A Moral Defense of Prostitution

A Moral Defense of Prostitution Rob Lovering A Moral Defense of Prostitution “The enjoyment of sexual pleasure can contribute greatly to a person’s happiness. Prostitution, in providing opportunities for such pleasure, should therefore be viewed as an admirable profession that makes a very welcome contribution to human society. Instead, prostitutes are looked down upon, and prostitution is illegal in many countries and most of the United States. Why is this the case? The reason is that many people are in the grip of unsound arguments that lead them to think that prostitution is morally wrong. Rob Lovering’s book is a welcome correction. Not only is it the first book to survey the wide variety of arguments for the immorality of prostitution, it also sets out—in an admirably clear and accurate fashion—each of the important arguments that have been offered for this view, and then shows convincingly in each case why the argument in question is unsound.” —Michael Tooley, Former President, The Australasian Association of Philosophy and The American Philosophical Association (Pacific Division) “The view that prostitution is immoral is taken for granted by most people worldwide. Scholars, policy makers, and the media rarely question prostitution’s moral status, even if they support attempts to legalize it. In his unique book, Rob Lovering offers a tour-de-force analysis of this question. By systematically critiquing the conventional arguments and assumptions, he provides nothing short of a paradigm shift in how we conceptualize prostitution. A ground-breaking book that will help to destigmatize sex work.” —Ronald Weitzer, author of Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry (1999) “Morality politics are wedded to debates about prostitution. This book tackles the arguments against prostitution head on, delving deeply into the intricate yet everyday contestations. Logical arguments that interrogate the moral status of prostitution are important for the sex worker rights movement, and ultimately speaks against the stigmatization of sex workers. This book provides fresh analysis, powerful persuasion and a suite of armor against claims that immorality is intrinsic to prostitution. Useful for activists, policymakers and scholars alike, this extensive coverage of age-old arguments enables critical engagement with ideas which are too often taken for granted.” —Teela Sanders, author of Sex Work: A Risky Business (2004) “Lovering’s book is an important examination of the moral status of prostitution, apart from its legal or prudential profile. This matters. Social perfectionist arguments are used to advance a range of political agendas. History is rife with examples of moral arguments about prostitution being deployed in the service of temperance, eugenics, and nativism. Lovering elucidates the weaknesses of such arguments.” —Jessica Spector, author of Prostitution and Pornography: Philosophical Debate about the Sex Industry (2006) Rob Lovering A Moral Defense of Prostitution Rob Lovering College of Staten Island City University of New York New York, NY, USA ISBN 978-3-030-75862-2 ISBN 978-3-030-75863-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75863-9 (eBook) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: John Foxx / GettyImages This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Lucia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In 2015, Palgrave Macmillan published my A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use. Unlike all of my previous publications, which were written for an academic—particularly philosophical—audience, A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use was written for a more general audience, by which I mean that it was written in such a way that educated readers who lacked formal training in philosophy could understand it nevertheless. Despite the similarity in title, this book, A Moral Defense of Prostitution, was written in the vein of