of a New Reality of Teaching in the Age of a Modern Pandemic: A Study
of New York City Higher Education
Michael Anibal Altamirano
The month of March 2020 will exist in infamy for citizens of the United States. The reality of
life, business, and education as usual would come to a grinding halt and Americans would
have to adapt quickly to a way of life that most citizen never imagined. This study focuses on
the observations of staff, faculty, and students within the concentrated geographical area of
New York City. As of the writing of this article, business as usual no longer exists. This study
will discuss the process of adapting to a new normal, preparation, and ideas of what colleges
and universities might expect and how to prepare for an indefinite future of higher learning.
Additionally, this study will review other external and internal factors that influence decision-
making such as the political environment, the economic environment, as well as the
leadership approach of officials who manage colleges and universities. There is currently no
game plan or script, if you will for managing higher education through this pandemic but
there is information that can help others understand the challenges members of this industry
face. The study is qualitative in nature, but uses statistical facts and survey results in order
further support and expound upon relevant points that relate to the focus of this study.
Key words: Leadership, Pandemic, Higher Education, New York City, Remote Learning
25
Leadership, Innovation & Urban Governance in Denmark:
the contributions of Living Labs
Karl-Heinz Pogner
This paper aims at investigating the questions How (Urban) can Living Labs2and similar
projects and arrangements contribute to public and collaborative innovation in cities and how
urban governance and leadership can facilitate the diffusion of the collaborative innovations,
which should / could contribute to the SDGs for cities.
The conceptual part aims at developing a model of the societal context of Urban
Governance and Innovation by combining the concept of New Public Governance (Sørensen
& Torfing, 2015) and meta-governance (Sørensen & Torfing, 2017) and with models of
(public, collaborative, co-creational) innovation (Etzkowitz & Leyedesdorff, 1995; Yawson,
2009; April & Oliver, 2018; Ansell & Torfing, 2014; Hartley, Sørensen & Torfing, 2013,
Torfing Sørensen & Reiseland, 2016).
The empirical part aims at illustrating the model and its consequences for the concept/s of
leadership, innovation and governance by looking at the social and discursive construction of
Urban Governance, Public Innovation and Leadership in projects and labs in different Danish
cities. The case studies stem from three cities in Denmark: Copenhagen3, Århus4, Odense5 .
In these case studies, policies, strategy papers and other official documents as well as semi-
structured, in depth interviews with salient stakeholders for the labs and projects are analyzed
by thematic content and discourse analyses. The preliminary analyses show that different
perspectives of different stakeholders / actors on value creation, citizen involvement,
challenges/ obstacles, innovation, policymaking, governance and the rules of the game (Arts
et al. 2006) have an effect on the potentials, scalability, and diffusion of the innovation/s and
their institutionalization. Further research should investigate how success (scaling and
diffusion) of the labs and projects has an influence on the discourses and perspectives, the
stakeholders take, when they talk about, enact and interact in new forms of governance, other
forms of participation and involvement of the citizens and other stakeholders in planning,
2
Urban Living Labs are both an arena and a methodology for technical and social innovations (Veeckman et al.
2023): Many cities and municipalities have initiated in order to develop and implement new technologies and
new ways of living (Voytenko, 2016). They are “strategically used for testing and validating research results,
involving relevant urban stakeholders; to prepare for full scale implementation of new solutions” (Joint
Programming Initiative Urban Europe 2015). Urban Living Labs are also “geographically and institutional
bounded spaces” (McCormick & Hartman, 2017), in which different stakeholders from municipality
(administration and governance / government), civil society, public sector, private sector and academia /
research institutions interact in projects to generate public innovation solutions for creating and designing the
future of the city (see also European Network of Living Labs 2018).
3
capital of Denmark, 1,320,629 inhabitants in 2019; member of C40 Cities (http://www.c40.org/ ), Living Labs:
e.g.,
GATE 21, cph.solutionslab https://www.copcap.com/set-up-a-business/key-sectors/smart-city
4
regional major city, 2nd biggest city (277,086 inhabitants in 2019) as “Smart Århus” member of OrganiCity
(EU Horizon consortium) (http://www.smartaarhus.eu/projects/organicity.; Living Lab: Århus City Lab
(https://www.smartaarhus.eu/node/196)
5
regional major city; 3rd biggest city (179,601 inhabitants in 201)9 municipality’s Living Labs (Open Data,
Living Lab: People, Living Lab: Klima, Living Lab: Borgernes Hus, Living Lab: Trafik
(https://www.odense.dk/byens- udvikling/smart-city/living-labs).
26
designing, implementing solutions for the future challenges.
Leading Cities and City Leaders6 , have taken up the challenge of governing and managing
cities to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals, especially “Goal 11: Make cities
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable7”.
The discourse about how to manage and govern a city is divided into two competing
discourse streams. The first one (Smart Cities) is very prominent in the mass media discourse
and in PR / PA of tech companies and in tech communities. Whereas the second one (Livable
Cities) is mostly enacted on social media platforms, in social and socio-cultural initiatives
and communities - and in new forms of urban / public governance (Torfing & Siebers, 2018,
Torfing & Triantafillou, 2016). Both streams seem to struggle for getting voice and power in
the discourses, negotiations, struggles, and conflicts in Urban Governance.
