Ceramic Industy Developments in the Theban Area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty : Between Tradition and Innovations, in E. Pischikova, J. Budka, K. Griffin (ed.)Thebes in the First Millennium BC : Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond, GHP Egyptology 27, London, 2018, p. 335-356.

Stéphanie Boulet

This paper challenges the traditional dating of the fire which destroyed North Karnak through the analysis of ceramics discovered in a razed mud brick building- NKF35 - located west of the sanctuary of Montu. The fire has previously been attributed to the invasion of Cambyses II in 525BC, but we show that the structure NKF35 was most likely burnt in an earlier period. Statistical study of the types of vessels gives us a hint as to the nature and possible functions of this building found in the vicinity of the Chapel of Osiris Nebdjet, which is likely to be contemporary.

The mission ‘Osirian Sanctuaries at Karnak’ (IFAO, CFEETK, EPHE, HiSoMA, Orient & Mediterranée, INRAP) aims at a systematic recording of epigraphic material from the monuments dedicated to Osiris at Karnak and an in-depth study of the development of his cult in this area. Over the past few years, besides excavations carried out in the northern part of Karnak, an epigraphic survey has been undertaken in seven chapels (Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau, Osiris ‘Neb-neheh’, Osiris Neb-ankh/pa-wesheb-iad, Osiris of Coptos, Osiris Hery-ib-pa-ished, Osiris wep-ished, and Osiris-Ptah Neb-ankh), the first six currently being prepared for publication in a series of monographs. In addition to the recording of scenes in situ, a long process of reconstruction of the decoration is required for each of these monuments, by using archival photographs, drawings, and the collection of data on blocks from these chapels now kept in the storerooms of the site, in museums, or elsewhere. This paper will give an update on the work achieved in the last few years, focusing on several aspects of the study led by our team. The historical study of some of these Osirian chapels has led to a better understanding of their devel-opment during different reigns and highlighted the information they provide concerning the intricate chronology of the Third Intermediate and Late Periods. As for the art historical study, it has focused on a comparative analysis of the decorative programme of the Osirian chapels in Karnak. It studies ideological and propagandistic functions of their decoration, investigates their style being a combination of innovation and archaism, and aims to analyse the artistic techniques.

Among the different kinds of Egyptian garments there is a sash that appeared during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty in Thebes. This sash hangs around the neck, with its ends arranged unevenly, falling freely down the chest. In most depictions it appears as a vestment on some of the high-stewards of the Divine Adoratrices, who are represented in similar scenes, following the God’s Wife of Amun. However, there are examples of other officials wearing the neck-sash and thus the association of this garment with the high-stewards remains problematic.

Thebes in the First Millennium BC: Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka, Kenneth Griffin (editors) GHP Egyptology 27 Published by Golden House Publications London 2018 © all rights reserved All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without prior written permission from Golden House Publications. Cover front Vignette of the Seventh Hour of the Night in the tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) depicting Khonsu (photo: K. Blakeney) Printed in the United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-906137-59-5 Printed by CPI Group (UK) Ltd. Croydon CR0 4YY Table of Contents Abbreviations vii List of contributors x Introduction 1 Acknowledgements 6 Part A: South Asasif Elena Pischikova Recreating Kushite Tombs: Ten Years of the South Asasif Conservation Project 9 Elena Pischikova Recording the Art of Karakhamun 25 Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali Conservation and Reconstruction of the Second Pillared Hall of the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) 49 Kenneth Griffin A Preliminary Report on the Hours of the Night in the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) 59 Miguel Á. Molinero Polo & Andrea Rodríguez Valls Palaeographical Peculiarities and Scribal Handwriting in the Burial Chamber of Karakhamun (TT 223) 71 Erhart Graefe Preliminary Report on the Usurpation of the Tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) by the High Steward of the 97 God’s Adoratrix, Padibastet John Billman A Brief Note on a Rare Find of Ivory from the Tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) 108 Part B: North Asasif Silvia Einaudi Combination of Tradition and Innovation in the Decorative Programme of the Tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) 117 Claude Traunecker Abydenian Pilgrimage, Immortal stars and Theban Liturgies in the Tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) 126 Louise Gestermann & Farouk Gomaà Remarks on the Decoration and Conception of the Theban Tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34) 152 TABLE OF CONTENTS Isabelle Régen The Book of Nut in the Late Period Tombs of the Asasif Necropolis: With a Focus on the Decorative 162 Layout in the Tombs of Padiamenope (TT 33) and Montuemhat (TT 34) Mareike Wagner New Research in the Tomb of Ibi (TT 36) 177 Part C: West Bank Benoît Lurson, with a contribution by Franck Mourot From the Foundations to the Excavation: A Stratigraphy-based History of the Temple of Tuya 193 Marta Kaczanowicz The Third Intermediate Period and Late Period Burials to the West of the South Asasif Necropolis: 214 Polish Excavations in the Tombs MMA 1151 and 1152 Gábor Schreiber The Reuse of New Kingdom Tombs during the Kushite/Saite Period: The Case of Theban Tomb -400- 231 Part D: Luxor and Karnak Mostafa Waziry, Ahmed Araby, Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali Luxor Temple: The Conservation and Restoration of the Standing Colossus of Ramesses II in Front of 247 the First Pylon of Luxor Temple Jérémy Hourdin The Kushite Kiosks of Karnak and Luxor: A Cross-over Study 255 Laurent Coulon, Aleksandra Hallmann, Frédéric Payraudeau The Osirian Chapels at Karnak: An Historical and Art Historical Overview Based on Recent 271 Fieldwork and Studies Essam Nagy The Chapel of Osiris-Ptah Neb-ankh: A Report on the Fourth Season of Work 294 Part E: Art Eltayeb Abbas Iconography and Rituals in the Decorations of Bab el-Gusus Coffins: A Work in Progress 307 Dietrich Wildung Afrikanisches in der ägyptischen Kunst? 323 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Part F: Ceramics Stéphanie Boulet Ceramic Industry Developments in the Theban Area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty: Between 335 Traditions and Innovations Julia Budka Kushite Pottery in Egypt: An Update from Thebes and Abydos 357 Part G: Religion and Cults Cynthia May Sheikholeslami Montu Priests in Third Intermediate Period Thebes 375 Angelika Lohwasser, Meike Becker, Anke Ilona Blöbaum Relationship between Religion and Politics in First Millennium BC Thebes: A Case Study on the 394 Original Location of the Triumphal Stela of Piankhy v Abbreviations Abbreviations follow the standard used by the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO). MATHIEU, B. Abréviations des périodiques et collections en usage à l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 6th ed (Cairo: Divers 4, 2017) Available fromhttp://www.ifao.egnet.net/uploads/publications/enligne/IF1098.pdf ÄA Ägyptologische Abhandlungen AAALiv Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology ÄAT Ägypten und Altes Testament: Studien zu Geschichte, Kultur und Religion Ägyptens und des Alten Testaments AAWB Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Achet Achet: Schriften zur Ägyptologie ADAIK Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo AegHelv Aegyptiaca Helvetica AegLeod Aegyptiaca leodiensia AegMonast Aegyptiaca monasteriensia ÄF Ägyptologische Forschungen AHAW Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Ä&L Ägypten und Levante. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren Nachgebiete ÄMPB Ägyptische und Orientalische Papyri und Handschriften des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin AnOr Analecta orientalia AOB Analecta orientalia belgica ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte ASEg Archaeological Survey of Egypt AV Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, AbteilungKairo BAÄ Beiträge zum Alten Ägypten BABA Beiträge zur ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde BACE Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology BAR-IS British Archaeological Reports (International Series) BCE Bulletin de liaison du Groupe international d’étude de la céramique égyptienne BdÉ Bibliothèque d’étude BeitrÄg Beiträge zur Ägyptologie BES Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar BEStud Brown Egyptological Studies BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale BiOr Bibliotheca orientalis BMMA Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art BMOP British Museum Occasional Papers BMSAES British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan BollSer Bollingen Series Boreas Boreas. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations BSF Beiträge zur Sudanforschung, Beiheft BSFE Bulletin de la Société française d’égyptologie BSGA Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology CAENL Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant CahKarn Cahiers de Karnak CCE Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne CCE (S) Cahiers caribéens d’égyptologie ABBREVIATIONS CCEM Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean CdE Chronique d’Égypte CEA Connaissance de l’Egypte Ancienne CENiM Cahiers de l’Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne CGC Catalogue général des du Musée du Caire CHANE Culture and History of the Ancient Near East CNIP The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Near East Studies, Publications CRIPEL Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et égyptologie de Lille CSEG Cahiers de la Société d’égyptologie de Genève CT DE BUCK, A., The Egyptian Coffin Texts, 7 vols. (Chicago: OIP 34, 49, 64, 67, 73, 81, 87, 1935– 1961). CTA Les Cahiers techniques de l’art D3T Documents de Théologies Thébaines Tardives DE Discussions in Egyptology Description COMMISSION DES MONUMENTS D’ÉGYPTE, Description de l’Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’expédition de l’Armée française (Antiquités) 9 vols (Paris, 1809–1822). DÖAW Denkschriften der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften EA Egyptian Archaeology: The Bulletin of the Egyptian Exploration Society EgMem Egyptological Memoirs EgUit Egyptologische Uitgaven EAO Egypte. Afrique et Orient Enchoria Enchoria: Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie ENiM Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne ERA Egyptian Research Account ERTR Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations EtudEg Études d’égyptologie ÉtudTrav Études et travaux: Travaux du Centre d’archéologie méditerranéene de l’Académie polonaise des sciences EVO Egitto e Vicino Oriente FIFAO Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale Geneva Geneva, nouvelle série GHPE Golden House Publications: Egyptology GM Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion GOF Göttinger Orientforschungen HAT Handschriften des Altägyptischen Totenbuches HbOr Handbuch der Orientalistik HistArch Histoire et archéologie. Les Dossiers IBAES Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie IcRel Iconography of Religions JACF Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum JANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JSSEA Journal of the Society of the Studies of Egyptian Antiquities JWIS JANSEN-WINKELN, K., Inschriften der Spätzeit, 4 vols (Wiesbaden: 2007–2014). Kêmi Kêmi: Revue de philologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes et coptes KRI KITCHEN, K.A., Ramesside Inscriptions. Historical and Biographical, 8 vols (Oxford, 1968– 1991). Kyphi Kyphi. Bulletin du Cercle lyonnais d’égyptologie Victor Loret vii ABBREVIATIONS LÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie LD LEPSIUS, K.R., Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV. nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition, 6 vols (Berlin, (1849– 1859). LD Text LEPSIUS, K.R., Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, Text herausgegeben von Eduard Naville, 5 vols (Leipzig, 1897–1913). LGG C. LEITZ, D. BUDDE, P. DILS, L. GOLDBRUNNER, D. MENDEL, F. FÖRSTER, D. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN, B. VENTKER (eds.). (2002–2003). Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen, 8 vols (Leuven: OLA 110–116, 129, 2002–2003). MÄS Münchner Ägyptologische Studien MDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo MEEF Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund MEES Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society Memnonia Memnonia: Bulletin édité par l’Association pour la sauvegarde du Ramesseum Memnonia. CS Memnonia. Cahier Supplémentaire MIFAO Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire MittSAG Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin MMAES Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Studies MMJ Metropolitan Museum Journal MonAeg Monumenta aegyptiaca MRE Monographies Reine Élisabeth OA Oriens Antiquus OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis OIC Oriental Institute Communications OIMP Oriental Institute Museum Publications OINE Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition OIP Oriental Institute Publications OLA Orientalia lovaniensia analecta Op. Ath. Opuscula Athenensia ORA Orientalische Religionen in der Antike. Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient OUEN Oxford University Excavations in Nubia PalHiero Paléographie hiéroglyphique PALMA-Eg PALMA. Papers on Archeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities. Egyptology PAM Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean PAM Supplement Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Supplement Series PdÄ Probleme der Ägyptologie P.L.Bat. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava PM I/12 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings I: The Theban Necropolis, Part 1: Private Tombs, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1960). PM I/22 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings I: The Theban Necropolis, Part 2: Royal Tombs and Smaller Cemeteries, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1964). PM II² PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings II: Theban Temples, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1972). PM III/22 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings III: Memphis, Part 2: Ṣaqqâra to Dahshûr, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1981). PM VII PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings VII: Nubia, the Deserts, and Outside Egypt (Oxford, 1951). viii ABBREVIATIONS PMMA Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art PN RANKE, H., Die ägyptischen Personennamen, 3 vols (Glückstadt, 1935–1952). PT SETHE, K.H., Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte, nach den Papierabdrücken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, 4 vols (Leipzig, 1908–1922). PTA Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen RAPH Recherches d’archéologie, d’philologie et d’histoire RdE Revue d’égyptologie RLMF Revue du Louvre et des musées de France SAGA Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens SAK Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur SAOC Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations SARS Publication Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication SASAE Suppléments aux Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte SAT Studien zum altägyptischen Totenbuch SDAIK Sonderschrift des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo ShirEgypt Shire Egyptology Sokar Sokar. Die Welt der Pyramiden SRAT Studien zu den Ritualszenen altägyptischer Tempel ŚSA Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne SSR Studien zur spätägyptischen Religion StudEgypt Studies in Egyptology SudNub Sudan & Nubia TbT Totenbuchtexte TrabEg Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt TTS Theban Tombs Series UEE UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Urk. IV SETHE, K.H., H.W. HELCK, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie (Leipzig, Berlin: Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, 1906–1958). USE Uppsala Studies in Egyptology UZK Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes VicOr Vicino Oriente. Annuario del Dipartimento di scienze storiche archeologiche e antropologiche dell’Antichità WVDOG Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes Wb ERMAN, A., H. GRAPOW, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 7 vols (Leipzig, 1926–1963). YES Yale Egyptological Studies ZÄS Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde ZÄS Beiheft Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde – Beiheft ZBA Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie ix List of Contributors Eltayeb Abbas: Minya University, Egypt Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali: Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt; South Asasif Conservation Project Ahmed Araby: Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt Meike Becker: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany John Billman: Thames Valley Ancient Egypt Society, UK; South Asasif Conservation Project Anke Ilona Blöbaum: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Stéphanie Boulet: Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3; LabEx Archimède, France Julia Budka: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; South Asasif Conservation Project Laurent Coulon: EPHE, PSL Research University, EA 4519, Paris, France Silvia Einaudi: École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France Louise Gestermann: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Farouk Gomaà: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany Kenneth Griffin: Swansea University, UK; South Asasif Conservation Project Erhart Graefe: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany; South Asasif Conservation Project Aleksandra Hallmann: Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences; Oriental Institute, Chicago, USA. Jérémy Hourdin: CNRS, USR 3172; CFEETK; LabEx Archimède, France Marta Kaczanowicz: Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland Angelika Lohwasser: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Benoît Lurson: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Universität Leipzig, Germany Miguel Á. Molinero Polo: Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; South Asasif Conservation Project Franck Mourot: Archéologue, attaché de conservation du patrimoine. Chef des services culturels de la ville de Bar-le-Duc, France Essam Nagy: The Egypt Exploration Society, Egypt; Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt; Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München, Germany Frédéric Payraudeau: Université Paris-Sorbonne, UMR 8167, Paris, France Elena Pischikova: South Asasif Conservation Project; American University in Cairo, Egypt Isabelle Régen: Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France Andrea Rodríguez Valls: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; South Asasif Conservation Project Gábor Schreiber: Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Cynthia May Sheikholeslami: Independent Scholar, Cairo, Egypt Claude Traunecker: Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7044, France