The Kushite Kiosks of Karnak and Luxor: A Cross-over Study

Thebes in the First Millennium BC: Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka, Kenneth Griffin (editors) GHP Egyptology 27 Published by Golden House Publications London 2018 © all rights reserved All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without prior written permission from Golden House Publications. Cover front Vignette of the Seventh Hour of the Night in the tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) depicting Khonsu (photo: K. Blakeney) Printed in the United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-906137-59-5 Printed by CPI Group (UK) Ltd. Croydon CR0 4YY  Table of Contents Abbreviations vii List of contributors x Introduction 1 Acknowledgements 6 Part A: South Asasif Elena Pischikova Recreating Kushite Tombs: Ten Years of the South Asasif Conservation Project 9 Elena Pischikova Recording the Art of Karakhamun 25 Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali Conservation and Reconstruction of the Second Pillared Hall of the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) 49 Kenneth Griffin A Preliminary Report on the Hours of the Night in the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223) 59 Miguel Á. Molinero Polo & Andrea Rodríguez Valls Palaeographical Peculiarities and Scribal Handwriting in the Burial Chamber of Karakhamun (TT 223) 71 Erhart Graefe Preliminary Report on the Usurpation of the Tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) by the High Steward of the 97 God’s Adoratrix, Padibastet John Billman A Brief Note on a Rare Find of Ivory from the Tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) 108 Part B: North Asasif Silvia Einaudi Combination of Tradition and Innovation in the Decorative Programme of the Tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) 117 Claude Traunecker Abydenian Pilgrimage, Immortal stars and Theban Liturgies in the Tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) 126 Louise Gestermann & Farouk Gomaà Remarks on the Decoration and Conception of the Theban Tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34) 152 TABLE OF CONTENTS Isabelle Régen The Book of Nut in the Late Period Tombs of the Asasif Necropolis: With a Focus on the Decorative 162 Layout in the Tombs of Padiamenope (TT 33) and Montuemhat (TT 34) Mareike Wagner New Research in the Tomb of Ibi (TT 36) 177 Part C: West Bank Benoît Lurson, with a contribution by Franck Mourot From the Foundations to the Excavation: A Stratigraphy-based History of the Temple of Tuya 193 Marta Kaczanowicz The Third Intermediate Period and Late Period Burials to the West of the South Asasif Necropolis: 214 Polish Excavations in the Tombs MMA 1151 and 1152 Gábor Schreiber The Reuse of New Kingdom Tombs during the Kushite/Saite Period: The Case of Theban Tomb -400- 231 Part D: Luxor and Karnak Mostafa Waziry, Ahmed Araby, Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali Luxor Temple: The Conservation and Restoration of the Standing Colossus of Ramesses II in Front of 247 the First Pylon of Luxor Temple Jérémy Hourdin The Kushite Kiosks of Karnak and Luxor: A Cross-over Study 255 Laurent Coulon, Aleksandra Hallmann, Frédéric Payraudeau The Osirian Chapels at Karnak: An Historical and Art Historical Overview Based on Recent 271 Fieldwork and Studies Essam Nagy The Chapel of Osiris-Ptah Neb-ankh: A Report on the Fourth Season of Work 294 Part E: Art Eltayeb Abbas Iconography and Rituals in the Decorations of Bab el-Gusus Coffins: A Work in Progress 307 Dietrich Wildung Afrikanisches in der ägyptischen Kunst? 323 iv  TABLE OF CONTENTS Part F: Ceramics Stéphanie Boulet Ceramic Industry Developments in the Theban Area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty: Between 335 Traditions and Innovations Julia Budka Kushite Pottery in Egypt: An Update from Thebes and Abydos 357 Part G: Religion and Cults Cynthia May Sheikholeslami Montu Priests in Third Intermediate Period Thebes 375 Angelika Lohwasser, Meike Becker, Anke Ilona Blöbaum Relationship between Religion and Politics in First Millennium BC Thebes: A Case Study on the 394 Original Location of the Triumphal Stela of Piankhy v  Abbreviations Abbreviations follow the standard used by the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO). MATHIEU, B. Abréviations des périodiques et collections en usage à l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 6th ed (Cairo: Divers 4, 2017) Available fromhttp://www.ifao.egnet.net/uploads/publications/enligne/IF1098.pdf ÄA Ägyptologische Abhandlungen AAALiv Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology ÄAT Ägypten und Altes Testament: Studien zu Geschichte, Kultur und Religion Ägyptens und des Alten Testaments AAWB Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Achet Achet: Schriften zur Ägyptologie ADAIK Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo AegHelv Aegyptiaca Helvetica AegLeod Aegyptiaca leodiensia AegMonast Aegyptiaca monasteriensia ÄF Ägyptologische Forschungen AHAW Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Ä&L Ägypten und Levante. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Archäologie und deren Nachgebiete ÄMPB Ägyptische und Orientalische Papyri und Handschriften des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin AnOr Analecta orientalia AOB Analecta orientalia belgica ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte ASEg Archaeological Survey of Egypt AV Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, AbteilungKairo BAÄ Beiträge zum Alten Ägypten BABA Beiträge zur ägyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde BACE Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology BAR-IS British Archaeological Reports (International Series) BCE Bulletin de liaison du Groupe international d’étude de la céramique égyptienne BdÉ Bibliothèque d’étude BeitrÄg Beiträge zur Ägyptologie BES Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar BEStud Brown Egyptological Studies BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale BiOr Bibliotheca orientalis BMMA Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art BMOP British Museum Occasional Papers BMSAES British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan BollSer Bollingen Series Boreas Boreas. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations BSF Beiträge zur Sudanforschung, Beiheft BSFE Bulletin de la Société française d’égyptologie BSGA Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology CAENL Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant CahKarn Cahiers de Karnak CCE Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne CCE (S) Cahiers caribéens d’égyptologie  ABBREVIATIONS CCEM Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean CdE Chronique d’Égypte CEA Connaissance de l’Egypte Ancienne CENiM Cahiers de l’Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne CGC Catalogue général des du Musée du Caire CHANE Culture and History of the Ancient Near East CNIP The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Near East Studies, Publications CRIPEL Cahiers de recherches de l’Institut de papyrologie et égyptologie de Lille CSEG Cahiers de la Société d’égyptologie de Genève CT DE BUCK, A., The Egyptian Coffin Texts, 7 vols. (Chicago: OIP 34, 49, 64, 67, 73, 81, 87, 1935– 1961). CTA Les Cahiers techniques de l’art D3T Documents de Théologies Thébaines Tardives DE Discussions in Egyptology Description COMMISSION DES MONUMENTS D’ÉGYPTE, Description de l’Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’expédition de l’Armée française (Antiquités) 9 vols (Paris, 1809–1822). DÖAW Denkschriften der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften EA Egyptian Archaeology: The Bulletin of the Egyptian Exploration Society EgMem Egyptological Memoirs EgUit Egyptologische Uitgaven EAO Egypte. Afrique et Orient Enchoria Enchoria: Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie ENiM Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne ERA Egyptian Research Account ERTR Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations EtudEg Études d’égyptologie ÉtudTrav Études et travaux: Travaux du Centre d’archéologie méditerranéene de l’Académie polonaise des sciences EVO Egitto e Vicino Oriente FIFAO Fouilles de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale Geneva Geneva, nouvelle série GHPE Golden House Publications: Egyptology GM Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion GOF Göttinger Orientforschungen HAT Handschriften des Altägyptischen Totenbuches HbOr Handbuch der Orientalistik HistArch Histoire et archéologie. Les Dossiers IBAES Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie IcRel Iconography of Religions JACF Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum JANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JSSEA Journal of the Society of the Studies of Egyptian Antiquities JWIS JANSEN-WINKELN, K., Inschriften der Spätzeit, 4 vols (Wiesbaden: 2007–2014). Kêmi Kêmi: Revue de philologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes et coptes KRI KITCHEN, K.A., Ramesside Inscriptions. Historical and Biographical, 8 vols (Oxford, 1968– 1991). Kyphi Kyphi. Bulletin du Cercle lyonnais d’égyptologie Victor Loret vii ABBREVIATIONS LÄ Lexikon der Ägyptologie LD LEPSIUS, K.R., Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV. nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842–1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition, 6 vols (Berlin, (1849– 1859). LD Text LEPSIUS, K.R., Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, Text herausgegeben von Eduard Naville, 5 vols (Leipzig, 1897–1913). LGG C. LEITZ, D. BUDDE, P. DILS, L. GOLDBRUNNER, D. MENDEL, F. FÖRSTER, D. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN, B. VENTKER (eds.). (2002–2003). Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen, 8 vols (Leuven: OLA 110–116, 129, 2002–2003). MÄS Münchner Ägyptologische Studien MDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo MEEF Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund MEES Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Society Memnonia Memnonia: Bulletin édité par l’Association pour la sauvegarde du Ramesseum Memnonia. CS Memnonia. Cahier Supplémentaire MIFAO Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire MittSAG Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin MMAES Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Studies MMJ Metropolitan Museum Journal MonAeg Monumenta aegyptiaca MRE Monographies Reine Élisabeth OA Oriens Antiquus OBO Orbis biblicus et orientalis OIC Oriental Institute Communications OIMP Oriental Institute Museum Publications OINE Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition OIP Oriental Institute Publications OLA Orientalia lovaniensia analecta Op. Ath. Opuscula Athenensia ORA Orientalische Religionen in der Antike. Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient OUEN Oxford University Excavations in Nubia PalHiero Paléographie hiéroglyphique PALMA-Eg PALMA. Papers on Archeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities. Egyptology PAM Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean PAM Supplement Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Supplement Series PdÄ Probleme der Ägyptologie P.L.Bat. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava PM I/12 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings I: The Theban Necropolis, Part 1: Private Tombs, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1960). PM I/22 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings I: The Theban Necropolis, Part 2: Royal Tombs and Smaller Cemeteries, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1964). PM II² PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings II: Theban Temples, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1972). PM III/22 PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings III: Memphis, Part 2: Ṣaqqâra to Dahshûr, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1981). PM VII PORTER, B., R.L.B. MOSS, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings VII: Nubia, the Deserts, and Outside Egypt (Oxford, 1951). viii  ABBREVIATIONS PMMA Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art PN RANKE, H., Die ägyptischen Personennamen, 3 vols (Glückstadt, 1935–1952). PT SETHE, K.H., Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte, nach den Papierabdrücken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, 4 vols (Leipzig, 1908–1922). PTA Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen RAPH Recherches d’archéologie, d’philologie et d’histoire RdE Revue d’égyptologie RLMF Revue du Louvre et des musées de France SAGA Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens SAK Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur SAOC Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations SARS Publication Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication SASAE Suppléments aux Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte SAT Studien zum altägyptischen Totenbuch SDAIK Sonderschrift des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo ShirEgypt Shire Egyptology Sokar Sokar. Die Welt der Pyramiden SRAT Studien zu den Ritualszenen altägyptischer Tempel ŚSA Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne SSR Studien zur spätägyptischen Religion StudEgypt Studies in Egyptology SudNub Sudan & Nubia TbT Totenbuchtexte TrabEg Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt TTS Theban Tombs Series UEE UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Urk. IV SETHE, K.H., H.W. HELCK, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie (Leipzig, Berlin: Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, 1906–1958). USE Uppsala Studies in Egyptology UZK Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes VicOr Vicino Oriente. Annuario del Dipartimento di scienze storiche archeologiche e antropologiche dell’Antichità WVDOG Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes Wb ERMAN, A., H. GRAPOW, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, 7 vols (Leipzig, 1926–1963). YES Yale Egyptological Studies ZÄS Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde ZÄS Beiheft Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde – Beiheft ZBA Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie ix  List of Contributors Eltayeb Abbas: Minya University, Egypt Abdelrazk Mohamed Ali: Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt; South Asasif Conservation Project Ahmed Araby: Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt Meike Becker: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany John Billman: Thames Valley Ancient Egypt Society, UK; South Asasif Conservation Project Anke Ilona Blöbaum: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Stéphanie Boulet: Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3; LabEx Archimède, France Julia Budka: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; South Asasif Conservation Project Laurent Coulon: EPHE, PSL Research University, EA 4519, Paris, France Silvia Einaudi: École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France Louise Gestermann: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Farouk Gomaà: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany Kenneth Griffin: Swansea University, UK; South Asasif Conservation Project Erhart Graefe: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany; South Asasif Conservation Project Aleksandra Hallmann: Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences; Oriental Institute, Chicago, USA. Jérémy Hourdin: CNRS, USR 3172; CFEETK; LabEx Archimède, France Marta Kaczanowicz: Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland Angelika Lohwasser: Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Benoît Lurson: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Universität Leipzig, Germany Miguel Á. Molinero Polo: Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; South Asasif Conservation Project Franck Mourot: Archéologue, attaché de conservation du patrimoine. Chef des services culturels de la ville de Bar-le-Duc, France Essam Nagy: The Egypt Exploration Society, Egypt; Ministry of Antiquities, Egypt; Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München, Germany Frédéric Payraudeau: Université Paris-Sorbonne, UMR 8167, Paris, France Elena Pischikova: South Asasif Conservation Project; American University in Cairo, Egypt Isabelle Régen: Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France Andrea Rodríguez Valls: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; South Asasif Conservation Project Gábor Schreiber: Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Cynthia May Sheikholeslami: Independent Scholar, Cairo, Egypt Claude Traunecker: Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7044, France Mareike Wagner: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany Mostafa Waziry: Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt Dietrich Wildung: Naga Project, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst München, Germany  Introduction International Research Focusing on the First Millennium BC This volume, Thebes in the First Millennium BC: Art and Archaeology of the Kushite Period and Beyond, is a collection of articles, most of which are based on the talks given at the conference of the same name organised by the team of the South Asasif Conservation Project (SACP), an Egyptian-American mission working under the auspices of the Ministry of Antiquities (MoA), Egypt in Luxor in 2016. The conference was organised in cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquities and the Egypt Exploration Society (EES) by a committee that included Elena Pischikova (Director of the