the aforementioned previous publications: for an academic—particularly philosophical—audience. This is not to say that it is completely inaccessible to those who lack formal training in philosophy. Indeed, I suspect that many, if not most, educated readers will find it to be rather accessible indeed. It is only to say that the book proceeds as if its average reader will be a professor or graduate student of philosophy. In addition to their titles, there is another way in which A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use and A Moral Defense of Prostitution are similar. When I wrote A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use, there was not a monograph (in English, at least) that was dedicated to providing an argument for the moral permissibility of recreational drug use and critiquing a wide variety of arguments for its immorality. Because of this, I chose to cast my net wide so as to cover an extensive and varied set of what I took to be the most common and/or plausible arguments for and against the moral permissibility of recreational drug use. And so it is here. As I write this, there is not a monograph (again, in English at any rate) that is vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS dedicated to providing an argument for the moral permissibility of prostitution and critiquing a wide variety of arguments for its immorality. As with A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use, then, I have chosen to cast my net wide here so as to cover an extensive and varied set of what I take to be the most common and/or plausible arguments for and against the moral permissibility of prostitution. As a result of said casting, each of the arguments contained in this book, as well as each of the objections raised against them, could be—and, at some point, should be—isolated and developed even further. After all, and as I write in Chap. 1, the question of prostitution’s moral status is (to borrow a phrase) a “monstrous tangle” of moral, legal, sociological, criminological, psychological, philosophical, logical, economic, and other assorted issues.1 And though I have done what I could to address said issues in the space allotted to me by my publisher, I have not addressed them all. Given this, I welcome and encourage others—especially those from different philosophical (and scholarly, ethnic, gender, socioeconomic, etc.) backgrounds—to pick up where I leave off. I want to thank the following people (listed in no particular order), all of whom played an important role in the development of this book in one way or another: Steve Morris, Greg Tateosian, Stephen Cedars, Christina Latimer, Adam Rzepka, Amanda Rolfe, Ryan Oden, Anthony Hall, Sarah Holyhead, Paul Studtmann, Jeff Reiman, Ed. L. Miller, Pat Keeton, Peter Scheckner, Tayloe Dines, Tessa Dines, Lauren Ralston, Pat Lovering, Heather Lovering, Jennifer Engel, Lennon Lovering, Olana Lovering, Page McConnell, Trey Anastasio, Mike Gordon, Jon Fishman, and three anonymous reviewers. A very special thanks goes to Michael Tooley, who read and commented on early drafts of the first four chapters. Finally, I would like to thank the person to whom this book is dedicated, Lucia Scheckner. Rare is the person who would not only tolerate but celebrate his/her/their spouse’s writing of books with the titles A Moral Defense of Recreational Drug Use and A Moral Defense of Prostitution. For that, and her love, I am very grateful. NOTE 1. The phrase comes from James Bakalar and Lester Grinspoon, Cocaine: A Drug and Its Social Evolution (New York: Basic Books, 1976), 176. CONTENTS 1 Preliminaries Introduction Reasons for Writing About Prostitution’s Moral Status Definitions of Key Terms On “Is Prostitution Immoral?” Types of Argument for the Moral Permissibility or Immorality of Prostitution Methodology Conclusion 1 1 4 12 25 2 Two Arguments for Prostitution Introduction The Prudential Goods Argument The Right to Bodily Autonomy Argument Personalizing the Arguments