Mareike Wagner: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany Mostafa Waziry: Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt Dietrich Wildung: Naga Project, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst München, Germany Introduction International Research Focusing on the First Millennium BC This volume, Thebes in the First Millennium BC: Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond, is a collection of articles, most of which are based on the talks given at the conference of the same name organised by the team of the South Asasif Conservation Project (SACP), an Egyptian-American mission working under the auspices of the Ministry of Antiquities (MoA), Egypt in Luxor in 2016. The conference was organised in cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquities and the Egypt Exploration Society (EES) by a committee that included Elena Pischikova (Director of the SACP), Julia Budka (SACP), Kenneth Griffin (SACP), John Billman (SACP), Essam Nagy (EES), Shaaban Abd el-Gawad (MoA), and Mohamed Mokhtar (MoA). It was a follow-up to a very successful event in 2012.1 Since the first conference, fieldwork at Kushite, Saite, and other sites of the First Millennium BC have continued and it seemed worth bringing together speakers who would share the most recent results of their field research in the tombs and temples of the Twenty-fifth–Twenty-sixth dynasties in Thebes and other archaeological sites, as well as addressing a variety of issues relevant to different aspects of Egyptian monuments of this era. The aim of this volume is, therefore, to illustrate recent advances, to give an overview of the most important fieldwork projects dedicated to the period on the West Bank and at Karnak and to pinpoint the rich potential of research on First Millennium BC Egypt when it is conducted by a group of researchers in close exchange to each other and in fruitful cooperation. Papers based on the talks of the participants of the conference form the bulk of this volume. The 2016 conference comprised a total of forty-eight papers of experts in the field and was thus able to give a current state-of-the-art assessment of research focusing on the First Millennium BC in Thebes. However, the conference also brought together scholars working in other areas of Egypt, from the Sinai and the Nile Delta to Saqqara, the Eastern Desert, and Abydos. Thus, this volume covers a wide range of sites, monuments, and issues as well as a broad chronological span. Kushite Chronology Since the first conference on Thebes in the First Millennium BC back in 2012, Kushite chronology and especially the sequence of the kings has been debated in several papers. In 2013, the proposal by Báyani to reverse the sequence of Shabaqo and Shebitqo2 stimulated a vivid discussion and resulted in a workshop in 2014 in Münster.3 The revised version of Báyani’s paper as outcome of this workshop4 convinced some of the leading authorities in the field of Kushite chronology to accept this new sequence, making Shebitqo the first king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.5 However, the last word in this matter was obviously not yet spoken and not all experts agreed to this new sequence. Important input came here directly at the Thebes in the First Millennium BC conference in 2016. As one of the most seminal papers at conference, Claus Jurman reviewed the debated sequence once again. His analysis of the Nile Level Records (NLR) at Karnak, especially of NLR nr. 33 of Shebtiqo, year 3 and NLR nr. 30, Shabaqo, year 2 has already been published.6 Jurman could 1 PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium. 2 BÁNYAI, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. For this reversal, see already BRUNET, JACF 10 (2006), 26‒34. 3 Organised by Angelika Lohwasser, on 16 May 2014, under the title ‘Die Chronologie der 25. Dynastie im alten Ägypten’, see the “Vorbemerkungen” by Lohwasser to BÁNYAI, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. 4 BÁNYAI, JEH 8:2 (2015), 115‒180. 5 See BROEKMAN, GM 245 (2015), 17‒31; PAYRAUDEAU, Nehet 1 (2014), 115‒127. Cf. HOURDIN, CRIPEL 30 (2013– 15), 191‒200. 6 JURMAN, JEH 10:2 (2017) 124‒151. INTRODUCTION put forward strong evidence for the sequence Shebtiqo-Shabaqo and we follow this new sequence of Kushite kings, agreeing that this last argument based on the Nile Level Records is indeed convincing.7 Despite the fact that the sequence of the rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty seems now settled, the discussion of some chronological issues is, of course, still open. Future research will also address questions related to how early the Kushite tombs in the South Asasif really are—with well-established evidence for a dating of Karakhamun (TT 223) to Shebitqo, the dating of Karabasken (TT 391) needs to be discussed within the framework of the new royal sequence.8 Kushite Thebes Thebes can be regarded as the key site for Kushite archaeology in Egypt and this is well traceable both on the West Bank and at the temples of Karnak and Luxor. Several papers by the director and by members of the SACP give an overview of the work in the South Asasif necropolis from 2006 to 2016, focusing on excavation and reconstruction work, on texts and decoration, on finds and pottery, and the general implications of the now accessible Kushite temple-tombs within the context of Twenty-fifth Dynasty Thebes.9 Of particular importance is new data on the re-use of the tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) by a hitherto unattested High Steward of the God’s Wife from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty with the name Padibastet. Thanks to the analysis by Erhart Graefe, Padibastet was identified as grandson of Pabasa A (TT 279) and successor of Padihorresnet (TT 196).10 This new discovery is therefore of historical importance for Saite Thebes. In addition to the South Asasif necropolis, the large temple-tombs in the northern Asasif are discussed by several authors. Louise Gestermann and the late Farouk Gomaà present new remarks on the decoration and conception of the tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34), stressing once again the complexity of the architecture and decoration of this tomb.11 The monumental tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) is equally intriguing and is discussed in this volume by Claude Traunecker, Silvia Einaudi, and Isabelle Régen. Traunecker’s paper presents new ideas about TT 33, particularly its building plan, with a focus on its functional aspects. Einaudi and Régen focus on specific aspects of the decorative programme and discuss relevant funerary texts. In general, the papers on the elite tombs of the Theban necropolis in both the South Asasif and North Asasif address a variety of aspects of work such as archaeology, conservation, epigraphy, and burial assemblages, as well as such relevant issues as archaism and innovations of the decoration and interconnections between the tombs of different parts of the necropolis. The latter still offers much potential for future research. Kushite architecture and building activity on the East Bank are discussed in the papers by Jérémy Hourdin, Essam Nagy, and Angelika Lohwasser et al. Lohwasser re-addresses the question of the original placement of the Triumphal Stela of Piankhy, found in the Amun temple at Jebel Barkal in Sudan. She argues convincingly that this early Kushite stela was originally composed for erection at Thebes, most likely at Karnak. Hourdin presents new evidence for Kushite kiosks in Karnak and Luxor, which allows comparing the constructions of Shabaqo and Taharqo and is therefore of particular importance for royal building activities in Twenty-fifth Dynasty Thebes. Nagy presents a Kushite chapel of Osiris-Ptah Neb-ankh, situated south-east of the Tenth Pylon, between the precincts of Amun-Re and Mut, built by Taharqo and Tantamani. 7 See also BROEKMAN, GM 251 (2017), 13‒20; JANSEN-WINKELN, JEH 10:1 (2017), 40. 8 Karabasken is generally regarded as the predecessor of Montuemhat, but his precise dating is still debated, cf. BUDKA, KAMMERZELL, MittSAG 18 (2007), 166, note 8. 9 See also PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis; PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries. 10 See GRAEFE, in PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries, 241–50 and GRAEFE in this volume. 11 It fills us with great sadness that Farouk Gomaà will not be able to see this volume in its final form. He passed away on 1st December 2017—a big loss for Egyptology and especially the study of the Theban Late Period. 2 INTRODUCTION His work is complemented by the article of Laurent Coulon, Aleksandra Hallmann, and Frédéric Payraudeau who present the results from recent fieldwork at the Osirian Chapels at Karnak. The systematic recording of epigraphic material from the monuments dedicated to Osiris at Karnak and an in-depth study of the development of his cult in this area are already much advanced. Theban Funerary Archaeology General aspects of the Theban necropolis and new attempts to reconstruct a detailed history of use during the First Millennium BC are addressed in the papers by Marta Kaczanowicz, Benoît Lurson, and Gábor Schreiber. Kushite burials from TT -400-, a Ramesside tomb situated in the el-Khokha cemetery, are discussed by Schreiber. The use-life of TT -400- is especially interesting because it not only continued well into the Saite Period, but some finds can be termed Saito-Persian and suggest a re-use during the Twenty- seventh Dynasty, which is still poorly understood in Thebes and throughout Egypt.12 Another new research project has much potential to understand patterns of re-use in monumental tombs: the new project focusing on TT 36, the Saite tomb of Ibi in the Asasif. 