Leadership & Cities
Many leadership studies have explored concepts that go beyond the dualism between leader
and followers and investigated “connective leadership” (Lipman-Blumen, 1996), “shared
leadership” (Pearce et al., 2008), and “hybrid leadership” (Gronn, 2010; 2008), where
leadership is studied as participatory and negotiable.
Researching cities and their new emerging roles explores similar paths, like “shareable
cities” (Benkler, 2004) “creative cities” (Florida, 2008; 2005), and “sustainable cities”
(Nevens et al., 2013, Mezher, 2011). The role of cities is also broadly explored under
concepts including “intelligent cities” (Komninos, 2011), “smart cities” (Cohen, 2013 and
2014; Campbell, 2012), “digital cities” (Mulder, 2013), “livable cities”, “networked”
(Pflieger, 2008; Mitchell, 2003) and “startup cities” (Stangler, 2013).
Leadership in Cities as Ecosystems and Networks for Innovation
Cities as ecosystems (Schaffers et al., 2011; Newman and Jennings, 2008) are emerging and
developing in the context of global economy and new forms of organizing “without
organizations”, i.e. in self-organized networks (Shirky, 2011; Castells, 1996). In self-
organized cultural networks leadership is an emergent property (Bolden, 2011).
In these self-organized networks, new forms of power relations and leadership, including
Distributed Leadership emerge. Distributed Leadership closely relates to concepts such as
shared, collective, collaborative and democratic leadership (Bolden, 2011). The paper’s
contribution will focus on Distributed Leadership, as this approach is primarily systemic, as
“leadership is conceived of a collective as social process emerging through the interactions
of multiple actors” (Uhl-Bien, 2006).
Innovation in the Public Sector
Innovations in the public sector are driven by the aim of achieving large scale improvements
to increase public value (Moore, 1995) in order to meet citizens’ needs, the new challenges
like the ones formulated in the SDGs and finding better ways of using resources and
technologies (Mulgan & Albury, 2003).
Historically speaking the focus of public innovation has shifted from creating favorable
conditions for innovation in the private sector to by exploring public entrepreneurship
(Nicholas et al. 2016). It shifted further to new ways of enhancing the production of social
6
http://www.c40.org/,http://www.uclg.org/, http://www.iclei.org/, http://www.worldmayorscouncil.org/
7
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
27
and public value – dependent on a new understanding of Public Governance with different
degrees of the inclusion of non-state actors’ participation and / or involvement (van der Jagt
et al. 2016) the necessity of meta-governance (Sørensen & Torfing 2017). This had led to
concepts of collaborative innovation (Agger et al.; Hartley Nambisan, 2008, Torfing, 2018,
Ansell & Torfing, 2014) and social innovation (Mulgan, Tucker & Sanders 2007; Moulaert
& Mehmood, 2014; Nicholl et al. 2016).
28
Addressing Common Obstacles to Effective Shared Leadership: A Five-Year Follow Up
Chris Atencio & Nathaniel Herbst
Previous research done for a doctoral dissertation five years ago evaluated shared leadership
in seven American Christian churches and ministries. It found ten of the common benefits
associated with shared leadership in the academic literature were present in these
organizations. These included exceptional outcomes, enhanced decision-making, complex
problem solving, creative innovation, team-member fit, team synergy, organizational vitality,
healthy organizational culture, individual health, and sustained growth. It also surfaced five
potential obstacles to successful shared leadership. These included the difficulty of the model,
a potential lack of follow-through, a possible lack of efficiency, a general lack of acceptance
of the model, and the danger of immature or usurping team members. Limitations,
drawbacks, and difficulties associated with shared leadership remain understudied and
insufficiently understood. The goal of this research was to help fill that gap by doing a five-
year follow up investigation into each of the previously interviewed organizations. Survey
results confirmed that all five obstacles had been experienced over the past five years, but
none had kept these organizations from continuing to effectively share leadership. Successful
shared leadership, along with the benefits it proffers, is not elusive but it does require the
intentional mitigation of potential pitfalls.
Keywords: Leadership, Shared Leadership, Collaborative Leadership, Distributed
Leadership and Leadership Obstacles.
29
Situation Factors and Increased Workplace Burnout: A Study of Influences Affecting
Current Younger Employees
Kiahni McFadden & Michael A. Altamirano
Workplace burnout has been on the rise in recent years, and stress is a significant contributor.
The World Health Organization (WHO) considers burnout as an “occupational syndrome,”
which is often a result of chronic stress. There has been an emergence in topic related studies,
a need for clarity, diagnosis, and treatment regarding workplace burnout. The need for
continual research is essential for further understanding of this phenomenon. Burnout has two
contribution factors; situational factors and individual factors that contribute to stress.