Conclusion 51 51 54 61 74 77 3 Consequentialist Arguments Against Prostitution Introduction On “Harm” Challenges Facing Consequentialist Arguments Against Prostitution On Argumentative Organization The Squandered Talents Argument 83 83 84 29 34 40 87 95 96 ix x CONTENTS The Sexually Transmitted Diseases Argument The Mental Health Argument The Degradation Argument (Consequentialist Version) The Violence Argument The Premature Death Argument The Public Nuisance Argument The Economic Costs Argument The Undermined Marriage Argument The Crime Argument Conclusion 122 127 140 150 154 160 166 170 182 188 4 Nonconsequentialist Arguments Against Prostitution Introduction On Argumentative Organization The Unearned Pleasure Argument The Deception Argument The Viciousness Argument The Blocked Basic Goods Argument The Degradation Argument (Nonconsequentialist Version) The Exploitation Argument The Patriarchal Subordination Argument Conclusion 209 209 210 211 224 236 245 264 291 300 312 5 Religious Arguments Against Prostitution Introduction A Challenge Facing Religious Arguments Against Prostitution The Five Religions on Prostitution The Sacred Text Argument The Divine Omniscience Argument The Divine Command Argument Conclusion 327 327 328 329 333 335 367 373 Afterword 383 Bibliography 387 Index 403 AFTERWORD Having finished presenting my moral defense of prostitution, I would like to address (very briefly) questions that some readers are likely to have at this point. First, given that I hold that prostitution—specifically, that what the prostitute does through it—is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral, do I also hold that prostitution should be legalized or, at least, decriminalized? Before answering this question, a claim that I made in Chap. 1 should be repeated here: that the moral and legal statuses of an act are, in principle, distinct. Accordingly, from the fact (if it is, indeed, a fact) that prostitution is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral, it does not follow that it ought to be legalized or even decriminalized. And there are compelling arguments (e.g., de Marneffe’s) for legal prohibitions against prostitution even if what the prostitute does through prostitution is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral. Having said that, my own view on whether prostitution should be legalized or decriminalized—which I will merely state here, not argue for—is that it should be legalized. Some of my reasons for holding this are consequentialist in nature (e.g., legalization would significantly reduce, if not altogether eliminate, the systemic harm of prostitution); others are nonconsequentialist in nature (e.g., legalization respects the prostitute’s and the client’s right to bodily autonomy). None, however, is conclusive by my lights, so I continue to wrestle with this issue. What’s more, I have found some of the arguments for what is referred to as the “Nordic © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. Lovering, A Moral Defense of Prostitution, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75863-9 383 384 AFTERWORD Model”—according to which the purchasing of sex is legally prohibited whereas the selling of sex is not (or, at least, it is not criminalized)—to be rather compelling.1 But, as of this writing, I do not find them compelling enough to jettison my view. The second question that I would like to address pertains to a claim I made in Chap. 1, namely, that, as prostitution is currently practiced, the client’s purchase of the prostitute’s sexual services is often deceptive, sexist, oppressive, objectifying, demeaning, exploitative, abusive, and/or violent, is so contrary to the prostitute’s will, and thereby immoral. When that claim is combined with the claim that I have defended in this book— that prostitution (understood solely in terms of what the prostitute does through it) is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral— the resultant claim is as follows: at least as prostitution is currently practiced, what the prostitute does is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral, but what the client does is often immoral. The question, then, is: Am I not bothered by this seemingly oxymoronic implication? I am not. After all, this is not a contradictory claim. Nor does it contradict another claim that I made in Chap. 1, namely, that if selling sex is perfectly morally permissible, then it is very difficult to see how purchasing sex could be immoral nevertheless. For that claim ends with the following qualifier—“intrinsically so, at any rate.” But most importantly for present purposes, this implication strikes me as true. To be sure, I have only argued for the first half of it here. And, as suggested by the fact that I am discussing this implication in an afterword, I will not be arguing for the other half of this claim in this book. But there is a substantial amount of empirical evidence—some of which has been presented here—supporting the claim that the client’s purchase of the prostitute’s sexual services is often deceptive, sexist, oppressive, objectifying, demeaning, exploitative, abusive, and/or violent and is so contrary to the prostitute’s will. That it is thereby immoral is not difficult to believe. What’s more, if it is indeed true that, as prostitution is currently practiced, what the prostitute does is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral, but what the client does is often immoral, then prostitution (again, as currently practiced) is not morally symmetrical in the way that, say, hand-shaking as a form of salutation is. Rather, prostitution is morally asymmetrical: what the prostitute does is generally morally permissible, but what the client does often is not. It is not perfectly morally asymmetrical, of course—“generally” morally permissible and “often” immoral are AFTERWORD 385 not exact counterparts. It is, however, morally asymmetrical nonetheless. And this asymmetry is worthy of explicitly acknowledging, I submit. For, among other things, doing so might help relax some of the argumentative tension frequently experienced by those who debate the moral status of prostitution. To see this, suppose two friends, Lars and Catherine, are arguing over the moral status of prostitution as it is currently practiced. Tacitly focusing on what the prostitute does, Lars argues that prostitution is morally permissible. Tacitly focusing on what the client does, Catherine argues that prostitution is immoral. If it is true that, as prostitution is currently practiced, what the prostitute does is neither intrinsically, nor generally extrinsically, immoral, but what the client does is often immoral, then both Lars and Catherine are correct to some extent—what the prostitute does is generally morally permissible, whereas what the client does often is not. Explicit acknowledgment of prostitution’s moral asymmetry might help individuals like Lars and Catherine move beyond what is, in their case, a specious disagreement and on to potential points of agreement. NOTE 1. 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International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 16: 73–93. INDEX1 A Agrawal, Ranjan, 8 Alexander, Priscilla, 42n11, 93, 295, 321n117 Aquinas, Thomas, 246, 348, 359, 376n12 Arguments for the moral permissibility or immorality of an act, types of, 29, 33 Arthur, John, 366, 367 B Basic goods definition of, 245–260, 278, 319n84 examples of, 255, 319n80 Bentham, Jeremy, 219 Bergmann, Michael, 345, 347, 378n16 Bernstein, Elizabeth, 226 1 Blocked Basic Goods Argument, the, 245–263 marriage version of, 170, 173 Bodily autonomy, definition of, 53, 61–75, 77, 83, 185–187, 222, 383 Bonilla, Louis, 125, 154 Boonin, David, 20, 288, 289 Bradley, Ben, 87, 287, 288 Brents, Barbara, 152 Buckle, Stephen, 246 C Carter, Vednita, 128, 199n130 Categorical Imperative formula of end in itself, 229, 230, 285 formula of universal law, 229, 230 Chambers, Clare, 