SACP), Julia Budka (SACP), Kenneth Griffin (SACP), John Billman (SACP), Essam Nagy (EES), Shaaban Abd el-Gawad (MoA), and Mohamed Mokhtar (MoA). It was a follow-up to a very successful event in 2012.1 Since the first conference, fieldwork at Kushite, Saite, and other sites of the First Millennium BC have continued and it seemed worth bringing together speakers who would share the most recent results of their field research in the tombs and temples of the Twenty-fifth–Twenty-sixth dynasties in Thebes and other archaeological sites, as well as addressing a variety of issues relevant to different aspects of Egyptian monuments of this era. The aim of this volume is, therefore, to illustrate recent advances, to give an overview of the most important fieldwork projects dedicated to the period on the West Bank and at Karnak and to pinpoint the rich potential of research on First Millennium BC Egypt when it is conducted by a group of researchers in close exchange to each other and in fruitful cooperation. Papers based on the talks of the participants of the conference form the bulk of this volume. The 2016 conference comprised a total of forty-eight papers of experts in the field and was thus able to give a current state-of-the-art assessment of research focusing on the First Millennium BC in Thebes. However, the conference also brought together scholars working in other areas of Egypt, from the Sinai and the Nile Delta to Saqqara, the Eastern Desert, and Abydos. Thus, this volume covers a wide range of sites, monuments, and issues as well as a broad chronological span. Kushite Chronology Since the first conference on Thebes in the First Millennium BC back in 2012, Kushite chronology and especially the sequence of the kings has been debated in several papers. In 2013, the proposal by Báyani to reverse the sequence of Shabaqo and Shebitqo2 stimulated a vivid discussion and resulted in a workshop in 2014 in Münster.3 The revised version of Báyani’s paper as outcome of this workshop4 convinced some of the leading authorities in the field of Kushite chronology to accept this new sequence, making Shebitqo the first king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.5 However, the last word in this matter was obviously not yet spoken and not all experts agreed to this new sequence. Important input came here directly at the Thebes in the First Millennium BC conference in 2016. As one of the most seminal papers at conference, Claus Jurman reviewed the debated sequence once again. His analysis of the Nile Level Records (NLR) at Karnak, especially of NLR nr. 33 of Shebtiqo, year 3 and NLR nr. 30, Shabaqo, year 2 has already been published.6 Jurman could 1 PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium. 2 BÁNYAI, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. For this reversal, see already BRUNET, JACF 10 (2006), 26‒34. 3 Organised by Angelika Lohwasser, on 16 May 2014, under the title ‘Die Chronologie der 25. Dynastie im alten Ägypten’, see the “Vorbemerkungen” by Lohwasser to BÁNYAI, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. 4 BÁNYAI, JEH 8:2 (2015), 115‒180. 5 See BROEKMAN, GM 245 (2015), 17‒31; PAYRAUDEAU, Nehet 1 (2014), 115‒127. Cf. HOURDIN, CRIPEL 30 (2013– 15), 191‒200. 6 JURMAN, JEH 10:2 (2017) 124‒151. INTRODUCTION put forward strong evidence for the sequence Shebtiqo-Shabaqo and we follow this new sequence of Kushite kings, agreeing that this last argument based on the Nile Level Records is indeed convincing.7 Despite the fact that the sequence of the rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty seems now settled, the discussion of some chronological issues is, of course, still open. Future research will also address questions related to how early the Kushite tombs in the South Asasif really are—with well-established evidence for a dating of Karakhamun (TT 223) to Shebitqo, the dating of Karabasken (TT 391) needs to be discussed within the framework of the new royal sequence.8 Kushite Thebes Thebes can be regarded as the key site for Kushite archaeology in Egypt and this is well traceable both on the West Bank and at the temples of Karnak and Luxor. Several papers by the director and by members of the SACP give an overview of the work in the South Asasif necropolis from 2006 to 2016, focusing on excavation and reconstruction work, on texts and decoration, on finds and pottery, and the general implications of the now accessible Kushite temple-tombs within the context of Twenty-fifth Dynasty Thebes.9 Of particular importance is new data on the re-use of the tomb of Karabasken (TT 391) by a hitherto unattested High Steward of the God’s Wife from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty with the name Padibastet. Thanks to the analysis by Erhart Graefe, Padibastet was identified as grandson of Pabasa A (TT 279) and successor of Padihorresnet (TT 196).10 This new discovery is therefore of historical importance for Saite Thebes. In addition to the South Asasif necropolis, the large temple-tombs in the northern Asasif are discussed by several authors. Louise Gestermann and the late Farouk Gomaà present new remarks on the decoration and conception of the tomb of Montuemhat (TT 34), stressing once again the complexity of the architecture and decoration of this tomb.11 The monumental tomb of Padiamenope (TT 33) is equally intriguing and is discussed in this volume by Claude Traunecker, Silvia Einaudi, and Isabelle Régen. Traunecker’s paper presents new ideas about TT 33, particularly its building plan, with a focus on its functional aspects. Einaudi and Régen focus on specific aspects of the decorative programme and discuss relevant funerary texts. In general, the papers on the elite tombs of the Theban necropolis in both the South Asasif and North Asasif address a variety of aspects of work such as archaeology, conservation, epigraphy, and burial assemblages, as well as such relevant issues as archaism and innovations of the decoration and interconnections between the tombs of different parts of the necropolis. The latter still offers much potential for future research. Kushite architecture and building activity on the East Bank are discussed in the papers by Jérémy Hourdin, Essam Nagy, and Angelika Lohwasser et al. Lohwasser re-addresses the question of the original placement of the Triumphal Stela of Piankhy, found in the Amun temple at Jebel Barkal in Sudan. She argues convincingly that this early Kushite stela was originally composed for erection at Thebes, most likely at Karnak. Hourdin presents new evidence for Kushite kiosks in Karnak and Luxor, which allows comparing the constructions of Shabaqo and Taharqo and is therefore of particular importance for royal building activities in Twenty-fifth Dynasty Thebes. Nagy presents a Kushite chapel of Osiris-Ptah Neb-ankh, situated south-east of the Tenth Pylon, between the precincts of Amun-Re and Mut, built by Taharqo and Tantamani. 7 See also BROEKMAN, GM 251 (2017), 13‒20; JANSEN-WINKELN, JEH 10:1 (2017), 40. 8 Karabasken is generally regarded as the predecessor of Montuemhat, but his precise dating is still debated, cf. BUDKA, KAMMERZELL, MittSAG 18 (2007), 166, note 8. 9 See also PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis; PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries. 10 See GRAEFE, in PISCHIKOVA (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries, 241–50 and GRAEFE in this volume. 11 It fills us with great sadness that Farouk Gomaà will not be able to see this volume in its final form. He passed away on 1st December 2017—a big loss for Egyptology and especially the study of the Theban Late Period. 2  INTRODUCTION His work is complemented by the article of Laurent Coulon, Aleksandra Hallmann, and Frédéric Payraudeau who present the results from recent fieldwork at the Osirian Chapels at Karnak. The systematic recording of epigraphic material from the monuments dedicated to Osiris at Karnak and an in-depth study of the development of his cult in this area are already much advanced. Theban Funerary Archaeology General aspects of the Theban necropolis and new attempts to reconstruct a detailed history of use during the First Millennium BC are addressed in the papers by Marta Kaczanowicz, Benoît Lurson, and Gábor Schreiber. Kushite burials from TT -400-, a Ramesside tomb situated in the el-Khokha cemetery, are discussed by Schreiber. The use-life of TT -400- is especially interesting because it not only continued well into the Saite Period, but some finds can be termed Saito-Persian and suggest a re-use during the Twenty- seventh Dynasty, which is still poorly understood in Thebes and throughout Egypt.12 Another new research project has much potential to understand patterns of re-use in monumental tombs: the new project focusing on TT 36, the Saite tomb of Ibi in the Asasif. 