Situational factors include job demands and resources. Individual factors include financial
situations and individual personality. These factors can affect the way persons respond to
overloaded work responsibilities. This condition often results in a reduction in professional
efficacy and productivity. This research explores workplace burnout in employees under the
age of 50, often referenced to as younger employees and the relationship between workplace
burnout and situation factors. Exploring the effects of why workplace burnout has increased
in recent years could lead to a better understanding of the condition, and the suggestion of
measures to reduce burnout. The research of burnout would be beneficial toward the
continued understanding of global workplace behavior as it relates to the topic of stress
management.
Keywords: workplace burnout; burnout; occupational syndrome; stress
30
Environmental Communication: Media Archive Reports as a Participant Science Tool
Andjelka Mihajlov & Aleksandra Mladenovic & Filip Jovanovic
This paper applies the view that participant and citizen observation and sciences are
essentially terms to describe approaches of public inclusion in different scientific fields, in
this case environment (and climate change) topic communication. Participant, citizens
science tool is developed, considering that journalists/media are representing citizens (with
common interests). By sharing experience, it is shown that media archive reports can be
useful in environmental communication in the monitoring and development of public
policies.
The data used in this paper were gathered through research on nexus media-environmental
issues in Serbia. Starting in 2011, data on the number of articles with selected terms in
written media in Serbia were collected. The proposed participant science tool is compared
with a European Union qualitative tool towards country environmental performance in
accession, and illustrative justification is provided that media archive reports can be used as
participant science tool to supplement official observations and monitoring. Outreach of
comparison shows that in the timeline, when the sector environment has better performance,
citizens/journalists/media are more interested in environmental issues.
Keywords: environmental communication, environmental journalism, media archive,
accession to European Union, participant science, citizen science, environmental listening
31
The uses of social media applications in Higher Education
Amr Assad & Mona Gabr
Social media applications like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, etc. have become
an integral part in people’s lives, especially young people who consume them heavily for
different purposes.
Scholars have pointed out the pivotal role of social media in learning due to the fact that
these dynamic sites contain rich and varied communication tools that motivate learners to
actively use different types of online educational resources, and to interact academically
with their teachers and peers.
The researchers will use the secondary data analysis to qualitatively review and analyze
the studies that examined the uses of social media in higher education from 2004 since the
introduction of Web2.0 that allowed users to be key contributors in the virtual world till
2018.
This paper aims at exploring the uses of social media among college students in learning.
This includes watching demos and tutorials, using varied online learning resources,
forming online learning groups with other colleagues for the purpose of completing group
assignments and practical projects, seeking academic support and advice from their
instructors remotely, etc.
The findings of this research will suggest recommendations for higher educational
institutions to effectively use and adopt social media applications in learning which will
reflect positively on the quality of academic learning in colleges and universities.
Keywords: Social media, Learning, Secondary data analysis, Higher educational, Online
educational
32
The Influence of English as a Global Language on Modern Greek Online Press:
Analyzing Three Journalistic Genres with Critical Discourse Analysis
Elpida Sklika
This study focuses on how English as a global language affects the Modern Greek through
the online media discourse. Our data consist of 60 Greek texts published between 2011-2015
in newspapers and magazines (that have paper and digital versions) and digital newspapers,
i.e., pure players. Our texts are retrieved from three journalistic genres: news articles, opinion
articles and interviews and two semantic fields/columns: finance/politics and
world/environment.
English is nowadays used in international communication, academic research, the film and
music industry and the Internet, and has a major impact on the Greek language (Mackridge,
2012). Our purpose is to identify how this language contact reflects the power of English as a
dominant language (c.f. Crystal, 2003) through the use of English on political discourse.
Our method requires a double analysis based on the theory of lexical borrowing to identify
the manifestations of this contact in terms of the lexicon, the syntax and semantics (Winford,
2010), as well as on the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by applying the three-
dimension model of Fairclough: 1. analyzing discourse-as-text, 2. discourse-as-discursive-
practice and 3. discourse-as-social-practice (1992, 2010). This method will help us find how
the abuse of social power is represented, reproduced or imposed through media discourse
(Van Dijk, 2001: 352).
According to our results, these texts are mostly hybrid web-genres that show the discursive
strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking a news information by using the “effect
of indexicality” or the “dramatization of discourse” to captivate the public. Borrowing is
massive in the news articles and mostly in finance and international topics or texts with many
scientific terms, whereas strictly political topics are less affected. This point drove us to
further distinguish these traces in three types, such as the external factors with the
implantation of anglicisms on Greek press underlining the hegemonic status of English, the
internal factors where the influence of Global English on discourse shows the journalists’
proper choices wishing to highlight their language skills or to give an ironic tone to their
texts, and the social factors which underline the cultural and social representations implied.
Finally, even if these occurrences are not numerous, it is worth to mention that these
strategies reveal not only the hegemonic status of English nowadays, but a possible influence
on what people write, read and what often remains memorized since it becomes common
knowledge.
Keywords: English as a global language, Greek online press, lexical borrowing, Critical
Discourse Analysis.
33
Conference Program
Will be added right after the conference,
including only the academics/ researchers that have actually participated.
34