13 Mareike Wagner presents promising initial results connected with the sarcophagus chamber of a person with the name of Psamtik in TT 36. Individual object groups within tomb groups of First Millennium BC Thebes are discussed in this volume as well. Eltayeb Abbas focuses on the iconography and rituals in the decorations of Bab el-Gusus coffins dating to the Twenty-first Dynasty, which represent important pre-Kushite funerary evidence and significant sources for rituals. Other Topics Material remains from temple and tomb sites of the First Millennium BC allow addressing questions beyond funerary customs and royal building activities. Of particular interest here are pottery sherds, mainly because pottery from Kushite Egypt has not yet been studied in detail.14 Much progress has been made in the last years and this is illustrated by the relevant contributions. Julia Budka discusses the current understanding of Kushite ceramics and highlights the strong links between Thebes and Abydos during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Stéphanie Boulet’s paper on ‘ceramic industry developments in the Theban area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty’ is of particular importance and a significant addition to the discussion of the pottery production during the Kushite rule in Egypt based on new evidence from Karnak. One of the aspects of Kushite rule in Egypt, which had been addressed quite early by several scholars, is the art of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.15 Elena Pischikova presents an update of work in the South Asasif necropolis and introduces an experimental methodology for recording Kushite art in the tombs of Karabasken (TT 391) and Karakhamun (TT 223), which examines the interconnections and divergences between iconography and implementation and their disparate routes of transmission. Dietrich Wildung proposes in his paper Afrikanisches in der ägyptischen Kunst? thought-provoking ideas contributing to the discussion concerning the underestimated impact of African traditions in Egyptian art history beyond the small time-frame of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.16 12 See ASTON, in LEAHY, TAIT (eds.), Studies on Ancient Egypt, 17–22. 13 Cf. the re-use, as attested in TT 414, tomb of Ankhhor: BUDKA, Ä&L 20 (2010), 49‒66; BUDKA, MEKIS, BRUWIER, Ä&L 22–23 (2013), 209–251. 14 See, however, the seminal works by Aston, in particular ASTON 1996. 15 See, for example, BOSSE, Die menschliche Figur; BOTHMER, Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, 1–20; RUSSMANN, Eternal Egypt, 223–30; RUSSMANN, The Representation of the King; and more recently DALLIBOR, Taharqo. 16 See O’CONNOR, REID, Ancient Egypt in Africa. 3 INTRODUCTION Outlook Most of the information included into this volume is being published for the first time and represents the outcome of fresh fieldwork. The research collected in this volume brings together a lot of current studies on royal and elite monuments of the period, puts them into a wider context, and fills some gaps in First Millennium BC scholarship, still one of the least researched and published area of study in Egyptology despite the numerous recent developments in field exploration and research. These developments are illustrated in the present volume with fresh approaches to aspects of research such as epigraphy, artistic styles, iconography, palaeography, local workshops, pottery production, and burial assemblages. We hope that this volume will inspire new comparative studies on these topics—thanks to the most recent efforts of all authors and associated researchers, First Millennium BC scholarship has already advanced to a new level, but needs to be further strengthened in the future. Bibliography ASTON, D.A., Egyptian Pottery of the Late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (Twelfth–Seventh centuries BC): Tentative Footsteps in a Forbidding Terrain (Heidelberg: SAGA 13, 1996). ———. “Dynasty 26, Dynasty 30, or Dynasty 27? In Search of the Funerary Archaeology of the Persian Period”, in A. LEAHY, J. TAIT (eds.), Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith (London: EES Occasional Publications 13, 1999), 17–22. BÁNYAI, M., “Ein Vorschlag zur Chronologie der 25. Dynastie in Ägypten”, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. ———. Die Reihenfolge der kuschitischen Könige”, JEH 8:2 (2015), 115‒180. BOSSE, K., Die menschliche Figur in der Rundplastik der ägyptischen Spätzeit von der XXII. bis zur XXX. Dynastie (Glückstadt, Hamburg: ÄF 1, 1936). BOTHMER, B.V., (Hg.), Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period 700 B.C. to A.D. 100 (Brooklyn, 1960). BROEKMAN, G.P.F., “The Order of Succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A Different View on the Chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty”, GM 245 (2015), 17‒31. ———. “Genealogical Considerations Regarding the Kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Egypt”, GM 251 (2017), 13‒20. BRUNET. J.F., The XXIInd and XXVth Dynasties Apis Burial Conundrum”, JACF 10 (2006), 26‒34. BUDKA, J., “Varianz im Regelwerk. Bestattungsabläufe im Monumentalgrab von Anch-Hor, Obersthofmeister der Gottesgemahlin Nitokris (TT 414)”, Ä&L 20 (2010), 49–66. BUDKA, J., T. MEKIS, M.-C. BRUWIER, “Re-use of Saite Temple Tombs in the Asasif during the Early Ptolemaic Time – The Tomb Group of Mw.t-Mnw from TT 414”, Ä&L 22–23 (2013), 209–251. BUDKA, J., F. KAMMERZELL, “Kuschiten in Theben: Eine archäologische Spurensuche”, MittSAG 18 (2007), 163–177. DALLIBOR, K., Taharqo: Pharao aus Kush. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der 25. Dynastie (Berlin: Achet 6, 2005). GRAEFE, E., “A New High Steward of the God’s Wife Nitocris: Padibastet, Grandson of Pabasa and Successor of Padihorresnet”, in E. Pischikova (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries and Research 2012–14 (Cairo, 2017), 241–250. HOURDIN, J., “Chabataka à Edfou”, CRIPEL 30 (2013–15), 191‒200. JANSEN-WINKELN, K., “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit”, JEH 10:1 (2017), 23‒42. JURMAN, C., “The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes. Or: Shabataka was Here First!”, JEH 10:2 (2017), 124‒151. PAYRAUDEAU, F., “Retour sur la Succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo”, Nehet 1 (2014), 115‒127. PISCHIKOVA, E. (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis, Thebes. Karakhamun (TT 223) and Karabasken (TT 391) in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Cairo, 2014). 4 INTRODUCTION ———. Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries and Research 2012–14. (Cairo, 2017). PISCHIKOVA, E., J. BUDKA, K. GRIFFIN (eds.) Thebes in the First Millennium BC (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014). O’CONNOR, D.B., A. REID, Ancient Egypt in Africa (Walnut Creek, 2016). RUSSMANN, E.R., The Representation of the King in the XXVth Dynasty (Brussels, Brooklyn: MRE 3, 1974). ———. Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum (London, 2001). 5 Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Ministry of Antiquities and Minister of Antiquities H.E. Dr. Khaled El Enany for making this conference possible and participating in the opening events. We received a lot of help and support from the Secretary General of the SCA Dr. Mostafa Waziry, General Director of Antiquities of Upper Egypt Dr. Mohamed Abdel Aziz, General Director for the Antiquities of the West Bank of Luxor Talat Abd El Aziz, Director of the Antiquities of the Middle Area of the West Bank Mr. Ezz El Din Kamal El Noby, and the Director of the Mummification Museum Mr. Mohamed Shahat. Our thanks go to the Egypt Exploration Society for their help in organising and sponsoring the conference. Essam Nagy, the Director of the EES Cairo office was instrumental in coordinating the events of the conference. We are grateful to all the participants of the conference for sharing their research. Special thanks go to Isabelle Régen, Silvia Einaudi, Erhart Graefe, Christophe Thiers, Laurent Coulon, and Miguel Molinero Polo who showed their sites to the participants of the conference during field trips. We are indebted to the friends and sponsors of the Project: the ASA Restoration Project directed by Anthony Browder (Washington, DC), the South Asasif Trust directed by John Billman (London, UK) for their help in sponsoring the conference. Special thanks go to the conservation team and the volunteers of the SACP who helped to coordinate the day-to-day operations of the conference. Ceramic Industry Developments in the Theban Area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty: Between Traditions and Innovations Stéphanie Boulet Abstract Recent studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the Theban ceramic industry at the beginning of the Late Period. From the mid-eighth century BC, technological and morphological pottery developments can be observed in contrast to the ceramic industry in the Delta. Thanks to recent discoveries in the chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau (IFAO) and in the area of the Ptah Temple at Karnak (CFEETK), it is now possible to propose a better defi- nition and description of these important evolutions in the ceramic industry in the Theban area. The Theban industry in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty appears as an innovative production easily identifiable in the ce- ramic repertoire in Egypt. This paper also aims to present the large diffusion of this industry in Egypt. The recent cera- mological surveys at Tanis in the Delta (MFFT) bring important information about the exchange between the north and south of Egypt during the Kushite Period. Introduction In the framework of the first edition of the conference Thebes in the First Millennium BC, Catherine Defernez and I had the opportunity to present our discoveries on the ceramic industry developments in the Theban area from the Third Intermediate Period to the Late Period.1 Since this first contribution, additional results were delivered thanks to the continuation of the ceramic analyses of the archaeological contexts in Karnak and in the Theban Necropolis.2 The aim of this paper is to show a general overview of