13 Mareike Wagner presents promising initial results connected with the sarcophagus chamber of a person with the name of Psamtik in TT 36. Individual object groups within tomb groups of First Millennium BC Thebes are discussed in this volume as well. Eltayeb Abbas focuses on the iconography and rituals in the decorations of Bab el-Gusus coffins dating to the Twenty-first Dynasty, which represent important pre-Kushite funerary evidence and significant sources for rituals. Other Topics Material remains from temple and tomb sites of the First Millennium BC allow addressing questions beyond funerary customs and royal building activities. Of particular interest here are pottery sherds, mainly because pottery from Kushite Egypt has not yet been studied in detail.14 Much progress has been made in the last years and this is illustrated by the relevant contributions. Julia Budka discusses the current understanding of Kushite ceramics and highlights the strong links between Thebes and Abydos during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Stéphanie Boulet’s paper on ‘ceramic industry developments in the Theban area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty’ is of particular importance and a significant addition to the discussion of the pottery production during the Kushite rule in Egypt based on new evidence from Karnak. One of the aspects of Kushite rule in Egypt, which had been addressed quite early by several scholars, is the art of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.15 Elena Pischikova presents an update of work in the South Asasif necropolis and introduces an experimental methodology for recording Kushite art in the tombs of Karabasken (TT 391) and Karakhamun (TT 223), which examines the interconnections and divergences between iconography and implementation and their disparate routes of transmission. Dietrich Wildung proposes in his paper Afrikanisches in der ägyptischen Kunst? thought-provoking ideas contributing to the discussion concerning the underestimated impact of African traditions in Egyptian art history beyond the small time-frame of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.16 12 See ASTON, in LEAHY, TAIT (eds.), Studies on Ancient Egypt, 17–22. 13 Cf. the re-use, as attested in TT 414, tomb of Ankhhor: BUDKA, Ä&L 20 (2010), 49‒66; BUDKA, MEKIS, BRUWIER, Ä&L 22–23 (2013), 209–251. 14 See, however, the seminal works by Aston, in particular ASTON 1996. 15 See, for example, BOSSE, Die menschliche Figur; BOTHMER, Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, 1–20; RUSSMANN, Eternal Egypt, 223–30; RUSSMANN, The Representation of the King; and more recently DALLIBOR, Taharqo. 16 See O’CONNOR, REID, Ancient Egypt in Africa. 3 INTRODUCTION Outlook Most of the information included into this volume is being published for the first time and represents the outcome of fresh fieldwork. The research collected in this volume brings together a lot of current studies on royal and elite monuments of the period, puts them into a wider context, and fills some gaps in First Millennium BC scholarship, still one of the least researched and published area of study in Egyptology despite the numerous recent developments in field exploration and research. These developments are illustrated in the present volume with fresh approaches to aspects of research such as epigraphy, artistic styles, iconography, palaeography, local workshops, pottery production, and burial assemblages. We hope that this volume will inspire new comparative studies on these topics—thanks to the most recent efforts of all authors and associated researchers, First Millennium BC scholarship has already advanced to a new level, but needs to be further strengthened in the future. Bibliography ASTON, D.A., Egyptian Pottery of the Late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (Twelfth–Seventh centuries BC): Tentative Footsteps in a Forbidding Terrain (Heidelberg: SAGA 13, 1996). ———. “Dynasty 26, Dynasty 30, or Dynasty 27? In Search of the Funerary Archaeology of the Persian Period”, in A. LEAHY, J. TAIT (eds.), Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith (London: EES Occasional Publications 13, 1999), 17–22. BÁNYAI, M., “Ein Vorschlag zur Chronologie der 25. Dynastie in Ägypten”, JEH 6:1 (2013), 46‒129. ———. Die Reihenfolge der kuschitischen Könige”, JEH 8:2 (2015), 115‒180. BOSSE, K., Die menschliche Figur in der Rundplastik der ägyptischen Spätzeit von der XXII. bis zur XXX. Dynastie (Glückstadt, Hamburg: ÄF 1, 1936). BOTHMER, B.V., (Hg.), Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period 700 B.C. to A.D. 100 (Brooklyn, 1960). BROEKMAN, G.P.F., “The Order of Succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A Different View on the Chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty”, GM 245 (2015), 17‒31. ———. “Genealogical Considerations Regarding the Kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Egypt”, GM 251 (2017), 13‒20. BRUNET. J.F., The XXIInd and XXVth Dynasties Apis Burial Conundrum”, JACF 10 (2006), 26‒34. BUDKA, J., “Varianz im Regelwerk. Bestattungsabläufe im Monumentalgrab von Anch-Hor, Obersthofmeister der Gottesgemahlin Nitokris (TT 414)”, Ä&L 20 (2010), 49–66. BUDKA, J., T. MEKIS, M.-C. BRUWIER, “Re-use of Saite Temple Tombs in the Asasif during the Early Ptolemaic Time – The Tomb Group of Mw.t-Mnw from TT 414”, Ä&L 22–23 (2013), 209–251. BUDKA, J., F. KAMMERZELL, “Kuschiten in Theben: Eine archäologische Spurensuche”, MittSAG 18 (2007), 163–177. DALLIBOR, K., Taharqo: Pharao aus Kush. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der 25. Dynastie (Berlin: Achet 6, 2005). GRAEFE, E., “A New High Steward of the God’s Wife Nitocris: Padibastet, Grandson of Pabasa and Successor of Padihorresnet”, in E. Pischikova (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries and Research 2012–14 (Cairo, 2017), 241–250. HOURDIN, J., “Chabataka à Edfou”, CRIPEL 30 (2013–15), 191‒200. JANSEN-WINKELN, K., “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit”, JEH 10:1 (2017), 23‒42. JURMAN, C., “The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes. Or: Shabataka was Here First!”, JEH 10:2 (2017), 124‒151. PAYRAUDEAU, F., “Retour sur la Succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo”, Nehet 1 (2014), 115‒127. PISCHIKOVA, E. (ed.), Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis, Thebes. Karakhamun (TT 223) and Karabasken (TT 391) in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Cairo, 2014). 4  INTRODUCTION ———. Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: New Discoveries and Research 2012–14. (Cairo, 2017). PISCHIKOVA, E., J. BUDKA, K. GRIFFIN (eds.) Thebes in the First Millennium BC (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014). O’CONNOR, D.B., A. REID, Ancient Egypt in Africa (Walnut Creek, 2016). RUSSMANN, E.R., The Representation of the King in the XXVth Dynasty (Brussels, Brooklyn: MRE 3, 1974). ———. Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum (London, 2001). 5  Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Ministry of Antiquities and Minister of Antiquities H.E. Dr. Khaled El Enany for making this conference possible and participating in the opening events. We received a lot of help and support from the Secretary General of the SCA Dr. Mostafa Waziry, General Director of Antiquities of Upper Egypt Dr. Mohamed Abdel Aziz, General Director for the Antiquities of the West Bank of Luxor Talat Abd El Aziz, Director of the Antiquities of the Middle Area of the West Bank Mr. Ezz El Din Kamal El Noby, and the Director of the Mummification Museum Mr. Mohamed Shahat. Our thanks go to the Egypt Exploration Society for their help in organising and sponsoring the conference. Essam Nagy, the Director of the EES Cairo office was instrumental in coordinating the events of the conference. We are grateful to all the participants of the conference for sharing their research. Special thanks go to Isabelle Régen, Silvia Einaudi, Erhart Graefe, Christophe Thiers, Laurent Coulon, and Miguel Molinero Polo who showed their sites to the participants of the conference during field trips. We are indebted to the friends and sponsors of the Project: the ASA Restoration Project directed by Anthony Browder (Washington, DC), the South Asasif Trust directed by John Billman (London, UK) for their help in sponsoring the conference. Special thanks go to the conservation team and the volunteers of the SACP who helped to coordinate the day-to-day operations of the conference.  