The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple

Annamaria De Santis and Irene Rossi (Eds.) Crossing Experiences in Digital Epigraphy From Practice to Discipline Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editors: Francesca Corazza and Łukasz Połczyński Language Editor: Rebecca Crozier ISBN 978-3-11-060719-2 e-ISBN 978-3-11-060720-8 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0) For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 © 2018 Annamaria De Santis, Irene Rossi and chapters’ contributors Published by De Gruyter Poland Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak Associate Editors: Francesca Corazza and Łukasz Połczyński Language Editor: Rebecca Crozier www.degruyter.com Cover illustration: Łukasz Połczyński; Ancient South Arabian inscription (Ṣanʿāʾ, Military Museum, MṢM 149) Contents Introduction   XIII The Experience of DASI Project   XIV Concept and Content of the Volume   XV Reading Path   XVII Acknowledgements   XVIII Alessandra Avanzini, Annamaria De Santis and Irene Rossi 1 Encoding, Interoperability, Lexicography: Digital Epigraphy Through the Lens of DASI Experience   1 1.1 Digitizing the Epigraphic Heritage of Ancient Arabia: From CSAI to DASI   1 1.2 Data Modelling and Textual Encoding   3 1.2.1 The Data Model: XML vs Database    3 1.2.2 The Conceptual Model: Text vs Object   5 1.2.3 Encoding for Curated Digital Editions: In-Line vs External Apparatus Criticus   7 1.3 Interoperability   9 1.3.1 Text Encoding and Representation: Standards vs Specificities   9 1.3.2 Harmonization of Metadata   10 1.3.3 Openness and Semantic Interoperability   12 1.4 Lexicography   13 1.4.1 Approach to Under-Resourced Languages   13 1.4.2 Translations   15 1.5 Conclusions and General Remarks   16 Bibliography   16 Part I: Data Modelling and Encoding for Curated Editions and Linguistic Study Christiane Zimmermann, Kerstin Kazzazi and Jens-Uwe Bahr 2 Methodological, Structural and Technical Challenges of a German-English Runic/RuneS Database   21 2.1 Introduction   21 2.1.1 The Main Research Areas and the Specific Profile of RuneS    21 2.1.2 RuneS and Digital Epigraphy   22 2.1.3 Why is a Digital RuneS Database Necessary?    23 2.2 Design of the Database   24 2.2.1 Design of the Database – Step Zero: Basic Considerations   24 2.2.2 Design of the Database – Step One: Type of Data?    24 2.2.2.1 Backbone of the Database: The Find Fields   26 2.2.3 Design of the Database – Step Two: The Graphemic Section and the Structure of the Database    28 2.2.4 Design of the Database – Step Three: The Bilingual Layout   31 2.2.4.1 Bilingual Terminology: Choices   31 2.2.4.2 Bilingual Terminology: Technical Aspects   32 2.2.5 Design of the Database – Step Four: Data Mask for the Input of Graphic and Graphemic Data   33 2.3 Concluding Remarks   34 Bibliography   35 María José Estarán, Francisco Beltrán, Eduardo Orduña and Joaquín Gorrochategui 3 Hesperia, a Database for Palaeohispanic Languages; and AELAW, a Database for the Ancient European Languages and Writings. Challenges, Solutions, Prospects   36 3.1 Introduction to BDHesp and AELAW Databases   37 3.2 Palaeohispanic Languages and Writings   38 3.3 BDHesp (Banco de Datos de Lenguas Paleohispánicas Hesperia)   40 3.3.1 Developing BDHesp: From an Epigraphic Database to a Databank of Palaeohispanic Languages   41 3.3.2 Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of Palaeohispanic Epigraphy and Solutions Adressed in BDHesp    42 3.4 AELAW   45 3.4.1 Developing of the AELAW Database   46 3.4.2 Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of Palaeo-European Epigraphy and Solutions Addressed in AELAW   47 Bibliography   48 Francesco Di Filippo 4 Sinleqiunnini: Designing an Annotated Text Collection for Logo-Syllabic Writing Systems   49 4.1 The Project   49 4.2 Collection Design: Mark-Up Languages Versus Database Model   51 4.3 Sinleqiunnini Data Container   57 4.4 Conclusions   61 Bibliography   63 Christian Prager, Nikolai Grube, Maximilian Brodhun, Katja Diederichs, Franziska Diehr, Sven Gronemeyer and Elisabeth Wagner 5 The Digital Exploration of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Language   65 5.1 Introduction   65 5.2 Maya Hieroglyphic Writing   67 5.2.1 Decipherment   71 5.2.2 Sign Lists and Classification   72 5.3 Digital Epigraphy of Classic Mayan   73 5.3.1 Documentation of Object Information   73 5.3.1.1 Controlled Vocabularies   74 5.3.1.2 Technical Infrastructure   75 5.3.2 Documentation of Signs and Graphs   76 5.3.2.1 Modelling Graph Variants   77 5.3.2.2 Modelling Multiple Sign Functions   77 5.3.2.3 Evaluating Sign Readings   78 5.3.2.4 Components for