the ceramic evolution from the end of the Third Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The ceramic material presented in this paper comes from three different archaeological sectors of the Theban area. The first one is located in the northern part of Karnak and corresponds to the chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau (fig. 1).3 Since 2000, the excavations directed by Laurent Coulon (EPHE) and Cyril Giorgi (INRAP) brought to light important ceramic sets dated from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Additionally, examples dated from the end of the Twenty-second Dynasty to the beginning of the Kushite Period have been also discovered in the northern part of the Osirian monument (SD42/31, SD20). In addition to these elements, a large deposit in front of the Osirian chapel was excavated (SD14), which was mainly composed of sherds dated to the seventh century BC. The second area corresponds to the Ptah Temple, also located in the north of the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak, excavated by the CFEETK,4 under the direction of Christophe Thiers (CNRS). The ceramics of two archaeological areas will be outlined. The first one corresponds to the deposit uncovered near the first mon- umental door located to the south of the temple (Sector 2) and was mainly comprised of Twenty-fifth Dyn- asty pottery (fig. 2a).5 Guillaume Charloux (CNRS) recently excavated the second area to the south of the 1 BOULET, DEFERNEZ, in PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium, 603–24. 2 This project was supported by LabEx ARCHIMEDE from the ‘Investissement d’Avenir’ programme ANR-11-LABX- 0032-01 (Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier III). 3 Programme ‘Sanctuaires osiriens de Karnak, mission chapelles osiriennes nord’ (IFAO, CFEETK, UMR 5189 and 167, and INRAP). For the excavations of the chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau, see the online annual activity reports available at: http://www.ifao.egnet.net/ifao/recherche/rapports-activites/ <accessed 27.04.2017>; COULON, DEFERNEZ, BIFAO 104 (2004), 135–90. 4 For the excavations of the Ptah Temple area at Karnak, see the online annual activity reports available at: http:// www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/index.php?page=rapports-pdf <accessed 27.04.2017>. 5 For this sector, see LICITRA, THIERS, ZIGNANI, in PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium, 555–6; THIERS, ZIGNANI, CahKarn 14 (2013), 493–513. STEPHANIE BOULET temple (Sector 6). Among archaeological strata dated from the Ptolemaic Period to the Middle Kingdom, few strata of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty have been excavated (fig. 2b).6 In addition, some ceramic examples from the Theban Necropolis coming from the excavations led by Laurent Bavay (ULB) and Dimitri Laboury (ULg) in the tomb of Amenhotep (TT C3) at Sheikh Abd el- Gurna (Mission archéologique dans la nécropole thébaine – MANT) will be also presented.7 Fig.1: The chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau at Karnak (© CFEETK/IFAO – 2015) 6 BOULET, DEFERNEZ, Karnak (2013); CHARLOUX et al., CahKarn 16 (2017). 7 For the MANT excavations, see BAVAY, BSFE (2010), 177–8; BAVAY, LABOURY, Ceci n’est pas une pipe, 63–79. 336 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Fig.2: The sector of the Ptah Temple at Karnak (© CFEETK – 2012) 337 STEPHANIE BOULET Ceramic Development in the Theban Area Phase I: The Third Intermediate Period Phase I, corresponding to the Third Intermediate Period, is characterised by a significant conformity of the ceramic repertoire. Thanks to recent studies,8 we can distinguish two distinctive phases. The first one corre- sponds to the Phase IA, dated from the Twentieth to the Twenty-first Dynasty. The local ceramic industry shows a significant continuation with the New Kingdom repertoire.9 This phase is well documented in the Merenptah Temple at Gurna.10 The second one, the so-called Phase IB, is dated from the end of the Twenty- first to the first part of the Theban Twenty-second Dynasty and differs from the previous one in some mor- phological variations. Despite the disappearance of some Phase IA pottery types, the ceramic repertoire is relatively similar. In Upper Egypt, some important contexts have been discovered, e.g., in the Osirian chapel,11 in the Mut Temple at Karnak12 and at Elephantine.13 In general, the majority of the ceramic production is made of Nile clay during Phase I in the Theban area. Among closed shapes, storage jars in coarse Nile silt fabric are attested (fig. 3a).14 Jars with a bulging neck (fig. 3b)15 and jars with a short neck and bulging rim (fig. 3c)16 can be recovered by a thick orange or white slip applied with a brush. A thick red slip and a painted red rim are common for the opened shapes (fig. 3d).17 In the Phase IA, Nile silt cups can be covered by a thick polished red slip, which is absent in Phase IB. Marl clay production is attested in both phases but in small quantities. These are represented by, e.g., large storage jars18 (fig. 3e–g) or neckless jars in Marl A4 Variant 1 (fig. 3h).19 Some carinated cups with black decoration (fig. 3i) are known in Phase IA but disappear in the next one. One of the most important observations for the Third Intermediate Period ceramic repertoire is its signifi- cant uniformity throughout Egypt. Indeed, several comparisons can be made between the Theban area con- texts and other sites in Egypt, e.g., el-Ashmunein,20 Kom Firin,21 Memphis,22 and Tanis.23 8 ASTON, Egyptian Pottery, 59–71; ASTON, Burial Assemblages, 317–48; BOULET, EAO 81 (2016), 31–8. 9 ASTON, Burial Assemblages, 317. 10 ASTON, The Pottery. 11 BOULET, DEFERNEZ, in PISCHIKOVA, BUDLA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium, 608–10. 12 See pottery types from stratum 3 and 4 at the Mut Temple: SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 76–143, 190– 239. 13 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 68–158 (Phase IIB). 14 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 72–3, pl. 17, nr. 521; ASTON, The Pottery, 218–9, pl. 76 (nrs. 1516, 1517), 238–9, pl. 86 (nrs. 1725–6), 243–4, pl. 89 (nr. 1761), 279–80, pl. 106 (nrs. 2146–7); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 193, 233 (type 19-6). 15 ASTON, The Pottery, 207–8, pl. 70 (nr. 1404); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 94, 243, fig. 94h (P.2668). 16 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 77–8, pl. 19 (nr. 578); ASTON, The Pottery, 198–9, pl. 66 (nr. 1312); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 95, 245, fig. 95l (P.1170); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 192, 231 (types 18-7, 18-8). 17 ASTON, The Pottery, 199–200, pl. 67 (nr. 1334); 240, 242, pl. 88 (nr. 1747); 304-305, pl. 118, nr. 2422; SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 177, 209 (type H-5). 18 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 82–3, pl. 21 (nrs. 617, 619), 102–3, pl. 28 (nr. 839); ASTON, The Pottery, 240–1, pl. 87 (nr. 1735), 245–6, pl. 90 (nr. 1787); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 91, 234–5, fig. 91c (P.248), 91d (P.888), 91e (P.1227); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 182, 218 (type 5-1), 190, 229 (type 16-2). 19 ASTON, The Pottery, 198–9, pl. 66 (nr. 1321), 202, 204, pl. 68 (nr. 1369), 207–8, pl. 70 (nr. 1405), 213–4, pl. 73 (nr. 1461), 216–7, pl. 75 (nr. 1498), 238–9, pl. 86 (nr. 1716), 240–1, pl. 87 (nr. 1737), 257–8, pl. 96 (nrs. 1906–7), 261– 2, pl. 98 (nr. 1953), 267–8, pl. 101 (nr. 2011), 269–70, pl. 102 (nr. 2037), 274–5, pl. 104 (nr. 2094), 275–6, pl. 104 (nrs. 2108–9); 305–6, pl. 118 (nr. 2432); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 90, 232, fig. 90a (P.1336); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 193, 233 (type 19-7). 20 SPENCER, Excavations at El-Ashmunein. 21 SPENCER, Kom Firin II. 22 ASTON, JEFFREYS, The Survey of Memphis III. 23 BAVAY, in BRISSAUD, ZIVIE-COCHE, Tanis, 316–32. 338 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Fig.3: Theban ceramic production – phase I (©IFAO/CFEETK – drawings: S. Boulet, J. Laroye) 339 STEPHANIE BOULET Phase II: The Mid-eighth Century BC Contrary to Northern Egypt, the Theban ceramic repertoire shows important morphological and technical developments around the mid-eighth century BC.24 A significant percentage of the ceramic material is com- posed in Nile clay production belonging to the ceramic repertoire specific to the second part of the Third Intermediate Period: large neckless jars (fig. 4a),25 jars with bulging neck (fig. 4b),26 with a triangular rim (fig. 4c),27 bottles (fig. 4d–e),28 but also conical cups (fig. 4f),29 bowls (fig. 4g),30 chalices (fig. 4h),31 and flattened-base cups (fig. 4i).32 The surface treatment associated is predominantly the white slip and white bands located on the upper part of jars. Orange slip and red rim, specific to the previous phase, become very rare. If the ceramic repertoire in Nile clay is relatively varied and marks a significant continuation with the Third Intermediate Period industry, an important particularity of this phase is the development of the fabric M1, corresponding to the Marl A4 Variant 2.33 Among the marl clay examples, the storage jars with marked rim (fig. 4j),34 well known in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasty ceramic sets, appear during this period. Thanks to recent studies, it is now clear that these jars correspond to the evolution of the Third Intermediate Period marl clay storage jars (fig. 3e–g). Another example of this evolution of Phase I is the presence of neckless jars (fig. 3h) evolving to jars with S-profiled rims (fig. 4k).35 Other developments can be equally noted as the transposition of Third Intermediate Period Nile clay production in M1 from the mid- eighth century BC; jars with short neck (fig. 4l), bottles (fig. 4m),36 conical bowls (fig. 4n),37 and S-profiled cups (fig. 4o).38 Parallel to these observations, new shapes are attested, e.g., large cups with everted rims (fig. 4p)39 and convex bowls (fig. 4q).40 24 For this phase, see BOULET, BCE 26 (2016), 213–26. 