The Kushite Kiosks of Karnak and Luxor: A Cross-over Study Jérémy Hourdin Abstract The sandstone kiosk built in the open court of the great temple of Amun at Karnak is one of the characteristic monu- ments of the architectural program of Taharqo. It is composed of two rows of five columns, which are connected by low intercolumnar screen walls and four doors. The names of Taharqo were usurped by Psamtik II, while some parts of the kiosk decoration and structure were modified during the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator. The construction of the kiosk of Taharqo follows on from the works of Shabaqo in the main Theban temples. In the early 1950s, the discovery of column drums at Luxor Temple were attributed to a ‘colonnade’ of Shabaqo, although it would later be identified as a kiosk by van Siclen III and Loeben. Its decoration can be determined thanks to a number of blocks reused in the gates of the Roman Fortress at Luxor Temple. Both of these kiosks have many similarities with regard to their decorative programme, particularly the friezes of prisoners on the main doors. With the cross-over study of these monuments, we can analyse an aspect of the construc- tion programmes of Kushite kings in the Theban region. The kiosks fall within the development of the Theban proces- sions and the display of a Kushite imperialist discourse inspired by models of the New Kingdom. Introduction The kiosk built in the first court of Karnak Temple is an emblematic construction of the Kushite Period in Thebes. If the decoration of this monument had been executed during the reign of Taharqo, it was clearly modified on numerous occasions: Firstly, with the usurpation of the Kushite constructions by the Saite phar- aoh Psamtik II and, secondly, during the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator.1 The kiosk of Karnak2 is one of the many columned monuments built in the Theban area during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.3 However, a distinction has to be made between this kiosk and the buildings named by Leclant ‘colonnades propylées’ in Karnak (Eastern Temple and Khonsu Temple), Karnak-North (Montu Temple), and also in the precinct of the Mut Temple.4 The structure and functions of these monuments are different. The kiosk is notably composed of only two rows of five columns, as opposed to four rows of five (or six) columns for the ‘colonnades propylées’. Moreover, the kiosk is not directly attached to the temple entrance: it is a separate and a semi-independent construction whereas the ‘colonnades propylées’ are exten- sions of the temples. The study of the Taharqo kiosk should not be isolated from that of the older monument of Shabaqo in front of Luxor Temple. Indeed, the discovery of several blocks in different Roman structures at Luxor Tem- 1 This study is part of the project dealing with the publication of the Taharqo kiosk led by R. Preys (UNamur-KU Leuven) and M. Broze (ULB). This paper presents one aspect of my PhD, which was defended in January 2016: Des Pharaons kouchites aux Pharaons saïtes: identités, enjeux et pouvoir dans l’Égypte du VIIe siècle av. J.-C., under the supervision of Prof. D. Devauchelle (University Lille 3). 2 The Kiosk of Taharqo (KIU 2577) will be published online as part of the Karnak Project: CNRS, USR 3172 – CFEETK/UMR 5140 – Équipe ENiM – Programme ‘Investissement d’Avenir’ ANR-11-LABX-0032-01 LabEx Archimede. References to the monuments of Karnak are given with their KIU numbers (Karnak Identifiant Unique), which allows to access the full entries (hieroglyphic texts, photographs, bibliographical references, etc.) from the Karnak P, available at: http://sith.huma-num.fr/karnak. 3 For the Kushite columned monuments inside the enclosure of Karnak, see LAROCHE-TRAUNECKER, CahKarnak 16 (2017). 4 The colonnade of the Eastern Temple in Karnak (KIU 1131): LECLANT, BIFAO 53 (1953), 113–72. The colonnade of Khonsu Temple: LAROCHE-TRAUNECKER, CahKarnak 7 (1982), 318–25. The colonnade of Karnak-North: BARGUET, LECLANT, Karnak-Nord IV, 68–105. The colonnade of Mut Temple: FAZZINI, in FAZZINI, VAN DIJK (eds.), The First Pylon of the Mut Temple, 7–8. For the ‘colonnades propylées’, see LECLANT, Recherches, 200–16; LECLANT, CTA 10 (1957), 27–45. JÉRÉMY HOURDIN ple allowed for the identification of a colonnade decorated in the name of this pharaoh, which was probably also a kiosk. In this paper, I would like to underline the architectural and decorative problems concerning the two Kushite kiosks in Thebes. The Kiosk of Taharqo in Karnak The kiosk of Karnak has a simple rectangular plan measuring 29 x 20.5 m with two rows of five open papy- rus columns.5 It is oriented along the main axis of the Karnak temple—from west to east—and had two main entrances. The first western Kushite gateway is still partially preserved whereas the second, the eastern, was rebuilt in the Ptolemaic Period and is now dismantled.6 At the north and south, two ‘secondary’ doors are fitted between the second and third columns of each row. The remaining spaces between the columns are filled with intercolumnar screen walls, which are only well preserved for the northern part. This kiosk also differs from other buildings of Taharqo by the monumental scale of its columns. In the Great Court, the last preserved column peaks at 19.75 m,7 almost as high as the central columns of the Great Hypostyle Hall in Karnak. In comparison, the Taharqo columns of the Eastern Temple peak at 9.65 m.8 This difference can be explained by the respective nature of these buildings and probably by the size of the struc- tures around the kiosk: the huge size of the Second Pylon of Karnak (14.5 x 99.88 m),9 the columns of the Great Hypostyle Hall, and scale of the Bubastite forecourt. The Phases of Work on the Kiosk of Karnak After the reign of Taharqo, two different phases of work on the kiosk are clearly identifiable. Firstly, as with many Kushite monuments in Egypt, the royal names of Taharqo were almost all erased and usurped by Psamtik II during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.10 The kiosk was also heavily marked by the work of Ptolemy IV Philopator, whose names were inscribed on restored parts of the kiosk or on strategic locations. Unlike Psamtik II, the substitution of the older name by the ones of Ptolemy is not a systematic (or almost) usurpation. On the lower frieze of names, on the south-western preserved column, his names are only located on the northern side, which is the side of the eastern gate rebuilt during his reign. The other Saite names on the columns were not usurped even if they were accessible. Ptolemy’s names were also engraved on the abacus of the same column, on a part visible from a distance but hardly accessible.11 The decoration of the northern and southern intercolumnar screen walls dates from the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Those in the northern part are the best preserved. Inside the kiosk, a geographical procession with the first seven nomes of Lower Egypt is led by the king in front of the goddess Waset.12 However, it should be noted that some of the outer faces of the walls are also decorated; it seems that it is 5 See, in particular, the study of LAUFFRAY, Kêmi 20 (1970), 111–64. 6 THIERS, CahKarnak 14 (2013), 472–6. 7 Several other columns of the kiosk lay on the ground until 1860. See AZIM, in GABOLDE (ed.), Hommages, 43–4. 8 LAROCHE-TRAUNECKER, CahKarnak 16 (2017); ‘la hauteur totale est légèrement supérieure à 9 m. 50’ in LECLANT, BIFAO 53 (1953), 159. 9 CARLOTTI, CahKarnak 10 (1995), 84. 10 The hypothesis of a damnatio memoria of the Kushite kings under Psamtik II (widely accepted since YOYOTTE, RdE 8 (1951), 215–39) has recently been discussed controversially by KOCH, in PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds.), Thebes in the First Millennium, 396–413, and JANSEN-WINKELN, in LIPPERT, SCHENTULEIT, STADLER (eds.), Sapientia Felicitas, 279–80. 11 There is no evidence concerning previous Kushite or Saite names on the abaci of the kiosk. At Karnak-North, some abaci of Taharqo’s colonnade were inscribed (BARGUET, LECLANT, Karnak-Nord IV, 105) whereas there is no inscription on the two preserved abaci of the eastern colonnade at Karnak. LECLANT, BIFAO 53 (1953), 164. 12 Above the geographical procession, Ptolemaic scenes were also carved, although they are almost entirely lost. For traces of writing of an annals scene, see PREYS, in ZIVIE-COCHE (ed.), Offrandes, rites et rituels, 155, 181, fig. 7. 