Generating a Digital Corpus   79 5.3.2.5 A TEI Schema for Digitally Documenting Maya Inscriptions   80 5.3.2.6 Multi-Level, Semi-Automatic Annotation of Classic Mayan   80 5.4 Summary and Conclusion   81 Bibliography   82 Alessandro Bausi and Pietro M. Liuzzo 6 Inscriptions from Ethiopia. Encoding Inscriptions in Beta Maṣāḥǝft   84 6.1 Ethiopian and Eritrean Ancient Epigraphy   84 6.2 Beta Maṣāḥǝft   87 6.3 Inscriptions in Beta Maṣāḥǝft   88 6.3.1 The Challenges of Encoding Inscriptions in Semitic Scripts   88 6.3.2 Multilingual Inscriptions   90 6.3.3 Inscriptions in Greek   91 6.4 Conclusions   92 Bibliography   92 Paolo Xella and José Á. Zamora 7 Phoenician Digital Epigraphy: CIP Project, the State of the Art   93 7.1 Motive of the Project and Institutional Background   93 7.2 Aims and General Description of the Project   94 7.3 Basic Technical Data   95 7.4 Organization and Structure of the Corpus   97 7.5 State of the Database and Future Outlook   100 Bibliography   101 Daniel Burt, Ahmad Al-Jallad and Michael C.A. Macdonald 8 The Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia   102 8.1 The Background to OCIANA   102 8.1.1 Building a Digital Corpus: Challenges, Objectives and Perspectives   106 8.2 The Development of OCIANA   108 8.3 The Future of OCIANA   115 Bibliography   116 Anne Multhoff 9 A Methodological Framework for the Epigraphic South Arabian Lexicography. The Case of the Sabaic Online Dictionary   118 9.1 Introduction   118 9.1.1 General Remarks   118 9.1.2 Scope of the Project   119 9.2 Material Base   120 9.2.1 Character of Material   120 9.2.2 Collection of Material   121 9.2.3 Organisation of Material   121 9.3 Morphological Analysis   122 9.4 Definition of Lemmata   123 9.4.1 Treatment of Homographs   123 9.4.2 Deliberate Splitting of Lexemes   124 9.4.3 Heterographs with Identical Meaning   125 9.4.4 Treatment of Incorrect Forms   125 9.5 Presentation of Material    126 9.5.1 Structure of Presentation   126 9.5.2 Accessible Material   127 9.5.2.1 Translation   127 9.5.2.2 Existing Translations   128 9.5.2.3 Etymological Parallels   129 9.5.2.4 Morphological Catalogue   129 9.5.2.5 Examples in Context   129 9.6 Results Reached Thus Far   130 Bibliography   131 Ronald Ruzicka 10 KALAM: A Word Analyzer for Sabaic   133 10.1 An Automatic Word Analyzer for Languages Epigraphically Attested   133 10.2 Requirements of the Word Analyzer for Sabaic   135 10.3 Functioning of the Word Analyzer   136 10.3.1 Using KALAM   137 10.4 Future Perspectives   139 Bibliography   140 Jamie Novotny and Karen Radner 11 Official Inscriptions of the Middle East in Antiquity: Online Text Corpora and Map Interface   141 11.1 Introduction   141 11.2 Overview of OIMEA and Its Sub-Projects   143 11.2.1 Royal Inscriptions of Assyria Online   144 11.2.2 Royal Inscriptions of Babylonia Online   145 11.3 The Map Interface Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities  147 11.4 Methodological Problems and Technical Issues    150 11.5 Future Prospects   152 Bibliography   153 Sébastien Biston-Moulin and Christophe Thiers 12 The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple   155 12.1 Introduction   155 12.2 Towards an Interactive Corpus of Primary Sources in Ancient Egyptian   157 12.2.1 Fieldwork and Implementation of the Tools   157 12.2.2 Production and Dissemination of Reference Documents   159 12.2.3 From Plain Text to Indexed Interactive Text   161 12.3 Progress and Prospects   163 Bibliography   164 Part II: Providing Access: Portals, Interoperability and Aggregators Gerfrid G.W. Müller and Daniel Schwemer 13 Hethitologie-Portal Mainz (HPM). A Digital Infrastructure for Hittitology and Related Fields in Ancient Near Eastern Studies   167 13.1 Remit and Unique Proposition   167 13.2 Objectives: Innovation, Collaboration, Acceleration   169 13.3 History and Status Quo 2017   170 13.4 Organization: A Network of Researchers and Projects   171 13.5 Digital Components and Concepts   172 13.5.1 Components of HPM   172 13.5.2 Open Standards and Widespread Open-Source Software   173 13.5.3 Continuity Online: Development and Experiences   174 13.5.4 Tools for Scholars, not Scholars for Tools   175 13.5.5 Connecting Data   177 13.6 Outlook: Expansion, Connectivity, Sustainability   178 Bibliography   179 Nadia Cannata 14 EDV – Italian Medieval Epigraphy in the Vernacular Some Editorial Problems Discussed    180 14.1 The Corpus   180 14.2 The Background   181 14.3 History, Geography, Forms and Functions   182 14.4 How are the Data Organized    185 14.5 Conclusion   189 Bibliography   190 Mark Depauw 15 Trismegistos: Optimizing Interoperability for Texts from the