25 HUMMEL, SHUBERT, in REDFORD, Excavations, pl. 49 (nr. 6). 26 ASTON, CCE 4 (1996), 32, pl. 5 (nr. 87); ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 189–90, pl. 57 (nr. 1710); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 94, 243, fig. 94h (P2668). 27 JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 96, 246, fig. 96c (P.574); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 186, 223 (type 8-5). 28 JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 95, 244, figs. 95d (P.412), 95e (P.924). 29 D.A. ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 166–7, pl. 49 (nrs. 1541, 1543–5); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 92, 237, fig. 92k (P.201); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 174, 205 (type E-5). 30 ASTON, CCE 4 (1996), 26, pl. 3, figs. 38–9; ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 80–1, pl. 20 (nrs. 595–6), 143–4, pl. 42 (nrs. 1340–1), 156–7, pl. 47 (nrs 1489–91); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 92, 238–9, fig. 92aa (P.1326); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 172, 203 (types D-1–4). 31 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 76–7, pl. 19 (nr. 556); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 93, 241, fig. 93r (P.426); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 178-179, 212 (types L-1–5). 32 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 80–1, pl. 20 (nr. 597); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 177, 210 (type I-2). 33 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 4. 34 ASTON, CCE 4 (1996), 31–2, pl. 5, figs. 76, 79; ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 191, 193, pl. 58 (nr. 1736); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 195, 236 (type 22-3). 35 SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 182, 219 (type 5-10), 193, 233 (type 19-9). 36 ASTON, MDAIK 52 (1996), 5, 7, pl. 3d, fig. 3d (Ke 1006); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 89, 231, fig. 89ll. (P.635). 37 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 181, 183, pl. 54 (nrs. 1669–70); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 89, 229, fig. 89j (P.1313). 38 HUMMEL, SHUBERT, in REDFORD, Excavations, pl. 50 (nr. 5). 39 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 182–3, pl. 54 (nrs. 1675–77), 202, 205, pl. 63 (nr. 1857); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 99, 254–5, figs. 99n (P.425), 99p (P.104); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 175–6, 207 (type G-2). 40 HUMMEL, SHUBERT, in REDFORD, Excavations, pl. 74 (nr. 1); LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 105, 120, fig. 11 (nr. 3). 340 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Fig.4: Theban ceramic production – phase II (©IFAO/CFEETK/MANT-ULB – drawings: B. Böhm, S. Boulet, J. Laroye, A. Stoll) 341 STEPHANIE BOULET In parallel with the morphological advances, the development of the use of a new technology, the kick- wheel, seems to be associated with this period.41 A new surface treatment specific to marl clay production appears: the grooves. According to some ceramologists, this ribbed surface, characterised by regular and fine grooves, associated with more complex and more carinated pottery profiles, can be the result of this technol- ogy.42 The question of the appearance and the origin of the kick-wheel in Egypt is highly significant but is still difficult to resolve.43 However, its use seems to be visible on the Egyptian pottery production from the mid-eighth century BC. Subsequently, this phase is characterised by an important and progressive development of the Theban ce- ramic production around the mid-eighth century BC, probably due to technological changes. Although the reasons for these changes are still difficult to understand, we can observe, with the development of marl clay industry, a real distinction between the ceramic industry of Northern and Southern Egypt.44 Phase III: The End of the Eighth to the Beginning of the Seventh Century BC During Phase III,45 marl clay pottery is much more abundant, corresponding to more or less 50% of the ce- ramic production at Karnak. On the morphological aspect, shapes are changing to a more complex profile with more marked rims and an increased in carinated shapes. Many pottery types attest to a significant conti- nuity with the previous phase: jars with a short neck and marked rim (fig. 5a–b),46 neckless jars with convex rim (fig. 5c),47 triangular rim (fig. 5d),48 S-profiled rim (fig. 5e),49 and thick rim (fig. 5f). Among open shapes, this phase is comprised of, e.g., large cups with a thick rim (fig. 5g),50 carinated cups (fig. 5h),51 and conical bowls (fig. 5i).52 Undoubtedly, the Nile clay productions are still well represented and show a continuity with the Third Intermediate Period tradition, e.g., jars with a short neck (fig. 5j),53 bottles (fig. 5k–l),54 flattened-base cups 41 ARNOLD, in ARNOLD, BOURRIAU (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, 79–83; BOULET, BCE 27 (2017) 289–98; BOURRIAU, Umm el-Qa’ab, 16; HOLTHOER, New Kingdom Pharaonic sites, 23–6, 33; HOPE, Egyptian Pottery, 15. 42 ARNOLD, in ARNOLD, BOURRIAU (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, 83; Budka, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 193. 43 For the appearance and use of the wheel in Egypt, see DOHERTY, The Origins and Use of the Potter’s Wheel. 44 ASTON, Egyptian Pottery, 72; FRENCH, CCE 3 (1992), 84. Of course, if marl clay production marks this distinction, some comparison can still be made between the ceramic industry in Nile clay from Upper Egypt and the Delta (BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 213). 45 BOULET, BCE 27 (2017), 53–62. 46 Concerning fig. 5a, see ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 186, 187, pl. 56 (nr. 1698), 191, 193, pl. 58 (nrs. 1737–42), 204, 207, pl. 64 (nrs. 1869, 1871–2), 206–7, pl. 64 (nr. 1885); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 101, 257, fig. 101e (P.725); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 195, 236 (types 22-5–7). Concerning fig. 5b, see ASTON, Burial Assemblages, 325, 345 (fig. 37, nr. 159); SCHREIBER, The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes, 62, 63, pl. 58, fig. 2.1.7 (nr. 22). 47 BARAHONA-MENDIETA, BCE 24 (2014), 276, 279, fig. 13; LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 105, 124, fig. 15 (nr. 2); SCHREIBER, The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes, 74, pl. 70, fig. 2.2.2.4 (nr. 65). 48 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 185–6, pl. 55 (nr. 1697), 192, 195, pl. 59 (nr. 1756); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 101, 257, fig. 101d (P.82). 49 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 191, 193, pl. 58 (nr. 1733), 196–7, pl. 60 (nr. 1785), 204-205, pl. 63 (nr. 1867); JACQUET- GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 102, 259, fig. 102.h (P.1175). 50 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 182–3, pl. 54 (nr. 1678); ASTON, The Pottery, 357, 359–60, pl. 143 (nr. 2961); LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 105, 120, fig. 11 (nr. 5); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 176, 208 (type G-8). 51 BÉOUT et al., CahKarn 9 (1993), 164, 185, fig. 7 (nrs. 6–7); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 99, 253, fig. 99d (P.81); LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 105, 121, fig. 12 (nrs. 4–5). 52 HUMMEL, SHUBERT, in REDFORD, Excavations, pl. 76 (nr. 4). 53 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 202–3, pl. 62 (nr. 1845); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 111, 277, fig. 111p (P.1135); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 186, 223 (type 8-7). 342 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA (fig. 5m),55 chalices (fig. 5n),56 everted and large cups (fig. 5o).57 The surface treatment also shows changes. Concerning the Nile clay production, the orange slip, specific to the Third Intermediate Period production, completely disappears. The white slip also changes to concentric white bands, still used during the Twenty- sixth dynasty. As for the marl clay production, the grooves are more marked than on Phase II sherds. Fig.5: Theban ceramic production – phase III (©IFAO/CFEETK/MANT-ULB – drawings: B. Böhm, S. Boulet, J. Laroye, A. Stoll) 54 For fig. 6k, see JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 95, 244, figs. 95d (P.412), 95e (P.924). For fig. 6l, see BARAHONA-MENDIETA, BCE 24 (2014), 277, 279, fig. 16; JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 90, 233, fig. 90m (P.942), 90n (P.2479). 55 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 169, 171, pl. 50 (nrs. 1566–8); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 177, 210 (type I-3). 56 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 200–1, pl. 61 (nr. 1829); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 178, 212 (type L-2). 57 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 166–7, pl. 49 (nrs. 1540–7), 197–8, pl. 60 (nr. 1806), 202–3, pl. 62 (nr. 1840); JACQUET- GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 92, 237, fig. 92k (P.201). 