256  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR also a Ptolemaic representation of Egyptian regions.13 Due to the state of preservation, it is not possible to know if these screen walls had already been decorated during the reign of Taharqo, as was the case for the different ‘colonnades propylées’ of this king.14 The Western Gate of the Kiosk The different phases of intervention in the western gateway are more difficult to establish. This part of the monument is preserved to a maximum height of 1.67 m in its northern part. The decoration of the external façade dates to the reign of Taharqo. However, the inside part has been modified on several occasions. Originally, the entrance was not composed of two massive structures, but by walls that formed two niches inside the kiosk that had subsequently been closed. This is clearly visible on the south side where we can still partially see the Kushite decoration with a procession of gods inside the structure (fig. 1). Fig. 1: Previous Kushite decoration of the western gateway’s south inside part (author’s photo) The two newly formed walls received decoration that can still be seen on the northern part (fig. 2). These new reliefs, with three fecundity figures, must be distinguished from those of the left. The first two figures may date from the reign of Taharqo according to the style of the carving. However, the three new figures— Hetepu, Djefau, and Shepesu—have a different style and nature. The decoration of this new part of the kiosk is problematic. In the inscriptions of these three fecundity figures, we can read only one royal name very partially preserved: [Ptwl]mys[-anx-Dt]-mr(y)-Ast, which is the name of Ptolemy IV Philopator. However, the style of the writing and of the carving of the deities clearly differs from the decoration of the intercolumnar screen walls of this king. Moreover, the nature of the group of fecundity figures differs from the northern geographical procession led by the pharaoh.15 It is possible that these three other divinities of the western door do not date from this reign but precede it. The names of Ptolemy IV could only have been added over a previous inscription. 13 KIU 6478-6483. Some loose blocks published by Thiers probably come from the southern intercolumnar south walls decorated by Ptolemy IV Philopator. See blocks 84CL317 and 94CL1241 published in THIERS, CahKarnak 14 (2013), 472. 14 For Lauffray, the intercolumnar screen walls have not been worked by Taharqo. See LAUFFRAY, Kêmi 20 (1970), 148–9. For the Shabaqo kiosk at Luxor, two blocks could come from screen walls (blocks 14 and 15 of Gate II) but we cannot establish a parallel with the Taharqo kiosk through only these elements. See EL-SAGHIR et al., Le camp romain, 45, 54. 15 These three gods can follow the Nile god Hapi, like in the chapel of Osiris Neb-ankh/pa-wesheb-iad (KIU 1572, 425- 427; COULON, in RICKERT, VENTKER (eds.), Altägyptische Enzyklopädien, 979, 981, 984, pl. 12b). 257 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN Fig. 2: Decoration of the western gateway’s north inside part (author’s photo) Two names of Taharqo were not erased on the first northern column—one on the lower frieze and the second one on the south scene in which the king’s double uraeus is also intact (fig. 3)16—while they have been erased and carved again on the rest of this column. If we imagine the structure of the northern massif of the gate, it can be noticed that these Kushite names and double uraeus in question would have been hidden. The fact that they were not defaced suggests that they were already inaccessible during the reign of Psamtik II.17 Therefore, the architectural modification of the interior part of the western gateway should be dated between the end of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty and the usurpation of the monument under Psamtik II. It was then decorated at an unknown moment. The names of Ptolemy may have been carved during a third phase,18 perhaps at the same time as the new decoration of the intercolumnar screen walls and the kiosk.19 Blocks from the Kiosk of Taharqo Many blocks from the kiosk were discovered by the Centre franco-égyptien d’étude des temples de Karnak (CFEETK) around the monument during the excavations for the Sound and Light at Karnak. Unlike the northern gate, the now destroyed south one had been rebuilt, probably during the Ptolemaic Period. Inside its sandstone foundation, reused Kushite blocks of the original gate were also discovered. Through them, and with the parallel of the Taharqo’s north gate partially preserved, it is possible to have an idea of the Kushite decoration of this part of the kiosk. A first presentation of this decoration has been proposed, but no pho- tography of the reused blocks has been published thus far.20 With the archives of the CFEETK, it will be possible to refine this reconstruction in a later publication. 16 KIU 6033, 6029. For the north scene of Taharqo usurped by Psamtik II, see KIU 6030. 17 Koch noticed that, on the southern preserved column, ‘the names of Taharqo and Psamtek II [are] side by side’. KOCH, in PISCHIKOVA, BUDKA, GRIFFIN (eds), Thebes in the First Millennium, 403. However, there is only one name of Taharqo not erased (against four names of Psamtik II, see KIU 6076), which is the one less easily accessible. The other Kushite names in the two scenes and in the lower frieze of titulary are all usurped. 18 The western gateway was also restored maybe during Ptolemaic times. It is especially visible on the northern side of the passage that is partially reconstructed with blocks without decoration whereas it has been decorated during the Kushite Period (we can still read pHw above the offering platter of the god Hapi: KIU 6072). 19 The inner side of the north-western column had probably been restored in antiquity (it is clearly visible on the photo CFEETK nr. 96396). The damaged part (perhaps because of a fire) was repaired with small blocks. This restoration is later because it does not concern the part of the column hidden by the filling of the western gateway’s north niche. 20 LAUFFRAY, CahKarnak 3 (1970), 145; SAAD, TRAUNECKER, Kêmi 20 (1970), 180–2. 258  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR Fig. 3: First northern column, localisation of Taharqo’s intact names and uraeus (author’s photo) 259 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN Among the loose blocks, three, easily identifiable, have a similar decoration to the lists of prisoners en- graved on the western façade of the kiosk (fig. 4). Concerning the northern part of this façade, the reliefs of the lower section are relatively well preserved. The right side, representing the left doorjamb of the gate, is decorated with two figures of Hapi moving towards the interior of the kiosk. The most important part of the façade is decorated with two lines of prisoners. Leclant and Lauffray dated it to the Ptolemaic and the Saite Periods,21 but these reliefs were more probably engraved under the reign of Taharqo. The identification of the prisoner lists in Luxor, dating from the reign of Shabaqo, supports this Kushite dating. If the southern part of the western gateway is badly preserved, the visible elements of the prisoner lists allow us to see that the north was dedicated to Asia and the South to Africa, a classic organisation in Egyptian temples. Each part was decorated with two sets of sixteen prisoners, differently oriented: the first three in the opposite direction to the central gate and the other thirteen in the other direction. This organisation reflects in fact the scenes that have been engraved above these prisoner lists: the first ones follow the direction of Amun and the sec- ond ones the direction of the pharaoh smiting his foes in front of the god.22 Fig. 4: Western façade of the kiosk of Taharqo, north part (© CFEETK/CNRS, E. Saubestre) The three loose blocks belong to the African lists of Taharqo. On the first one (fig. 5), names of the southern peoples are partly preserved and written to the left. Like all the prisoners on the kiosk of Taharqo, this sequence corresponds to the African lists of Thutmose III, which are engraved on the Sixth and Seventh pylons23 of Karnak, here the peoples 9 and 10.24 Taharqo (←) [Br]brt [*k]rw Thutmose III Nr. 9 Nr. 10 Block 1: African List 21 LAUFFRAY, Kêmi 20 (1970), 151; LECLANT, Recherches, 14 (§4.B). 22 KITCHEN, in BRAND, COOPER (eds.), Causing His Name to Live, 128–9. 23 Sixth Pylon of Karnak Temple: KIU 3437; Seventh Pylon: KIU 2026. The decoration of the Seventh Pylon in Karnak is currently being studied by C. Labarta (CNRS-CFEETK, LabEx Archimede). 24 Urk. IV, 796, 11–3. 260  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR Fig. 5: Block 1 (© CFEETK/CNRS, E. Saubestre) The second block (fig. 6) gives us the prisoners 55 to 5925 facing right. Taharqo (→) @m[r]T[t] Mb[T] MmT JaD[m] a[hr] Thutmose III Nr. 59 Nr. 58 Nr. 57 Nr. 56 Nr. 55 Block 2: African List Fig. 6: Block 2 (© CFEETK/CNRS, E. Saubestre) 25 Urk. IV, 798, 4–11; parallel of Shabaqo list: FAKHRY, ASAE 37 (1937), 53–4 (figs. 12–3). 