Ancient World   193 15.1 The Development of Trismegistos (Texts)   193 15.2 New Techniques & Other Trismegistos Databases   196 15.3 The Raison d’Être of Trismegistos   198 Bibliography   200 Adam Rabinowitz, Ryan Shaw and Patrick Golden 16 Making up for Lost Time: Digital Epigraphy, Chronology, and the PeriodO Project   202 16.1 The Promise of Digital Epigraphy   202 16.2 The Trouble with Time   204 16.3 The PeriodO Temporal Gazetteer   206 16.3.1 PeriodO and Digital Epigraphy   207 16.3.2 Using the PeriodO Gazetteer in Epigraphic Corpora   209 16.3.2.1 Technical Specifications   209 16.3.2.2 Reconciliation   210 16.3.2.3 Adding Data to the Gazetteer   211 16.3.2.4 EpiDoc Guidelines   212 16.4 Conclusions   212 Bibliography   214 Pietro M. Liuzzo 17 EAGLE Continued: IDEA. The International Digital Epigraphy Association   216 17.1 The EAGLE Project Steps   216 17.1.1 The EAGLE Aggregator   216 17.1.2 The EAGLE Portal   217 17.2 IDEA   218 17.3 Methodological Issues Faced During EAGLE   219 17.4 Methodological Issues Faced After EAGLE   223 17.5 General Issues in Digital Epigraphy   225 17.6 Conclusions   228 Bibliography   228 Thomas Kollatz 18 EPIDAT – Research Platform for Jewish Epigraphy   231 18.1 Introduction   231 18.2 EPIDAT Metadata Collections   232 18.3 Text Encoding   233 18.4 Reuse of Data   235 18.5 Interoperability   236 Bibliography   238 Jonathan R.W. Prag and James Chartrand 19 I.Sicily: Building a Digital Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient Sicily  240 19.1 Background   240 19.2 Challenges and Ambitions   245 19.2.1 Text-Editing and Annotation   245 19.2.2 Linked Open Data?   248 19.2.3 Collaboration and Outreach   249 19.3 Conclusions   251 Bibliography   251 Conclusions   253 Appendix A   258 Appendix B   289 List of Figures and Tables   293 Index   296 Sébastien Biston-Moulin and Christophe Thiers 12 The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple Abstract: This article is concerned with the technical and methodological challenges encountered during a project to comprehensively document the inscriptions of the largest ancient Egyptian temple. This project aims to produce a complete inventory, and editing of, primary textual sources written in several varieties of the ancient Egyptian language and script: hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic. The issues discussed concern the implementation of the digital tool, the need for a network of collaborators in order to process the large volume of documentation, and the need to identify digital solutions to preserve textual data from the Egyptian site. Finally, the lexicographic aspect of the project is discussed. Keywords: ancient Egypt, Karnak temples, digital hieroglyphic corpora, high resolution orthophotographs, heritage preservation 12.1 Introduction For nearly two millennia the temples of Karnak were one of the religious and political capitals of ancient Egypt. Today, they form an archaeological area of 25 hectares, where thousands of inscriptions, scenes and inscribed objects are preserved or have been discovered on-site. The temple consists of a main complex with a double east- west and south-north axis (Figure 12.1) dedicated to the divinity Amun-Re who, among other prerogatives, guaranteed the rightful transmission of royalty. This complex has therefore received special attention from those who attempted to, or actually gained, power, each ruler seeking to leave his contribution in the temple of the “father” from whom he derived part of his legitimacy to govern. In addition, various temples dedicated to other deities, such as Ptah, Khonsu, and Osiris, are included in the main temple’s enclosure. The hieroglyphic inscriptions of this complex range from 2000 BCE to the first century CE. Despite the obvious historical, religious and linguistic importance of these documents, the publication of the lexical and iconographic data of this vast sanctuary was, until recently, far from complete. No compilation, index or glossary had been produced to extract the content of these documents. Sébastien Biston-Moulin, CNRS, UMR 5140, Archéologie des sociétés méditerranéennes Christophe Thiers, CNRS, USR 3172, Centre Franco-Égyptien d’Étude des Temples de Karnak 156   The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple Figure 12.1: Main axis of the temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak (© CNRS-CFEETK) Thanks to the presence of a permanent CNRS team on site,1 the objective of the Karnak project, initiated in 2013, was primarily to collect this unique amount of epigraphic material. This objective immediately raised the question of the