343 STEPHANIE BOULET Phase IV: The Seventh Century BC Phase IV lasted from the end of the Twenty-fifth to the beginning of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The major part of the repertoire of Phase III continues to grow during the seventh century BC. The developments of Phase IV correspond to morphological evolutions. In parallel with these traditional shapes, new pottery types specific to the Saite Period appear. The use of marl clay is still very important and the statistical analyses at Karnak show more or less the same proportion of its use than in Phase III. Among the marl clay production can be noted neckless jars with modelled rim (fig. 6a),58 convex rim (fig. 6b),59 triangular rim (fig. 6c),60 carinated cups (fig. 6d),61 cups with a thick rim (fig. 6e),62 and convex bowls (fig. 6f).63 This phase is also characterised by the first attestation of the Cypriot mortar imitation in coarse marl clay (fig. 6g).64 In parallel, many Nile clay productions are still manufactured and show a relative continuity with the previous phases as the large storage jars in coarse Nile clay covered with white bands (fig. 6h–i).65 New shapes also developed as the vases with simple rim (fig. 6j).66 Among opened shapes, flattened-cups have already been documented (fig. 6k)67 and new shapes ap- peared as the large bowls with a modelled rim (fig. 6i).68 Surface treatments are very similar to Phase III with well-marked grooves for the marl clay production and red slip and white bands for the storage jars in Nile clay. The Distribution of the Theban Production during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Egypt: The Case Study of Tanis Thanks to the morphological and technical evolutions, the Upper Egyptian ceramic production in marl clay is clearly distinctive in comparison to the northern part of the country. The development of the ceramic indus- try in the Theban area during the mid-eighth century BC is associated to an economical growth in the region, marked by a large distribution of ceramic production that can be attested at several sites in Egypt69 and in Nubia,70 essentially during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. 58 ASTON, The Pottery, 358–62, pl. 144 (nrs. 2970, 2976–7); BÉOUT et al., CahKarn 9 (1993), 171–2, 196, fig. 20, nr. 88 (form 33); BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 444–6, fig. 182, K53.1 (type D2); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 101, 258, figs. 101l (P.516), 101m (P.724); LECUYOT, BCE 24 (2014), 105, 112, pl. Vc, fig. 5c; SCHREIBER, The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes, 75, pl. 70, fig. 2.2.2.4 (nr. 68), 75, pl. 71, fig. 2.2.2.4 (nrs. 71, 73–4; pl. 78, fig. 2.3 (nr. 45), 81, pl. 79, fig. 2.3 (nrs. 48–9). 59 BÉOUT et al., CahKarn 9 (1993), 170, 193, fig. 17.2 (form 14); BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 684–5, fig. 298, reg. 133; JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 101, 256, fig. 101.a (P.732). 60 BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 444–6, fig. 182, reg. 181a (type D1); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 184, 220 (types 5-14–5). 61 SCHREIBER, The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes, 82–3, pl. 80, fig. 2.4.2 (nrs. 1–2). 62 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 182–3, pl. 54 (nr. 1674); MARCHAND, LAISNEY, CCE 6 (2000), 269–70, 285, fig. 60. 63 BARAHONA-MENDIETA, BCE 24 (2014), 275, 279, fig. 9; LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 120, fig. 11 (nr. 4). 64 BÉOUT et al., CahKarn 9 (1993), 173, 198, fig. 22, nrs. 460, 421 (form 46); HÖLSCHER, The Excavations of Medinet Habu, 74, pl. 47 (W2); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 105, 263–4, figs. 105c (P.948), 105d (P.789). 65 For fig. 6h, see ASTON, The Pottery, 357, 359, 360, pl. 143 (nrs. 2954, 2957); BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 444–8, 664–71, 694–5, figs. 184, 287–90, 305, reg. 142, reg. 147, reg. 148, reg. 172b, reg. 185a, reg. 186, reg. 186a, reg. 331 (type B); LECUYOT, BCE 24 (2014), 105, 112, pl. 5c, fig. 5b. For fig. 6i, see ASTON, Burial Assemblages, 324–5, 338, fig. 30 (nr. 133); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 110, 275, fig. 110q (P.358); SCHREIBER, The Mortuary Monument of Djehutymes, 72–3, pl. 68, fig. 2.2.2.4 (nrs. 30–1), 81, pl. LXXVI, fig. 2.3 (nrs. 30–1). 66 BÉOUT et al., CahKarn 9 (1993), 170, 191, fig. 15, nrs. 332, 329 (form 5); JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 107, 270, figs. 107v (P.861), 107w (P.1317), 107x (P.886). 67 JACQUET-GORDON, Karnak-Nord X, 106, 266, fig. 106d (P.145); LECUYOT, Memnonia 23 (2012), 104–6, 117, figs. 8.11 (TP.254), 8.12 (TP.22/PT.9/1); SULLIVAN, A Glimpse into Ancient Thebes, 177, 210 (type I-4). 68 ASTON, Elephantine XIX, 175, 177, pl. 52 (nr. 1630). 69 For example, on the sites of el-Ashmunein: SPENCER, Excavations at El-Ashmunein, Heracleopolis Magna: ASTON, in CARMEN PÉREZ DIE (ed.), Heracleopolis Magna, 28–83; LÓPEZ GRANDE et al., Excavaciones, Mendes: HUMMEL, 344 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Fig.6: Theban ceramic production – phase IV (©IFAO/CFEETK/MANT-ULB – drawings: B. Böhm, S. Boulet, J. Laroye, A. Stoll) SHUBERT, in. REDFORD, Excavations, 135–84, Tanis: DEFERNEZ, BCE 25 (2015), 77–100; LAEMMEL, Le matériel céramique, Tell el Ghaba: LUPO, CREMONTE, BACE 22 (2011), 115–28, Buto: FRENCH, BOURRIAU, in HARTUNG et al., MDAIK 63 (2007), 101–19; Plinthine: BARAHONA-MENTIETA, PESENTI, REDON, BCE 26 (2016), 5–38. 70 For example, at Kerma: RUFFIEUX, in BONNET et al., Geneva 55 (2007), 183–246, Kawa: MACADAM, The Temples of Kawa, Sanam: GRIFFITH, AAALiv 10 (1923), 73–171, Sesebi: SPENCE et al., SudNub 15 (2011), 34–8, Hillat el-Arab: VINCENTELLI, Hillat El-Arab, El Kurru: HEIDORN, JARCE 31 (1994). See also BUDKA, Bestattungsbrauchtum, 219. 345 STEPHANIE BOULET Concerning the Delta, the city of Tanis is a good example to present this distribution.71 Under the leader- ship of François Leclère (MFFT-EPHE), recent geomagnetic prospections have been made in the central area of the Tell by Tomasz Herbich (Polish Academy of Sciences).72 In parallel with this intense work, ceramological examinations have been conducted by Catherine Defernez and I that concentrated on the Third Intermediate and Late Period levels. The examinations revealed an important area, mainly composed of Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasty production, with significant artisanal areas characterised by the presence of numerous ceramic slags on the ground. Complementary to the Lower Egyptian ceramic production, a large variety of Theban pottery produced in marl clay has been discovered specific to Phase III and a few to Phase IV. The majority of the Theban pro- duction consists of closed shapes, e.g., jars with marked rim (fig. 7a–b), jars with short neck (fig. 7c), or jars with modelled rim (fig. 7d–e). The opened shapes are also attested, but are less common: carinated cups (fig. 7f) and bowls with everted rim (fig. 7g). The problem of the Theban pottery diffusion is significant and Tanis shows a great quantity and variety of this production. However, further research is needed to answer several open questions, such as the case of the distribution inside the Delta. Was it the same in the entire Delta? Did the troubles inside the Delta during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty have an impact on the trade with Thebes? To be able to give an appropriate an- swer, more research on these productions associated with new statistic and comparative studies of archaeo- logical contexts in the entire Delta is necessary. Conclusion The recent ceramological research in Karnak and in the Theban Necropolis allows us to produce a more precise typo-chronology of the Theban ceramic industry. From the Third Intermediate Period to the end of the Late Period, six principal phases have been identified: - Phase I: Third Intermediate Period - Phase IA: Twentieth–Twenty-first Dynasty - Phase IB: From the end of Twenty-first to the first part of the Twenty-second Dynasty - Phase II: Around the mid-eighth century BC (from the end of the Twenty-second Dynasty to the be- ginning of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty) - Phase III: The end of the eighth to the beginning of the seventh century BC (Twenty-fifth Dynasty) - Phase IV: Seventh century BC (from the end Twenty-fifth Dynasty to the beginning of the Twenty- sixth Dynasty) - Phase V: From the end of the seventh to the first part of the sixth century BC (the Twenty-sixth Dynasty) - Phase VI: the late Saite-Persian Period Even if the first four phases are well documented, as presented in this contribution, ceramic production for the second half of the Late Period needs to be better understood for the Theban Area.73 The rigorous analysis of the ceramic material of the chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau by Catherine Defernez will provide new information on the development of the local industry from the sixth to the fourth centuries BC. 71 DEFERNEZ, BCE 25 (2015), 77–100. 72 With the collaboration of K. Kiersnowski, J. Ordutowski, and R. Ryndziewicz. 73 The ceramic material from the Ptolemaic Period to the Romano-Byzantine Period in the Osirian chapel is being studied by Sylvie Marchand (IFAO). 346 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Fig.7: Theban ceramic production from Tanis/Sân el-Hagar (©MFFT – drawings: S. Boulet) Acknowledgments I am grateful to Christophe Thiers (CFEETK-CNRS), Laurent Coulon (EPHE), Cyril Giorgi (INRAP), and Guillaume Charloux (CNRS) for the opportunity to work on the ceramic material at Karnak and also to Laurent Bavay (IFAO/ULB) for his permission to mention the finds of the MANT excavations in this paper. My gratitude also goes to Francois Leclère (EPHE/MFFT) for giving me the possibility to work at Tanis and for his permission to present some key elements of the recent ceramological examinations here. I am also indebted to Catherine Defernez (CNRS) for her precious help during my work. Finally, I am grateful to Sylvie Marchand (IFAO) for her advice, Juliette Laroye and Barbara Böhm for their drawings, and to Gabriella Dembitz for correcting my English. Catalogue P2698/5532 (fig. 3a) Dimensions: D. 11.5 cm; H. 69 cm Fabric: A4 – Red orange Nile clay with a grey core. Coarse. Hard. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2472/5517 (fig. 3b) Dimensions: D. 23 cm; H. 22.8 cm Fabric: A1, variant 3 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Not hard. Thick orange slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2475/5517 (fig. 3c) Dimensions: D. 10.5 cm; H. 8 cm Fabric: A7 – Brown grey Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. White slip on the outer surface 347 STEPHANIE BOULET Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2597/5532 (fig. 3d) Dimensions: D. 22 cm; H. 2.8 cm Fabric: A2 – Brown red Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2112/5532 (fig. 3e) Dimensions: D. 12 cm; H. 7.1 cm Fabric: M5 – Light brown to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2700/5532 (fig. 3f) Dimensions: H. 19.3 cm Fabric: M5 – Light brown to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2697/5532 (fig. 3g) Dimensions: H. 34 cm Fabric: M5 – Grey green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 P2711/5517 (fig. 3h) Dimensions: D. 23 cm; H. 8 cm Fabric: M5 – Pink green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 03 6370-02 (fig. 3i) Dimensions: D. 25 cm; H. 3.7 cm Fabric: M5 – Pink white marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. Black painted decoration on the rim Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 6 P2863/5.1605 (fig. 4a) Dimensions: D. 37 cm; H. 11.7 cm Fabric: A6 – Red orange Nile clay with a grey core. Coarse. Hard. White slip on the outer surface visible on the inner surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2334/5.1355 (fig. 4b) Dimensions: D. 16.5 cm; H. 6.2 cm Fabric: A6 – Red Nile clay with a light grey. Coarse. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 P2874/5.1605 (fig. 4c) Dimensions: D. 10 cm; H. 5.1 cm Fabric: A6 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. White bands on the outer surface 348 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2871/5.1605 (fig. 4d) Dimensions: D. 7.5 cm; H. 5.6 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Red orange Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Soft Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2881/5.1605 (fig. 4e) Dimensions: H. 18.2 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Red orange Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Soft Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2282/5.1352 (fig. 4f) Dimensions: D. 23 cm; H. 8.5 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Grey brown Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Soft. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 P2280/5.1354 (fig. 4g) Dimensions: D. 15 cm; H. 5.1 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Red Nile clay. Coarse Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 P2635/5.1605 (fig. 4h) Dimensions: D. base 4.6 cm; H. 6.5 cm Fabric: A1, variant 4 – Light brown Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Soft. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 2092/2094-01 (fig. 4i) Dimensions: D. base 12.2 cm; H. 4.3 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 850-01 (fig. 4j) Dimensions: D. 11 cm; H. 18.8 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a light brown core. Wet smoothed Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 P2721/5.1607 (fig. 4k) Dimensions: D. 16 cm; H. 4.2 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2886/5.1605 (fig. 4l) Dimensions: D. 10 cm; H. 7.7 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 349 STEPHANIE BOULET P2345/5.1372 (fig. 4m) Dimensions: D. 4 cm; H. 4.1 cm Fabric: M3 – Green marl clay. Coarse. Soft Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 22 P2274/5.1350 (fig. 4n) Dimensions: D. 10.8 cm; H. 3.7 cm Fabric: Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 3015-06 (fig. 4o) Dimensions: D. 18 cm; H. 5.3 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 P2261/5.1349 (fig. 4p) Dimensions: D. 27 cm; H. 7.9 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a brown core. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 P2283/5.1355 (fig. 4q) Dimensions: D. 23.5 cm; H. 9.5 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 20 P2716/5.1607 (fig. 5a) Dimensions: D. 9.6 cm; H. 9.5 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2552/5.1603 (fig. 5b) Dimensions: D. 8 cm; H. 9 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 P2569/5.1603 (fig. 5c) Dimensions: D. 8.5 cm; H. 3.7 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 2048-28 (fig. 5d) Dimensions: D. 14 cm; H. 6.7 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 350 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA 751-03 (fig. 5e) Dimensions: D. 16.5 cm; H. 3.1 cm Fabric: M2 – Green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 649-63 (fig. 5f) Dimensions: D. 20 cm; H. 10.3 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 P2618/5.1602 (fig. 5g) Dimensions: D. 26 cm; H. 11.8 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a light brown core. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the inner surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 2071-03 (fig. 5h) Dimensions: D. 20.8 cm; H. 9.4 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 2048-13 (fig. 5i) Dimensions: D. 24 cm; H. 9.5 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a brown core. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 6361-07 (fig. 5j) Dimensions: D. 10 cm; H. 10 cm Fabric: A6 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. White bands on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 6 2048-50 (fig. 5k) Dimensions: D. 7 cm; H. 4.9 cm Fabric: A6 – Red orange Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 P2645/5.1602 (fig. 5l) Dimensions: H. 5.5 cm Fabric: A1 Variant 1 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Soft. Red slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 2048-11 (fig. 5m) Dimensions: D. base 10 cm; H. 4.2 cm Fabric: A4 – Brown red Nile clay with a black core. Coarse. Soft Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 351 STEPHANIE BOULET 2063-01 (fig. 5n) Dimensions: 5 cm Fabric: A4 – Red orange Nile clay. Coarse. Soft. Trace of fire inside Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 2096-03 (fig. 5o) Dimensions: D. 23 cm; H. 10.3 cm Fabric: A1 Variant 1 – Light brown Nile clay with a red core. Wet smoothed Context: Karnak, Ptah Temple – Sector 2 – SD 07 803-13 (fig. 6a) Dimensions: D. 12.2 cm; H. 5.8 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 P0633/5274 (fig. 6b) Dimensions: D. 8.8 cm; H. 5.7 cm Fabric: Light brown marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 P0648/5274 (fig. 6c) Dimensions: D. 9 cm; H. 3 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 P0681/5274 (fig. 6d) Dimensions: D. 19 cm; H. 4.5 cm Fabric: M2 – Green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 901-05 (fig. 6e) Dimensions: D. 26 cm; H. 5.6 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer and inner surfaces Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 948-03 (fig. 6f) Dimensions: D. 34 cm; H. 5.1 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 P2332/5.1165 (fig. 6g) Dimensions: D. 29 cm; H. 4 cm Fabric: M1, variant – Orange marl clay with a light grey core. Coarse. Hard Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 352 CERAMIC INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEBAN AREA P2433/5.1165 (fig. 6h) Dimensions: D. 10.5 cm; H. 6.5 cm Fabric: A6 – Light brown Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 P0686/5274 (fig. 6i) Dimensions: D. 20.8 cm; H. 11 cm Fabric: A6 – Red orange to brown Nile clay with a grey core. Coarse. Hard. White bands on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 14 P2648/5.1602 (fig. 6j) Dimensions: D. 24 cm; H. 19.4 cm Fabric: A1, variant 2 – Brown Nile clay with a red core. Coarse Nile clay. Soft. Red slip on the outer and inner surfaces Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau – SD 31 649-02 (fig. 6k) Dimensions: D. base 8.3 cm; H. 8.5 cm Fabric: A1, variant 1 – Red brown Nile clay with a red core. Coarse. Hard. Wet smoothed Context: Sheikh Abd el-Gurna – TT C3 P2420/5.1165 (fig. 6l) Dimensions: D. 33 cm; H. 8.7 cm Fabric: A6 – Red Nile clay. Coarse. Hard. Red slip on the outer surface Context: Karnak, Chapel of Osiris Wennefer Neb-djefau P15096-W3S7 (fig. 7a) Dimensions: D. 9 cm; H. 6.2 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a light brown core. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis, Central area – surface P15075-W2S11 (fig. 7b) Dimensions: D. 9 cm; H. 2.2 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis, Central area – surface P15119-W2S13 (fig. 7c) Dimensions: D. 8 cm; H. 2.8 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis, Central area – surface P15047-W4N11 (fig. 7d) Dimensions: D. 10 cm; H. 4.7 cm Fabric: M1 – Light red to green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard 353 STEPHANIE BOULET Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis. Central area – surface P15054-W4N10 (fig. 7e) Dimensions: D. 10 cm; H. 2.7 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay with a light brown core. Sandy. Fine. Hard Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis. Central area – surface P15071/W5N9 (fig. 7f) Dimensions: D. 18.7 cm; H. 7.5 cm Fabric: M1 – Red orange marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. White slip on the outer surface and in the inner surface of the rim Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis. Central area – surface P15003/W3N6 (fig. 7g) Dimensions: D. 24 cm; H. 4.9 cm Fabric: M2 – Green marl clay. Sandy. Fine. Hard. Eroded surfaces Context: San el-Hagar – Tanis. Central area – surface Bibliography ARNOLD, D., “Techniques and Traditions of Manufacture in the Pottery of Ancient Egypt”, in D. ARNOLD, J. BOURRIAU (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery (Mainz am Rhein: SDAIK 17, 1993), 6– 141. 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Ceramic Industy Developments in the Theban Area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty : Between Tradition and Innovations, in E. Pischikova, J. Budka, K. Griffin (ed.)Thebes in the First Millennium BC : Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond, GHP Egyptology 27, London, 2018, p. 335-356.