261 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN The third block (fig. 7) gives us the prisoners 73 to 75, mirroring those on the southern list of Thutmose III.26 Taharqo (→) MA[t] J[ft] J[AA] Thutmose III Nr. 75 Nr. 74 Nr. 73 Block 3: African List Fig. 7: Block 3 (© CFEETK/CNRS, E. Saubestre) Blocks 2 and 3 are of particular interest because of the orientation of the prisoners. They both face right whereas, on the south part of the western gateway, most of the African people face left, except the first three. On block 2, five prisoners are facing right, so this one cannot belong to the western gateway. On the southern list of this gateway, only four people of the second line are partially preserved, they correspond to the pris- oners 76 to 78 and 11 of Thutmose III.27 If, on the block 3, we have the prisoners 73 to 75, the two sequences cannot be adjoining because, for the prisoners of the western entrance, the arms of the previous one—cer- tainly that of number 75—are still preserved. It is quite unlikely that the same name was used twice in the same list. Therefore, block 3 also comes from another list of Taharqo. If these elements belonged to another part of the kiosk,28 they probably come from the eastern Kushite gateway dismantled after the work of Ptolemy IV Philopator. 26 Urk. IV, 799, 13–7; parallel of Shabaqo list: FAKHRY, ASAE 37 (1937), 55 (fig. 16). 27 KIU 3707. 28 Block 1 possibly comes from the same second African list of Taharqo because of the orientation of the prisoners. Indeed, in the parallel southern list of Shabaqo at Luxor, studied by FAKHRY, ASAE 51 (1937), 51–7, we can only replace prisoners 9 and 10 in the left part of the upper line (that is the side of the divinity). For the people names of Shabaqo, see n. 40 below. 262  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR The Asian and African lists of Taharqo are partial copies of those of Thutmose III at Karnak. However, it is not the first copy by the Kushite kings. Indeed, a direct parallel can be found at Luxor with the kiosk of Shabaqo. One example illustrates the similarity of the African lists. The same sequence of prisoners 73 to 78 immediately followed by prisoner 11 can be found at both Karnak and at Luxor.29 For the Asian lists,30 prisoners 50 to 51 are directly followed by prisoners 76 to 79 in both cases. The same selection from the lists of Thutmose III can therefore be found in both lists. Taharqo’s lists of prisoners are in fact shorter versions of Shabaqo’s. The Kiosk of Shabaqo in Luxor The kiosk of Karnak is not the first monument of this type built by a Kushite king in Thebes. The so-called colonnade built by Shabaqo at Luxor Temple was probably also a kiosk, most likely located in the forecourt, directly in front of the Ramesside pylon.31 Many sandstone column drums were discovered in the Roman pavement of Room V at Luxor Temple, the Imperial Cult Chamber.32 The decoration of these blocks has a typology quite close to the columns of Taharqo at Karnak, while the names of Shabaqo can still be read in a few erased cartouches (figs. 8–9). Granite blocks have also been reused with these column drums; they can still be seen in the Roman pave- ment. Leclant associated them with the same colonnade because of the comparison with the granite pave- ments of Taharqo’s colonnades.33 Fig. 8: Column drum of Shabaqo, Luxor Temple (author’s photo, courtesy of the Epigraphic Survey/Chicago House, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago) 29 FAKHRY, ASAE 37 (1937), 55–6, fig. 16. 30 FAKHRY, ASAE 37 (1937), 47–9, fig. 6; SIMONS, Handbook, 127–8 (with Ptolemaic date). 31 VAN SICLEN III, VA 6: 3 (1990); ‘Einer Kolonnade oder eines Kioskes’ in JWIS III, 12 (46.26). 32 PM II², 302, 321; HEIDEL, JOHNSON, in JONES, MACFADDEN (eds.), Art of Empire, 41; LECLANT, Orientalia 20 (1951), 456-–7, pl. 48–9, figs. 6–7. 33 LECLANT, Recherches, 139. 263 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN Fig. 9: Column drum of Shabaqo, Luxor Temple (author’s photo, courtesy of the Epigraphic Survey/Chicago House, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago) A second set of blocks comes from the sandstone gates of the Roman Fortress, more precisely, gates II and IV (and few from the Gate I), which are located around the forecourt of Luxor temple. These blocks were published in 1986 in Le camp romain de Louqsor and have been divided into three groups by the pub- lishers.34 The first one was dated to the reign of Shabaqo by his names, with ‘the passage of the pylon’, which was decorated by this Kushite king,35 proposed as its provenance. A second group, already partially published by Fakhry,36 corresponds to a ‘monument aux frises de Nils et de prisonniers’, which had a ‘late datation’ or ‘probablement de la XXVe dynastie’.37 A last group of blocks perhaps comes from another late monument. In my opinion, all these elements could come from a single monument: a kiosk of Shabaqo.38 The Identification of the Kiosk by van Siclen III Following the publication of the blocks of the Roman Fortress, and based on the theory of a colonnade of Shabaqo by Leclant, van Siclen III proposed a partial reconstruction of this monument. He has been able to reconstruct a right doorjamb belonging to a gate of Shabaqo, which was composed of two representations of the king with Amun and Mut. He associated these door blocks with the lists of prisoners reused in the Roman gates in order to reconstruct the façade of a colonnade.39 Additionally, he made two successive proposals of the architectural reconstruction of the monument. After a first proposal, based on the ‘colonnades propylées’ 34 EL-SAGHIR et al., Le camp romain. 35 JWIS III, 14–7 (46.27). 36 FAKHRY, ASAE 37 (1937), 39–57. 37 EL-SAGHIR, HistArch 101 (1986), 79; with a proposition of location to the north-east of the temple, near Gate IV of the Roman Fortress. 38 The hypothesis of a kiosk of Shabaqo is also accepted by HEIDEL, JOHNSON, in JONES, MACFADDEN (eds.), Art of Empire, 50–2. 39 VAN SICLEN III, VA 3:2 (1987), 161–4. 264  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR of Taharqo in Thebes, in 1990 he identified this monument as a kiosk that has been built in the open court in front of the Luxor Temple. Indeed, the blocks of the Roman Fortress allow for a reconstruction of two lists of prisoners—one from Asia and one from Africa—oriented face to face. These blocks were first studied by Fakhry.40 Another ele- ment with the same type of decoration was also reused during the Roman Period inset into the western part of the pylon of Luxor.41 The two lines of prisoners belong to a list of African people (but with Asiatic heads). However, the sequences of names do not fit with the previous southern list.42 Based on this observation, van Siclen III proposed that this block would come from a different façade with a similar decoration. Therefore, the colonnade of Shabaqo would not have one main entrance, but probably two. This possibility has been previously observed with the kiosk of Karnak in this paper: the prisoners of the loose blocks probably come from a second gateway with a similar decoration. This conclusion by van Siclen III is reinforced by the granite pavement discovered during the excavations in the centre of the forecourt of Luxor during the late 1950s.43 The granite blocks reused inside the temple, in the Roman Chapel (with the column drums of Shabaqo) could come from this incomplete pavement. The length of the Luxor pavement can be compared with the one of Taharqo’s kiosk in Karnak, measuring about 29 m in length and composed mainly of granite blocks.44 These similarities in the two forecourts of the tem- ples of Karnak and Luxor cannot be a simple coincidence. Leclant already underlined the parallel between these pavements in Luxor and Karnak.45 The hypothesis concerning a kiosk of Shabaqo at Luxor by van Siclen III, therefore, seems likely. Nev- ertheless, it remains to be seen if Shabaqo’s kiosk had a plan similar to the monument of Taharqo in Karnak. It is also important to take into account the chronology of these monuments. The Kushite architectural pro- gramme of the Theban kiosks began under the reign of Shabaqo, probably in accordance with the Theban religious processions. The Identification of a Smiting Scene of Shabaqo Some blocks reused inside the doors of the Roman Fortress can improve our knowledge of the decoration of the kiosk of Shabaqo, as well as the one of Taharqo. Actually, the prisoner lists of the Karnak and Luxor kiosks are a strong indication to reconstruct the scene engraved above the lists of prisoners. The inscription of Shabaqo’s Asian prisoners is a characteristic legend commonly found in the temples of Thebes.46 It describes the act of the king bringing his defeated enemies and their tributes to his father Amun- Re.47 Generally, those lists and the legend are surmounted by a scene showing a king smiting his foes in front of Amun-Re. At Luxor, several blocks reused in the Roman gates confirm this hypothesis. 40 Nine blocks with southerners, studied by Fakhry, fit together and allow to reconstruct two lines of prisoners: the first one with African names (51 to 67, facing left) and Asian heads, and the second (nrs. 14–16, facing right, and 71, 73–78, 11–12, 81–85, 88, 90–94) with Nubian head. Fakhry, ASAE 37 (1937), 51–7. The same difference of heads can probably be recognised in the African lists of Karnak. 41 VAN SICLEN III, VA 6: 3 (1990), 177–9, fig. 2. 