organization of such documentation. How to collect, in an optimal way, these inscriptions that span millennia and use different writing systems, and subsequently, how to disseminate the richness of their contents as widely as possible? Since many of the inscriptions are still known only through hardcopies that are sometimes very old (mid-19th century), or remain unpublished, how to provide a level of documentation to be used both for the edition of primary sources and for research? Faced with a constantly deteriorating heritage, despite all the attention given to these monuments, what is the best way to sufficiently document, and thereby preserve, the information as it stands today, in the event of a deterioration of these reliefs? To address these difficulties, we have chosen to build a comprehensive corpus of the primary sources from the site that would collect all the published and unpublished information concerning these inscriptions, as well as high-resolution photographs 1 French-Egyptian Centre for the Study of the Temples of Karnak (CFEETK – CNRS, USR 3172).  Towards an Interactive Corpus of Primary Sources in Ancient Egyptian   157 serving autoptic reading. It was also necessary for this corpus to be georeferenced to set each inscription within its textual and iconographic context in the temple. Finally, in order to provide access to the content of the inscriptions, it was necessary to implement solutions for lexical analysis. This corpus has obviously taken the form of a digital tool used both for editing hieroglyphic texts and for disseminating them. 12.2 Towards an Interactive Corpus of Primary Sources in Ancient Egyptian 12.2.1 Fieldwork and Implementation of the Tools The first problem we faced was having a tool that could support the documentation related to a language (ancient Egyptian) that uses a figurative writing (hieroglyphs) with a set of signs having a potentially infinite number of graphic variants, without punctuation. The challenge was even wider, since a significant part of the Karnak temples’ inscriptions (more than 10,000 in total) use further writing systems such as hieratic and demotic. Since the 1990s, projects encoding hieroglyphic texts from a particular corpus or a language stage have multiplied, with the aim of producing lexicographic or morphological analysis tools.2 However, none of these tools was available for reuse and none seemed to be suitable for producing a reference edition of these texts. The sheer number of documents that needed to be processed was also an obstacle to overcome. It was therefore necessary to develop an ad hoc tool meeting the specific objectives of the project. Hosted by the Huma-Num service grid, which aims to facilitate the digital turn in humanities and social sciences in France, this tool allows the project team to compile the corpus of the inscriptions of Karnak (Figure 12.2).3 Once the application had been implemented, the next problem encountered was the lack of an exhaustive inventory of the epigraphic documentation of the 2   To mention only the main ones: Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (Hafemann & Dils, 2013) [http:// aaew.bbaw.de/tla/] and Online Ramses (Polis, Honnay, & Winand, 2013; Polis & Winand, 2013) [http://ramses.ulg.ac.be/]. 3 [http://sith.huma-num.fr/karnak]. 158   The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple Karnak complex. The project team4 proceeded to document the complex monument by monument, wall by wall, object by object. The process entails the cataloguing of scenes, objects and inscriptions in a common reference system and the creation of bibliographic records when they have already been published or mentioned. Every text receives a unique identification number (KIU: Karnak Identifiant Unique) that works as a reference throughout the project and enables the creation of URIs (Uniform Resource Identifier) for the inscriptions. Figure 12.2: A scene and its inscriptions from the White Chapel of Senusret I (ca. 2000 BCE)5 The second issue was the integration of different language stages (Middle Egyptian, Late Egyptian, Ptolemaic) and writing systems (hieroglyphs, hieratic, demotic). Two teams, one from the University of Oxford (Dr. Elizabeth Frood and Chiara 4 Thanks to substantial funding in the form of a “Laboratoire d’Excellence” called Archimede, for a seven-year period (2013–2019), it has been possible to bring together a team that has grown over the years from five to seven people. Since 2013, 37 authors contributed to the project: Dr. Ali Abdelhalim Ali, Romane Betbeze, Silke Cassor-Pfeiffer, Dr. Léo Cagnard, Dr. Marion Claude, Dr. Laurent Coulon, Edwin Dalino, Dr. Gabriella Dembitz, Dr. Didier Devauchelle, Dr. Abraham Fernandez Pichel, Tiphai- ne Fignon, Elsa Fournie, Dr. Marc Gabolde, Dr. Luc Gabolde, Dr. Mohamed Gamal Rashed, Maeva Ger- vason, Mounir Habachy, Fanny Hamonic, Dr. Jérémy Hourdin, Marie-Paule Jung, Dr. Charlie Labarta, Dr. Françoise Labrique, Dr. Cédric Larcher, Mélie Louys, Dr. Dina Metawi, Dr. Elena Panaite, Anne- Hélène Perrot, Dr. Renaud Pietri, Dr. René Preys, Dr. Émeline Pulicani, Dr. Mohamed Raafat Abbas, Dr. Laurie Rouviere, Chiara Salvador, Dr. Anaïs Tillier, Dr. Ghislaine Widmer and the present authors. 