177, 178, 180, 181 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. Lovering, A Moral Defense of Prostitution, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75863-9 403 404 INDEX Chappell, T. D., 252 Chignell, Andrew, 359 Cholbi, Michael, 158 Christman, John, 66, 67, 80n24 Collins, Robin, 345–347, 379n18 Consequentialist argument, definition of, 30–34, 51, 56, 77, 83–188, 209, 292, 314n31 Consequentialist moral claim, definition of, 30–32, 48n70, 56, 62, 83, 94, 97, 98, 104–107, 116–120, 122, 126, 127, 134, 165, 186, 192n52, 209, 222, 292, 327 Corvino, John, 375n6 Crime Argument, the, 95, 96, 182–187 D De Marneffe, Peter, 7, 44n33, 58, 67–70, 92, 141, 183, 185, 197n108, 224, 225, 239, 383 Deception Argument, the, 224–236, 259, 266 Decker, John, 7 Degradation Argument (Consequentialist Version), the, 73, 140–149, 153, 264, 265, 290, 296 Degradation Argument (Nonconsequentialist Version), the, 248, 250, 264–291 Degrade, nonconsequentialist definition of, 284 Direct argument, definition of, 51–55, 61, 77 Divine Command Argument, the, 328, 332, 333, 335, 367–373 Divine Omniscience Argument, the, 332, 333, 335, 365–367 E Earleywine, Mitch, 215 Economic Costs Argument, the, 166–169 Ericsson, Lars O., 57, 131 Estes, Yolanda, 14, 58, 280, 281, 283, 286, 289, 290 Evaluating arguments, method for, 59 Everitt, Nicholas, 352, 364, 365, 375n8 Exploitation Argument, the, 73, 291–302, 311 F Fabre, Cécile, 15, 143, 275 Farley, Melissa, 14, 199n130 Finnis, John, 247–250 Finstad, Liv, 57, 131, 143, 151, 225, 226, 283, 315n39 G Gallagher, Maggie, 179, 180 George, Robert P., 250, 251, 254, 257, 260, 261, 279–282, 287, 288, 318n75 Gerard, Alison, 123 Gewirth, Alan, 10 Gibbs, Benjamin, 216 Giobbe, Evelina, 128, 199n130 Gómez-Lobo, Alfonso, 254–258 Grant, Melissa Gira, 11 Grisez, Germain, 278 H Hales, Steven, 313n13 Halwani, Raja, 273, 284 Harm, definition of global interpretation of, 85, 86 local interpretation of, 85, 86, 89, 90 INDEX Harmful extrinsically, definition of, 89, 90 intrinsically, definition of, 11, 89, 90, 92 Hausbeck, Kathryn, 152 Hecht, Jennifer, 156, 158 Highleyman, Liz, 69 Høigård, Cecilie, 57, 131, 143, 151, 225, 226, 283, 315n39 Huemer, Michael, 38, 64, 65 Hughes, Donna M., 7, 28 Hursthouse, Rosalind, 237, 243 Husak, Douglas, 79n13, 189n23 I Immoral, definition of extrinsically, definition of, 1, 3, 24, 25, 89, 121, 127, 140, 149, 153, 160, 166, 169, 181, 187, 188, 223, 236, 245, 263, 291, 300, 312, 335, 366, 373, 383–385 intrinsically, definition of, 1, 3, 11, 24, 25, 89, 121, 127, 140, 149, 153, 160, 166, 169, 181, 187, 188, 223, 236, 245, 263, 291, 300, 312, 335, 366, 373, 383–385 Immoral-making consequence, 23, 30–33, 62, 77, 83, 84, 87–89, 93–96, 104, 105, 120–122, 126, 128, 133, 135, 139, 140, 148–150, 153, 154, 156–159, 161, 164–166, 170, 171, 173, 176, 177, 179–183, 187, 188, 209 definition of, 56 Indirect argument, definition of, 52, 53 Instrumentalize, Kantian definition of, 265, 278, 285, 299, 312 405 Instrumentalize, new natural law definition of, 278, 286, 299 Intuition, definition of, 37–40, 49n80, 49n81, 49n84, 112, 254, 257, 353, 354 J Jackass, 304 Jeffreys, Sheila, 99, 298 K Kagan, Shelley, 31, 84–86, 89, 253 Kant, Immanuel, 104, 156, 227–234, 265, 270, 272, 273, 286, 314n31, 314n32 Kuhse, Helga, 242, 243, 253 Kuo, Lenore, 7, 11, 14, 41n10, 64, 65, 125, 132, 140, 146, 163, 275, 295, 307, 308 L Lane, Chelsea, 74–77, 283 Leigh, Carol, 2–3, 155 Leitzel, Jim, 162 Levin, Michael, 135, 137, 138 M Maher, JaneMaree, 123, 200n142, 225, 226 McClelland, Mac, 74, 75 Mental Health Argument, the, 127–141, 148, 153, 165, 170 Mill, John Stuart, 177, 216, 217, 220 Moen, Ole Martin, 84 Monto, Martin, 71 406 INDEX Moral claim basic, definition of, 35–40, 49n80, 49n82, 94, 104, 110, 111, 117, 119, 164, 165, 171, 192n52, 214 derived, definition of, 35–37, 49n80 Morally criticizable, definition of, 19–25, 94, 104, 106, 118, 122, 126, 127, 134, 139, 149, 169, 181, 221, 223, 227, 234, 241, 258–260, 285–287, 290, 297, 310, 335 Morally