42 On the block inside the pylon, we appear to have the southern peoples 63 to 69 in the first line, and in the second line, perhaps the peoples 86 to 88 (?). The superposition of the two lines is similar to the previous African list that already contains these people names. 43 Pavement is described in LECLANT, Orientalia 20 (1951), 455; VAN SICLEN III, VA 6: 3 (1990), 179. 44 According to Lauffray, the granite pavement of the Taharqo kiosk would be a late renovation. LAUFFRAY, CahKarnak 3 (1970), 141. This does not affect the comparison between the monuments. Moreover, the Kushite pavement at Karnak was perhaps already composed of granite blocks and completed during the Ptolemaic renovation of the Eastern Gateway. See LAROCHE-TRAUNECKER, CahKarnak 7 (1982), 324. 45 See above n. 33. 46 JWIS III, 12; VAN SICLEN III, VA 3:2 (1987), 163, fig. 5. 47 For examples of New Kingdom, see Urk. IV, 780, 795–6. 265 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN The first one is the block 27 from Gate II.48 The inscription contains two words, initially read as [...] StA %tt [...]. However, it likely mentions two regions: one ‘inaccessible’ (StA) and the second being ‘Asia’ (%tt), belonged to an inscription written on several columns (fig. 10). Fig. 10: Blocks 22, 27, and 29 from Gate II, Luxor Temple ( EL-SAGHIR et al., Le camp romain, 55–6 © IFAO) Block 22 from Gate II has been dated to the reign of Nectanebo I because of the presence of the word TmA-a, which can be the Horus name of this king.49 However, more generally, and probably here too, it is a recurrent epithet of the pharaohs especially associated with a smiting scene.50 In the first column, given the context, it seems that the two jwn pillars can be read Jwnty[w], the “Nomads”. Block 29, from Gate II, provides the best evidence for the identification of a smiting scene of Shabaqo.51 Because of the style, the publishers of the blocks from the Roman Fortress had clearly dated it to the reign of the Kushite king Shabaqo, although they did not identify the exact nature of the inscription. On the upper part, a classic formula dj anx Dd wAs mj Ra Dt can be read. Below, it is not a second line, but the top of three columns of text: the hieroglyph mn and two signs tA are clearly readable. The inscription of the smiting scene of Taharqo at Medinet Habu provides a direct parallel.52 The upper part of the second and third columns begin with the word Mntyw (for Jwntyw-Mntyw) and tAw (for tAw nbw) (fig. 11). Without doubt, we have at Luxor the same words and the same organisation of the scene. The hieroglyph fragment of the first column was in fact the hieroglyph sqr, ‘to strike’. Therefore, the inscriptions refer to two distinct elements: above, the gift of life probably from a protective winged goddess over the king’s representation, and, below, the beginning of three columns of text with a similar organisation and content as in Medinet Habu. Block 27 from Gate II, with the words StA and %tt, corresponds to the lower part of an inscription from a similar, or maybe the same, smiting scene. These blocks prove the existence of smiting scenes of Shabaqo, which were probably carved onto the fa- çade of the kiosk at Luxor Temple, above the lists of Asian and African prisoners. 48 EL-SAGHIRet al., Le camp romain, 48, 56 (27). Gate II is to the west of the pylon, near the forecourt of the temple. 49 EL-SAGHIRet al., Le camp romain, 47, 55 (22). 50 See especially the examples of the New Kingdom: HALL, Pharaoh Smites his Enemies, figs. 28–72. 51 EL-SAGHIR et al., Le camp romain, 49, 56 (29). 52 PM II2, 465 (35); JWIS III, 117. 266  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR Fig. 11: Inscription of the Kushite smiting scene at Medinet Habu (photo: T. Fignon) Smiting Scenes of Taharqo at Karnak Concerning the kiosk of Taharqo in Karnak, we have seen that the bottom of the western façade is also en- graved with two lines of prisoners, which are shorter versions of the lists of Shabaqo. Based on the parallels of the New Kingdom and also of the Kushite dynasty at Luxor, it is very likely that two smiting scenes deco- rated the façade of the Karnak kiosk on each side of the central gateway.53 The approximate size of the west- ern scenes of Taharqo can be restored thanks to the traces of the walls on the first northern column studied by Lauffray (fig. 12). Conclusion After this preliminary study concerning the Kushite kiosks at Karnak and Luxor, a systematic review of the blocks will be necessary to improve our knowledge of these two buildings, their architecture, decoration, and function(s). However, this first examination allows us to compare the constructions of Shabaqo and Taharqo. The architectural work of Taharqo is in line with that of Shabaqo. This continuity was already visible at Medinet Habu where the king claimed to be completing the work of his predecessor.54 We can even question 53 According to Lauffray and the marks on the two eastern columns, the height of the eastern gate was lower. LAUFFRAY, Kêmi 20 (1970), 150–1. Thus, it was possibly not decorated by smiting scenes, unless these ones were smaller. 54 For decoration and inscriptions of the Kushite pylon in Medinet Habu (with bibliography), see JWIS III, 17–8 (46.28), 115–8 (48.50). The works of the reign of Taharqo took place during the very first years; two stelae celebrating the construction of the enclosure wall are dated to year 3. DALLIBOR, Taharqo, 46–9. The continuity of the works under the reigns of Shabaqo and Taharqo is an element in favour of the hypothesis of a direct succession between these two 267 JÉRÉMY HOURDIN the origin of the large kiosk of Karnak: if the first step of the decoration clearly dates from the reign of Taharqo, the possibility that he was not the initiator of this construction cannot be fully excluded. The decorative programme chosen for these two monuments of Karnak and Luxor is also of particular interest.55 Very probably, the façades were decorated by representations of the triumphant king smiting his foes, as on the Kushite pylon at Medinet Habu.56 This classic representation of the triumphant pharaoh could have a link with military actions of the Kushite kings in Asia. However, we have to be very cautious about the historical value of these reliefs based on New Kingdom models, especially of Thutmose III. Moreover, the main gateway of the Kushite kiosks formed new façades for these temples whose entrances have already been decorated with historical battle or also semi-symbolic Ramesside smiting scenes.57 Finally, the links between Medinet Habu and the kiosks are significant since the Small Temple of Djeme, which was extended during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty,58 is directly associated with the temples of the East Bank, especially during the Theban processions. Fig. 1: Taharqo kiosk, reconstruction of the western façade (after LAUFFRAY, Kêmi 20 (1970), 157, fig. 33). Kushite kings. PAYRAUDEAU, Nehet 1 (2014), 125, n. 68. See now JURMAN (2017). 55 For the reign of Taharqo, in Nubia, we can also mention the symmetrical smiting scenes in Sanam and Kawa, opposite to the famous and archaic representations of Taharqo as a griffin trampling his foes, which is engraved in the court in order to ‘protect’ the inside areas of the temples. GRIFFITH, LAAA 9 (1922), 105, pl. 41; MACADAM, Kawa II, pls. 9, 11. In Karnak, the smiting scene on the Kushite pylon of the Opet Temple (KIU 4131) could be dated to this reign, even if the representation of the king has possibly been carved again during the Ptolemaic Period (like the northern scene of the pylon’s outer face, KIU 4130). AZIM, CahKarnak 8 (1987), 67, n. 107. 56 In Medinet Habu, the Kushite smiting scenes were copied by Nectanebo I on the façade of his porch built in front of the pylon. HÖLSCHER, The Excavation of Medinet Habu II, 28, pl. 31. The decoration of the façade of this porch is probably similar to that of the Karnak and Luxor kiosks. The decoration of the intercolumnar screen walls of Nectanebo’s porch is also directly inspired by the decorative program of Taharqo’s colonnades in Karnak and Karnak- North (ongoing study by the author). 57 For the smiting scene of Ramesses II and Ramesses VI on the second pylon at Karnak, see KIU 6731-6733; KITCHEN, ZÄS 96 (1969), 23–8, pl. 7. See also the smiting scenes on the pylon of the temple of Ramesses III next the kiosk of Taharqo: KIU 4325, 4328; THE EPIGRAPHIC SURVEY, Ramses III’s Temple within the Great Inclosure of Amon, Part I, pls. 2, 4–5. 58 JACQUET, CdE 81 (2006), 17–24. 268  THE KUSHITE KIOSKS OF KARNAK AND LUXOR Acknowledgments I would like to thank R. Preys (UNamur-KULeuven), W.R. Johnson, J. Heidel (The Epigraphic Sur- vey/Chicago House, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago), C. Thiers, S. Biston-Moulin (CNRS- CFEETK), and C. Labarta (LabEx Archimede/CNRS-CFEETK) for their help and advice. 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