5 [http://sith.huma-num.fr/karnak/1098].  Towards an Interactive Corpus of Primary Sources in Ancient Egyptian   159 Salvador) and the other from the University of Lille (Dr. Didier Devauchelle and Dr. Ghislaine Widmer), thus joined the project for the integration of hieratic and demotic documentation. While hieroglyphic texts are entered using a hieroglyphic word processor (Rosmorduc, 2014) and a font adapted to Karnak’s inscriptions, we have chosen, in accordance with these two partners, to use facsimiles embedded in the interface as a medium for the hieratic and demotic texts. All inventoried documents have been then organized topographically, and the decorations of the monuments have been arranged hierarchically by section, wall, register, and so on. This work enables immediate contextualization of the different texts in the temples, and the ability to move easily from one to those around it. To avoid restricting the work carried out on the project’s online interface, a first volume of the inventory of monuments, objects, scenes and inscriptions of the temples of Karnak, gathering all information collected in the framework of the project, was published in 2016 (Biston-Moulin, 2016). This inventory will be periodically updated in the coming years. The project seeks to be as thorough as possible and includes data from the Cachette of Karnak, a database which has been developed by the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology (IFAO) and the CNRS since 2006 (Coulon & Jambon, 2016) devoted to about a thousand statues and objects unearthed at the same location in the Karnak temple at the beginning of the 19th century, and which are now kept in various museums around the world.6 12.2.2 Production and Dissemination of Reference Documents An additional technical difficulty was managing a large amount of photographic data. In addition to the text edition, one of the objectives of the Karnak project is to produce a complete photographic record of the inscriptions of the temples. High- resolution photographs had to accompany the publication of the inscriptions in the project interface. We have chosen to transfer the management of these files to Nakala, a service also provided by the Huma-Num research infrastructure for raw data,7 which grants unlimited storage for this photographic coverage. These files are thus separated from the publication interface of hieroglyphic texts, but can be accessed at any time as a reference document. Facsimiles of inscriptions and other archival documents may also be made available in this way. 6  The database of the Cachette is available at [http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bases/cachette/]; for the implementation of its data in the Karnak project, see [http://sith.huma-num.fr/karnak/3312]. 7 [https://www.nakala.fr/]. 160   The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple These high-resolution photographs are given metadata and distributed online. The metadata associated with these documents are interoperable (RDF/Sparql) to allow searches and ensure both data accessibility and reliability over time. The user is therefore consistently provided with tools for source criticism. The photographs also allow access to the palaeography of texts and to the relationship between these and the decors. The whole collection of archival photographs of the CFEETK, which cover nearly 150 years of work in the temple (1870–2018), are also associated with the relative documents through the Nakala repository, showing whether a text or a decoration is in a different state of preservation or context than in the past. Approximately 30,000 photographs illustrating the inscriptions are available at this stage. In order to obtain this coverage, a photographic campaign was established. Photogrammetric techniques are consistently used to produce reliable high-resolution orthophotographs of temple walls and objects in a limited time (Figure 12.3; Tournadre et al., 2017). Figure 12.3: Orthophotographic survey, data processing in Photoscan and detail of