impermissible, definition of, 19–26, 30, 32, 35, 83, 169, 209, 221, 237 Morally permissible, definition of, 4, 9, 11, 18–23, 26–30, 32, 35, 47n65, 47n67, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58–64, 74, 79n14, 83, 88, 98, 109, 111, 112, 115–119, 132, 173, 192n52, 209, 229, 235–237, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 261, 263, 286, 289, 298, 309, 310, 370, 384, 385 Moral-making consequence, definition of, 30, 56, 58–60, 63, 83, 186 Moran, Rachel, 8, 16, 239 Morriston, Wes, 371, 372 N New natural law theory, 246, 261 Nonconsequentialist argument, definition of, 31–34, 51, 62, 165, 172, 188, 209–312, 327, 373 Nonconsequentialist immoral-making property, definition of, 29, 32, 33, 188, 209, 211, 214, 215, 218, 220–222, 224, 227, 236, 241, 245, 258, 259, 264, 284, 291, 292, 297, 300, 309, 312, 333–335, 366, 367, 373 Nonconsequentialist moral claim, definition of, 30–32, 56, 62, 83, 94, 119, 165, 172, 186, 209, 215, 222, 223, 229, 233, 234, 241, 242, 259, 285, 286, 290, 292, 327 Nonconsequentialist moral-making property, definition of, 209 Nonmoral claim, definition of, 35, 37, 110 Nonpropositional evidence, definition of, 337, 351–357, 359, 360 Nonreligious argument, definition of, 29, 30, 33, 176, 327 Nonreligious claim, definition of, 29, 30, 83, 209 Nussbaum, Martha, 276 O O’Connell Davidson, Julia, 75 O’Neill, Maggie, 28 P Parfit, Derek, 231, 233 Pateman, Carol, 270, 273, 277–280, 282, 283, 303, 308 Patriarchal Subordination Argument, the, 73, 300–312 Pettigrove, Glen, 243 Pettit, Philip, 12, 111–114 Pickering, Sharon, 123 Pitcher, Jane, 28 Pleasure attitudinal, definition of, 212–215, 217, 218, 221, 222 INDEX sensory, definition of, 212–215, 217, 218, 221, 222, 252, 256 Porter, Judith, 125, 154 Premature Death Argument, the, 95, 96, 154–160 Prima facie, definition of, 38–40, 51, 52, 56, 58–64, 74, 228 Primoratz, Igor, 9, 92, 171, 269, 305, 306 Propositional evidence, definition of, 336–351, 357, 359 Prostitution, definitions of, 1, 51–77, 83–188, 209–312, 327–373, 383 prudential goods through, 52, 55, 60, 61, 75–77, 101, 102, 180, 210, 240, 305 Prudential Goods Argument, the, 53–63, 74, 77, 121 Public Nuisance Argument, the, 95, 96, 160–166, 171 Q Quan, Tracy, 3, 11 R Radin, Margaret Jane, 309 Rational moral agent, definition of, 230–232, 266, 274, 285 Rauch, Jonathan, 263 Raymond, Janice G., 7, 8, 43n19, 298, 311 Reiman, Jeffrey, 159, 298, 300, 311 Religious argument, definition of, 29, 33, 327–373 Religious claim, definition of, 29, 30, 48n69, 48n73, 83, 209, 327–329, 332 Richards, David, 4, 146 407 Right to Bodily Autonomy Argument, the, 53, 61–74, 77, 83, 222 Rowe, William, 344 S Sacred Text Argument, the, 332–366 Sanders, Teela, 28, 42n18, 68, 91, 100, 123, 125, 128, 131, 150–155, 161–163, 212, 240, 275, 298, 316n53 Satz, Debra, 41n2, 84, 154, 292, 302, 303 Scalia, Antonin, 43n31, 44n31 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Argument, the, 122–127, 134 Should moral, definition of, 10, 20, 23, 44n35, 287, 288 prudential, definition of, 10, 20 Shrage, Laurie, 301 Singer, Peter, 12, 242, 243 Skeptical theism, definition of, 344–347, 349–351, 379n17, 380n20 Spector, Jessica, 4 Squandered Talents Argument, the, 95–122, 134, 223 Systemic harm, definition of, 92, 93, 190n28, 383 T Ten, C. L., 8, 9, 58 Tollefsen, Christopher, 279, 281 Tooley, Michael, 35, 36, 48n76, 49n80, 344, 345, 359 408 INDEX U Ultima facie, definition of, 1, 4, 5, 12, 40, 47n65, 49n80, 51–56, 58–62, 64, 74, 77, 186, 347–350, 379–380n20 Undermined Marriage Argument, the, 170–181, 183 Unearned Pleasure Argument, the, 211–223 V Vargas, Joe, 8 Viciousness Argument, the, 236–245, 293 Violence Argument, the, 150–153 Virtue ethics, definition of, 33, 39, 237, 242–245, 317n59 Vonnegut, Kurt, 139 W Waite, Linda, 179, 180 Weiner, Adele, 5 Weitzer, Ronald, 3, 5, 6, 45n44, 46n60, 53, 70, 91, 99, 124, 125, 129, 152, 161–163, 195n78, 199n132, 300, 305 Wertheimer, Alan, 292, 293 West, Robin, 67, 69, 70, 142 Whisnant, Rebecca, 46n59, 71