orthophotography of an inscription several meters high acquired by means of this technique  Towards an Interactive Corpus of Primary Sources in Ancient Egyptian   161 This exhaustive photographic coverage, the first made for Karnak, is also intended to preserve the textual and iconographic heritage of the temple as it stands today. Climate and anthropogenic degradations are to be feared and the disappearance of a relief, or part of it, is an irreplaceable loss. This may be counteracted with exploitable, high-resolution photographs, making this programme an absolutely crucial step towards the heritage preservation of the largest temple of Egypt, and should be encouraged on a broader level for all Egyptian sites. Although this method is very fast to implement and the work is progressing rapidly, one of our concerns is that it may be difficult to complete the photographic coverage within the timeframe of the project funding. 12.2.3 From Plain Text to Indexed Interactive Text The last technical issue we will discuss here is linked to the encoding of texts in ancient Egyptian. An interactive text in which the user can search, browse and see the contents with indexes has always been one of the central ideas of the project. Because of the complexity of the corpus itself, and the priority given to the acquisition and publication of primary sources on site, this step of the project could not be undertaken before 2015. In order to achieve this objective for hieroglyphic inscriptions, it was necessary to develop an indexation system flexible enough to process a very large quantity of lexical data, but also sufficiently detailed to allow a careful lexical analysis of inscriptions. Because of the partial knowledge of the ancient Egyptian vocabulary, we obviously needed a partner at this stage to undertake this lexical exploitation of Karnak’s data. We turned to the dictionary project of the University of Montpellier VÉgA – Vocabulaire de l’Égyptien Ancien led by Fr. Servajean, which aims to produce the first updated dictionary of ancient Egyptian in French since Jean-François Champollion.8 The richness of the data collected by the Karnak project was greatly valuable for the production of a dictionary, thus facilitating the partnership between the two projects. In 2015 we were therefore able to develop a new tool called “Système d’Indexation des Textes Hiéroglyphiques”, for indexing hieroglyphic, hieratic and demotic texts. This programme is designed to create lists of words, theonyms, toponyms, ethnic names and cult places, anthroponyms and names of kings from the contents of the corpus. It then detects possible attestations and allows the creation of indexes, classified both chronologically and topographically in the temple. To date, thanks to the indexing work, several hundred thousand attestations of identified terms and contexts are proposed. This application is used to transform the plain text entered by the members of the project into an interactive text indexed by the detection of 8 [http://vega-vocabulaire-egyptien-ancien.fr/]. 162   The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple the occurrences and morphological features of the elements of the sentence. Each possible attestation is then manually validated or rejected. The result is an annotated corpus that allows very detailed searches or compilations based on chronology, grammatical features or context of use (Figure 12.4). Figure 12.4: The world nsyt « Kingship » in the inscriptions of Karnak9 To broaden the dissemination of this compiled data, and reach a different audience from the online interface, a first volume of the Glossary of the Inscriptions of Karnak dedicated to the vocabulary was published in 2017 (Biston-Moulin, 2017). It includes about 100,000 word attestations spread over a little more than 2,000 years of use in Karnak. In the coming years, it is intended to periodically update this volume, giving access to an ever-increasing number of texts, and identified terms, attestations and contexts. Much remains to be done in order to complete and enrich the indexation of the inscriptions collected as part of the constitution of the corpus of Karnak texts. One of the objectives will be to make the whole corpus fully interoperable (TEI/EpiDoc) in order to increase its dissemination and allow the total or partial reuse of Karnak texts and indexed lexical data. One of the main difficulties in advancing this part of the project is the absence of a recent reference work or compilation mainly for lexicon, anthropoyms or toponyms. While the production of a lexicon of ancient Egyptian will hopefully be achieved 9 [http://sith.huma-num.fr/vocable/111].  Progress and Prospects   163 as a result of the progress of projects dealing with dictionaries, the production of an updated geographical gazetteer of toponyms attested in Egyptian inscriptions remains a remarkable desideratum.10 12.3 Progress and Prospects These are a few aspects of the main technical and methodological challenges that the Karnak project has had to overcome in the course of the production, still in progress, of the largest corpus of hieroglyphic texts freely available online. Through the choices made at the outset of the project, then during its development, and the technical solutions developed along the way, five years after its launch the Karnak project has collected, organized and edited more than 10,000 hieroglyphic, hieratic and demotic inscriptions. Its online interface available in French, English and Arabic has received more than 4,000,000 visitors. The edition of the Karnak project corpus will be completed in the coming years and our attention is now turning to the future of the data collected in the course of this digital epigraphy project. All the photographs are already stored and distributed via a system ensuring their long-term preservation. All of the textual data will be released in Open Access under a Creative Commons license.11 Beyond the difficulty in finding reference tools for ancient Egyptian, one of the unresolved questions of the project is the catalogue of the graphic variants of the hieroglyphic signs composing the various attestations of one term. This would be an extremely valuable addition to the existing data, but will probably require the implementation of specific tools that have yet to be defined for the project. This dimension obviously involves the photographic documentation that we have already collected, but also the work on the facsimiles. Even though this activity has been carried out since the beginning of the project, its progress is very slow, because of the time needed to produce such documents. The technical solutions and methodological choices adopted in the development of a digital epigraphy project on the largest Egyptian temple could naturally function as a foundation for the extension of the project beyond the Karnak temples. Integrating texts from other Egyptian sites or thematic corpora would certainly be the right step 10 These geographical names obviously concern territories, cities, temples, and monuments all over Egypt, but they also include numerous Asian and African territories, localities and ethnics whose names have been recorded in Egyptian texts. A few references to European place names such as the name of the city of Rome (Hrm) engraved in hieroglyphic inscriptions of Emperor Augustus in the temple of Opet at Karnak may also be found: [http://sith.huma-num.fr/toponyme/33], [https://www. nakala.fr/nakala/data/11280/e24901f5]. 11 Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/4.0/]. 164   The Karnak Project: A Comprehensive Edition of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Temple to open the way for a much larger collection of inscriptions in ancient Egyptian, overcoming the obstacles discussed here and benefiting from the flexibility and advantages of digital epigraphy for the edition, analysis and publication of sources in ancient Egyptian. Bibliography Biston-Moulin, S. (2016). Inventaire des monuments, objets, scènes et inscriptions des temples de Karnak. Montpellier. Retrieved from [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01329927/ document], 2017/11/1. Biston-Moulin, S. (2017). Glossaire des inscriptions de Karnak I. Le vocabulaire. Montpellier. Retrieved from [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01549230/document], 2017/11/1. Coulon, L. & Jambon, E. (2016). L’exploitation scientifique de la Cachette de Karnak, de Georges Legrain à nos jours. Essai d’historiographie. In L. Coulon (Ed.), La Cachette de Karnak. Nouvelles perspectives sur les découvertes de Georges Legrain (pp. 89–129). Cairo: Ifao. Hafemann, I. & Dils, P. (2013). Der Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae – Konzepte und Perspektiven. In I. Hafemann (Ed.), Perspektiven einer corpusbasierten historischen Linguistik und Philologie. Internationale Tagung des Akademienvorhabens „Altägyptisches Wörterbuch“ an der Berlin- Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 12.–13. Dezember 2011 (pp. 127–143). Berlin: BBAW. Polis, S., Honnay, A.-C., & Winand, J. (2013). Building an Annotated Corpus of Late Egyptian. The Ramses Project: Review and Perspectives. In S. Polis & J. 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